Carranza v. Edmund G. Brown, Jr.  ·  2023-02-07  ·  S.D. California  ·  pin 382 U.S. at 162

“the need 20 to overcome obstructions to ongoing proceedings warrants a procedure whereby a trial 21 judge may, in a summary fashion, remedy a breakdown in the orderly operation of the 22 judicial system”

Troas Barnett v. David Norman  ·  2015-03-31  ·  Ninth Circuit  ·  3 pin-cites  ·  pin 15 L. Ed. 2d at 162

“What appears to be a brazen refusal to cooperate with the grand jury may indeed be a case of frightened silence. Refusal to answer may be due to fear — fear of reprisals on the witness or his family. Other extenuating circumstances may be present.”

United States v. Esposito  ·  1986-04-22  ·  S.D. New York  ·  3 pin-cites  ·  pin 15 L. Ed. 2d at 162

“We can imagine situations where the questions are so inconsequential to the grand jury but the fear of reprisal so great that only nominal punishment, if any, is indicated.”