4 canonical passages across 4 cases, quoted by 41 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Berczyk v. Emerson Tool Co..
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Berczyk v. Emerson Tool Co. Anchor | green | “a mere showing of negligence is not sufficient to sustain a claim of punitive damages.” | 14 |
| 2 | Natalia Karnatcheva v. JP Morgan Chase Bank | green | “we apply federal pleading standards-rules 8 and 12(b)(6)-to state the substantive law to determine if a complaint makes out a claim under state law.” | 12 |
| 3 | Minnesota-Iowa Television Co. v. Watonwan T v. Improvement Ass'n | green | “section 549.20 was enacted in 1978 in response to concerns which a variety of constituents expressed to the legislature about the awarding of punitive damages in products liability cases.” | 12 |
| 4 | United States v. State Of Iowa | green | “the denial of leave to amend based on futility means that the court found that the amended complaint failed to state a claim . . . .” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.