11 canonical passages across 10 cases, quoted by 530 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Stone v. Immigration & Naturalization Service.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stone v. Immigration & Naturalization Service Anchor | green | “when congress acts to amend a statute, we presume it intends its amendment to have real and substantial effect.” | 105 |
| 2 | Marx v. General Revenue Corp. | green | “the canon against surplusage is strongest when an interpretation would render superfluous another part of the same statutory scheme.” | 87 |
| 3 | A.A.R.P. v. Trump | green | “the fifth amendment entitles aliens to due process of law in the context of removal proceedings.” | 49 |
| 4 | Hamdi v. Rumsfeld | green | “the fundamental nature of a citizen's right to be free from involuntary confinement by his own government without due process of law.” | 46 |
| 5 | Dubin v. United States | green | “this court has long considered that the title of a statute and the heading of a section are tools available for the resolution of a doubt about the meaning of a statute.” | 45 |
| 6 | Rasul v. Bush | green | “alien petitioners contend that they are being held in federal custody in violation of the laws of the united states . . . section 2241, by its terms, requires nothing more.” | 43 |
| 7 | Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo | green | “use every tool at their disposal to determine the best reading of the statute.” | 33 |
| 8 | Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo | green | “the longstanding practice of the government-like any other interpretive aid-can inform a court's determination of what the law is.” | 32 |
| 9 | Foucha v. Louisiana | green | “freedom from imprisonment-from government custody, detention, or other forms of physical restraint-lies at the heart of the very liberty that the due process clause protects.” | 31 |
| 10 | Jennings v. Rodriguez | green | “section 1226(a) sets out the default rule for those aliens already present in the united states.” | 30 |
| 11 | Star Athletica, L. L. C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc. | green | “the canon that we construe a statutory term in accordance with its ordinary or natural meaning applies only in the absence of a statutory definition.” | 29 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.