United States v. Bruce Thomas, A/K/A Jacob Livingston, 2 F.3d 79 (4th Cir. 1993). · Go Syfert
United States v. Bruce Thomas, A/K/A Jacob Livingston, 2 F.3d 79 (4th Cir. 1993). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
30 citation events (18 in the last 25 years) across 12 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Todd v. Lovecruft (cand, 2020-01-06)
Treatment trajectory · 1994 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1994 2010 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 21 distinct citers.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Todd v. Lovecruft
N.D. Cal. · 2020 · confidence medium
In contrast, the First Circuit has 27 held that there is no conflict between Maine’s anti-SLAPP law and the Federal Rules because “Rules 1 12(b)(6) and 56 are addressed to different (but related) subject-matters.” Godin v. Schencks, 629 2 F.3d 79, 88 (1st Cir. 2010). 3 Considering the circuit split on this issue, Planned Parenthood’s summary admonition to 4 apply Rule 56 to factual anti-SLAPP challenges is, at best, murky.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Johnson
D.S.C. · 2009 · confidence medium
The court applied a formal “categorical approach, whereby the court look[ed] only at the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the offense, and not to the underlying facts of a specific conviction.” Id. at 390 (quoting United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 80 (4th Cir.1993)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Roseboro (2×)
4th Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
In assessing this question, we applied a “ ‘categorical approach, whereby the court looks only at the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the offense, and not to the underlying facts of a specific conviction.’ ” Id. (quoting United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 80 (4th Cir.1993)). 3 Under this approach, we asked whether the statute at issue “ ‘proscribe^] generic conduct with the potential for serious physical injury to another.’ ” Id. (quoting United States v. Custis, 988 F.2d 1355, 1363 (4th Cir.1993)); see also United States v. Hairston, 71 F.3d 115, 118 (4th C…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Harvey
3rd Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
Several statutes that define attempted burglary in similar terms have been found to categorically describe “violent felonies.” See, e.g., United States v. Lane, 909 F.2d 895, 903 (6th Cir.1990) (Ohio); United States v. Custis, 988 F.2d 1355, 1363-64 (4th Cir.1993) (Maryland); United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 80 (4th Cir.1993) (New Jersey).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Reid
4th Cir. · 2007 · confidence medium
Nor is the crime one specifically enumerated as a crime of violence; thus the question becomes whether it “involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” This question is determined by a “categorical approach,” in which the court looks at the statutory definition of the offense, “ ‘and not to the underlying facts of a specific conviction.’ ” James, 337 F.3d at 390 (quoting United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 80 (4th Cir.1993)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) James v. United States (2×)
SCOTUS · 2007 · confidence medium
Interrupting an intruder while breaking into a home involves a risk of confrontation nearly as great as finding him inside the house”); United States v. Thomas, 2 F. 3d 79, 80 (CA4 1993) (New Jersey attempted burglary law); United States v. Andrello, 9 F. 3d 247, 249-250 (CA2 1993) (per curiam) (New York attempted burglary law); United States v. Davis, 16 F. 3d 212, 218 (CA7 1994) (Illinois attempted burglary law); United States v. Bureau, 52 F. 3d 584, 593 (CA6 1995) (Tennessee attempted burglary law: “[T]he propensity for a violent confrontation and the serious potential risk of injury i…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Zaborowski v. Pennsylvania State Police (2×) also: Cited "see"
Pa. Commw. Ct. · 2006 · confidence medium
United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 81 (4th Cir.1993).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Ivander James, Jr.
4th Cir. · 2003 · confidence medium
That part includes only “burglary, arson, [jextortion, [or a crime that] involves use of explosives.” Because the crime of failure to stop for a blue light does not fall under either subsection (i) or the first part of subsection (ii), it constitutes a “violent felony” only if it falls under the second part of subsection (ii), i.e., the crime “otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” Whether a conviction satisfies this “otherwise clause” is “determined by a categorical approach, whereby the court looks only at the fact …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Key
4th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
In deciding whether felony escape under North Carolina law constitutes a "violent felony" in Hairston, we stated that the conviction, to satisfy the "otherwise" clause of § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), must be "`determined by a categorical approach, whereby the court looks only at the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the offense, and not to the underlying facts of a specific conviction.'" Id. (quoting United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 80 (4th Cir. 1993)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Robert Gardford Hairston, Jr.
4th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
Whether a conviction satisfies this clause “is determined by a categorical approach, whereby the court looks only at the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the offense, and not to the underlying facts of a specific conviction.” United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 80 (4th Cir.1993), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 1194 , 127 L.Ed.2d 543 (1994) (citing Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 602 , 110 S.Ct. 2143, 2160 , 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Raymond Albert Bureau
6th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
In U.S. v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 80 (4th Cir.1993), the Fourth Circuit determined that a New Jersey statute for attempted burglary was not within the Taylor definition.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Bobby Hands
7th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
Upon consideration of that statement, the briefs, and the record, the request for oral argument is denied and the appeal is submitted on the briefs and record 1 The Tenth Circuit in United States v. Strahl, 958 F.2d 980, 985-86 (10th Cir.1992), found the word's use significant when it held that attempted burglaries were not automatically included in the "otherwise" clause, but it did not find them necessarily excluded 2 United States v. Andrello, 9 F.3d 247, 250 (2d Cir.1993) (attempted burglary), cert. denied, 114 S.Ct. 1117 (1994); United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 80 (4th Cir.1993) (attem…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. James L. Ewing
6th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Davis, 16 F.3d 212 (7th Cir.1994) (holding that attempted burglary under Illinois law is a violent felony under Sec. 924(e)(2)(B)(ii)), petition for cert. filed, 62 U.S.L.W. 3775 (U.S. May 11, 1994) (No. 93-9130); United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 90 (4th Cir.1993) (same under New Jersey law), cert. denied, 114 S.Ct. 1194 (1994). 33 Based on the reasoning expressed in Lane, even if we were to assume that the burglary of an attached parking garage does not meet section 4B1.1's definition of "burglary of a dwelling," we believe Ewing's offense posed a great enough r…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant v. Edward Harry Weekley, Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appellee
9th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
See United States v. Payne, 966 F.2d 4, 9 (1st Cir.1992) (Massachusetts breaking-and-entering law made conviction unlikely unless defendant came close enough to premises to risk confrontation); United States v. Andrello, 9 F.3d 247, 249-50 (2d Cir.1993) ("dangerous proximity” to completion required; violent felony under § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii)), cert. denied, - U.S.-, 114 S.Ct. 1117 , 127 L.Ed.2d 426 (1994); United States v. O’Brien, 972 F.2d 47, 51 (3rd Cir.1992) (nighttime breaking and entering inherently risky), cert. denied, -U.S.-, 114 S.Ct. 210 , 126 L.Ed.2d 166 (1993); United States v. …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Edward Davis (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
7th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Andrello, 9 F.3d 247, 249-50 (2d Cir.1993) (per curiam) (holding that third degree attempted burglary under New York law, which requires “dangerous proximity” to completion, constitutes a violent felony under § 924(e)) petition for cert. filed, (Jan. 12, 1994) (No. 93-7448); United States v. Custis, 988 F.2d 1355, 1364 (4th Cir.) (holding that attempted breaking and entering under Maryland law constitutes violent felony under § 924(e)), cert. granted in part, — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 299 , 126 L.Ed.2d 248 (1993); 3 United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 80 (4th Cir.…
cited Cited "see" United States v. Smith
4th Cir. · 2009 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 81 (4th Cir.1993).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Reginald Dwayne Hunter
4th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 81 (4th Cir.1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1166 (1994) (aggravated assault under New Jersey law is violent felony).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Hunter
4th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 81 (4th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1166 (1994) (aggravated assault under New Jersey law is violent felony).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Matthew West
D.C. Cir. · 2023 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Cir. 1997); see also United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 81 (4th Cir. 1993) (“an aggravated assault under New Jersey law is a violent felony as defined by federal law” in the elements clause).8 West also argues that his convictions would not have qualified under the elements clause in 2005,9 so the sentencing court must have relied on the residual clause.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Forbes v. United States
2d Cir. · 2009 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Sanin, 252 2 F.3d 79, 83 (2d Cir. 2001). 3 The district court also found that Forbes’s allegations 4 regarding Okay at sentencing were unsupported by the record. 5 With respect to Okay’s effectiveness on appeal, the district 6 court noted that appellate counsel was not obligated to 7 raise every possible argument and that Forbes had not 8 indicated that the arguments Okay raised were “significantly 9 weaker,” Mayo v. Henderson, 13 F.3d 528, 533 (2d Cir. 1994), 10 than Forbes’s right-to-counsel claim.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Shelton
E.D. Mo. · 2003 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See 18 U.S.C. § 924 (e) (defining "violent felony," in part, as a crime that "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another"); United States v. Solomon, 998 F.2d 587, 589-90 (8th Cir.) (attempted burglary under Minnesota law, which requires a "substantial step" toward completion, is a violent felony for the purpose of 18 U.S.C. § 924 (e)), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1026 , 114 S.Ct. 639 , 126 L.Ed.2d 598 (1993); see also United States v. Thomas, 2 F.3d 79, 80 (4th Cir.1993) (applying § 924(e) to New Jersey's attempted-burglary law), …
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Bruce THOMAS, A/K/A Jacob Livingston, Defendant-Appellant
92-5644.
Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
Aug 23, 1993.
2 F.3d 79
Beth Mina Farber, Asst. Federal Public Defender, Baltimore, MD, argued (James K. Bredar, Federal Public Defender, on brief), for defendant-appellant., Maury S. Epner, Asst. U.S. Atty., Baltimore, MD, argued (Richard D. Bennett, U.S. Atty., on brief), for plaintiff-appellee.
Niemeyer, Williams, Butzner.
Cited by 25 opinions  |  Published

[*80] OPINION

NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:

Bruce Thomas was convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), making it unlawful for a person previously convicted of a crime punishable by more than one year in prison to possess a firearm. The district court sentenced Thomas to 280 months imprisonment as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) because it found Thomas had three previous violent felony convictions. Four predicate convictions, purportedly for violent felonies, were identified during sentencing: two for burglary, one for attempted burglary, and one for aggravated assault, all under the statutes of New Jersey. On appeal Thomas contends that neither the conviction for attempted burglary nor the conviction for aggravated assault qualifies as a violent felony under the federal definition. He also argues that the court erred in refusing to credit him with acceptance of responsibility when calculating the appropriate offense level under the Sentencing Guidelines. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

Thomas first contends that his conviction for attempted burglary under N.J.Stat. Ann. §§ 2C:18-2 and 2C:5-1(a) does not constitute a violent felony. Under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) a “violent felony” is a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term greater than one year that “is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” Whether a conviction meets this definition is determined by a categorical approach, whereby the court looks only at the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the offense, and not to the underlying facts of a specific conviction. See Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 602, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 2160, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990). Thomas argues that a conviction for attempted burglary under New Jersey law cannot be counted as if it were a conviction for burglary and does not otherwise involve a serious potential risk of physical injury.

In Taylor, the Court held that “burglary” means any state crime the elements of which include “unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a building or structure, with intent to commit a crime.” Id. at 599, 110 S.Ct. at 2158. The Court additionally examined Congress’ purpose in including burglary as a violent felony, and concluded that Congress had determined that crimes such as burglary “presented a sufficiently ‘serious potential risk’ to count toward enhancement.” Id. at 597, 110 S.Ct. at 2158.

While we note that Thomas is correct that attempted burglary under New Jersey law does not contain the elements required for “burglary” as that term is used in § 924(e), we disagree that attempted burglary does not otherwise involve conduct presenting a serious potential risk of physical injury. In United States v. Custis, 988 F.2d 1355 (4th Cir.1993), we determined that attempted breaking and entering under Maryland law qualified as a violent felony because the risk of confrontation, and physical harm, created when someone interrupts an intruder in the process of breaking in is nearly as great as the risk created when the interruption occurs after access is gained. Id. at 1364. For the same reasons, we hold that Thomas’ conviction under New Jersey law for attempted burglary qualifies as a violent felony under § 924(e). Cf. United States v. Solomon, 998 F.2d 587, 590 (8th Cir.1993) (attempted second degree burglary under Minnesota law is a violent felony); United States v. O’Brien, 972 F.2d 47, 51-53 (3d Cir.1992) (same for attempted breaking and entering under Massachusetts law), pet. for cert. filed July 6, 1993; United States v. Payne, 966 F.2d 4, 8-9 (1st Cir.1992) (same); United States v. Fish, 928 F.2d 185, 188 (6th Cir.) (same for attempted breaking and entering of a dwelling or business under Michigan law), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 115, 116 L.Ed.2d 84 (1991); United States v. Lane, 909 F.2d 895, 903 (6th Cir.1990) (same for attempted burglary under Ohio law). But cf. United States v. Strahl, 958 F.2d 980, 986 (10th Cir.1992) (attempted burglary under Utah law is not a violent felony); United States v. Martinez, 954 F.2d 1050, 1054 (5th Cir.1992) (same for attempted burglary under Texas law).

Thomas also contends that his conviction for aggravated assault for shooting a[*81] person in the leg in violation of N.J.StatAnn. §2C:12-1(b)(3) does not constitute a violent felony under § 924(e). An offense “classified by the laws of the State as a misdemeanor and punishable by a term of imprisonment of two years or less” is excluded by definition from the class of violent felonies that are predicates for sentencing under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) because such an offense is not a “crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,” as defined by 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20)(B). Thomas argues that although New Jersey classifies the offense of which he was convicted as a “crime of the fourth degree,” this category is analogous to the common law category of misdemeanors.

New Jersey formerly classified crimes as felonies, high misdemeanors, misdemeanors, and disorderly persons offenses. With a rewrite of its criminal code in 1979, the state abandoned those classifications and redefined all non-capital offenses as either “crimes” or “disorderly persons offenses.” See N.J.Stat. Ann. § 2C:1-4(a) & (b). The category “crimes” was further subdivided into degrees, from the first degree (the most aggravated) to the fourth degree (the least aggravated). A “crime” of any degree is not necessarily equivalent to a misdemeanor, as this is the more serious of the two classifications of offenses in New Jersey’s system. Moreover, assault is broken down by New Jersey statute into simple and aggravated assault. While the former is a disorderly persons offense, it is the latter, a crime of the fourth degree, of which Thomas was convicted. Finally, when a person uses or possesses a firearm in the course of committing an aggravated assault, he is subject to a mandatory minimum 18 months imprisonment without parole. Id. § 2C:43-6(c). Thomas was sentenced under this special penalty provision.

Because New Jersey has classified aggravated assault as a “crime,” distinguishing it from a less serious “disorderly person offense,” we cannot say that it has been classified a misdemeanor by the state. Without that classification, we are left with the inevitable conclusion that an aggravated assault under New Jersey law is a violent felony as defined by federal law. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)© (defining violent felonies to include any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force).

In summary, we hold that the prior convictions of Thomas under New Jersey law for attempted burglary and aggravated assault are predicate offenses for purposes of enhanced punishment under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e).

Finally, after having reviewed the record carefully, we do not find that the district court’s decision in refusing to credit Thomas with acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 is clearly erroneous. See United States v. Harriott, 976 F.2d 198, 202 (4th Cir.1992); United States v. Cusack, 901 F.2d 29, 131-32 (4th Cir.1990).

AFFIRMED.