United States v. Arthur J. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 (10th Cir. 1970). · Go Syfert
United States v. Arthur J. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 (10th Cir. 1970). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
306 citation events (12 in the last 25 years) across 39 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Donald Joseph Dockery v. State of Iowa (iowactapp, 2018-11-21)
Treatment trajectory · 1971 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1971 1998 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Donald Joseph Dockery v. State of Iowa
Iowa Ct. App. · 2018 · confidence medium
In conclusion, we find plea counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to challenge the factual bases underlying Dockery’s guilty pleas to third-degree 4 See, e.g., United States v. Durkee Famous Foods, 306 U.S. 68 , 69–71 & n.2 (1939); United States v. Charnay, 537 F.2d 341 , 353–54 (9th Cir. 1976), cert. denied 429 U.S. 1000 (1976); United States v. Macklin, 535 F.2d 191, 193 (2d Cir. 1976); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 522 (10th Cir. 1970), cert. denied 400 U.S. 824 (1970); Hattaway v. United States, 304 F.2d 5, 10 (5th Cir. 1962); United States v. Strewl, 162 F.2d 81…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Blanchard
6th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
See United States v. Adam, 296 F.3d 327, 332 (5th Cir.2002); United States v. Gilbert, 266 F.3d 1180, 1186 (9th Cir.2001); United States v. Gollapudi, 130 F.3d 66, 70 (3d Cir.1997); United States v. Musacchia, 900 F.2d 493, 499-500 (2d Cir.1990), vacated in part on other grounds, 955 F.2d 3 (1991), reaff'd, United States v. Evangelista, 122 F.3d 112, 119 (2d Cir.1997); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 521-22 (10th Cir.1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Wilson v. United States (In Re WILSON)
Bankr.D. Colo. · 2008 · confidence medium
See United States v. Moore, 627 F.2d 830, 835 (7th Cir.1980) (a taxpayer has failed to file a return when it is apparent that he has not attempted to file forms accurately disclosing his income); United States v. Brown, 600 F.2d 248, 251 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 917 , 100 S.Ct. 233 , 62 L.Ed.2d 172 (1979) (a form giving some small income amounts in “constitutional” dollars was tantamount to one giving no information, and would be treated as such); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.1970) (a return which does not contain any information relating to the taxpayer�…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Marston
8th Cir. · 2008 · confidence medium
Id. at 686 (stating “the IRS should not have to accept on faith the taxpayer’s assertions regarding taxable income or tax liability without knowledge of circumstances regarding, among other things, gross income received or deductions claimed.”); United States v. Silkman, 543 F.2d 1218, 1219 (8th Cir.1976) (per curiam) (holding that form containing only constitutional objections to taxation is not a return); United States v. Mosel, 738 F.2d 157, 158 (6th Cir.1984) (per curium) (same); United States v. Rickman, 638 F.2d 182, 184 (10th Cir.1980) (holding that form listing income as zero was…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Clifford Marston
8th Cir. · 2008 · confidence medium
Id. at 686 (stating “the IRS should not have to accept on faith the taxpayer's assertions regarding taxable income or tax liability without knowledge of circumstances regarding, among other things, gross income received or deductions claimed.”); United States v. Silkman, 543 F.2d 1218, 1219 (8th Cir. 1976) (per curium) (holding that form containing only constitutional objections to taxation is not a return); United -5- States v. Mosel, 738 F.2d 157, 158 (6th Cir. 1984) (per curium) (same); United States v. Rickman, 638 F.2d 182, 184 (10th Cir. 1980) (holding that form listing income as zer…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Adam
5th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
United States v. Gilbert, 266 F.3d 1180, 1186 (9th Cir.2001); United States v. Gollapudi, 130 F.3d 66, 68-71 (3d Cir.1997); United States v. Musacchia, 900 F.2d 493, 498-500 (2d Cir.1990), vacated on other grounds, United States v. Musacchia, 955 F.2d 3, 4 (2d Cir.1991); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 521-22 (10th Cir.1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. McHenry (Irvin)
10th Cir. · 2000 · confidence medium
We construe this argument to be a claim that Chris’s ultimate petit jury was partial, and we also find it to be meritless. “[T]he trial judge is vested with a wide discretion for determining the competency of jurors and his judgment will not be interfered with except in the case of an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Porth , 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir. 1970) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. James
10th Cir. · 2000 · confidence medium
Standard of Review “It is well settled that the district court has broad discretion in determining how to handle allegations of juror bias.” United States v. Bornfield, 145 F.3d 1123, 1132 (10th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 2000 WL 48814 (2000). "'The trial judge is vested with a wide discretion for determining the competency of jurors and his judgment will not be interfered with except in the case of an abuse of discretion.'" United States v. Contreras, 108 F.3d 1255, 1265 (10th Cir.) (quoting United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. den…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Anglin
D. Haw. · 1998 · confidence medium
See United States v. Gollapudi, 130 F.3d 66, 68-71 (3rd Cir.1997); United States v. Evangelista, 122 F.3d 112, 119 (2d Cir.1997); United States v. Musacchia, 900 F.2d 493, 499-500 (2nd Cir.1990); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 522 (10th Cir.1970).
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Gollapudi (4×) also: Cited "see"
3rd Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
Accord United States v. Musacchia, 900 F.2d 493, 500 (2d Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1250 (1991) (holding that six-year statute of limitations in S 6531(4) is applicable to violations of S 7202); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 522 (10th Cir.) (finding that S 7202 was "clearly within the six-year exception to the general three-year statute of limitations of S 6531"), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 (1970).
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Rao Gollapudi (8×) also: Cited "see"
3rd Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
Accord United States v. Musacchia, 900 F.2d 493, 500 (2d Cir.1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1250 , 111 S.Ct. 2887 , 115 L.Ed.2d 1052 (1991) (holding that six-year statute of limitations in § 6531(4) is applicable to violations of § 7202); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 522 (10th Cir.) (finding that § 7202 was "clearly within the six-year exception to the general three-year statute of limitations of § 6531"), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States of America, and v. Doloras Contreras, and Cross-Appellee
10th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
In general, “[t]he trial judge is vested with a wide discretion for determining the competency of jurors and his judgment will not be interfered with except in the case of an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 58 (1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Contreras
10th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
In general, "[t]he trial judge is vested with a wide discretion for determining the competency of jurors and his judgment will not be interfered with except in the case of an abuse of discretion." United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 (1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Brennick
D. Mass. · 1995 · confidence medium
The government’s position is supported by United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 521-522 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970), and United States v. Musacchia, 900 F.2d 493 (2nd Cir.1990), ce rt. denied, 501 U.S. 1250 , 111 S.Ct. 2887 , 115 L.Ed.2d 1052 (1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Dianne Lewis
10th Cir. · 1991 · confidence medium
United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 (1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Ted H. Kimball
9th Cir. · 1991 · confidence medium
United States v. Klee, 494 F.2d 394, 397 (9th Cir.) (Klee) (quoting United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970), and citing United States v. Daly, 481 F.2d 28, 29 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1064 , 94 S.Ct. 571 , 38 L.Ed.2d 469 (1973)), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 835 , 95 S.Ct. 62 , 42 L.Ed.2d 61 (1974).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John Musacchia and Joseph Gambino (2×)
2d Cir. · 1990 · confidence medium
Section 6531(4) mandates a six-year statute of limitations “for the of fense of willfully failing to pay any tax.” 5 In United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 521-22 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970), the court held, without analysis, that § 7202 falls within the six-year statute of limitations exception of § 6531(4).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Charles W. And Marlene D. Stelly v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
5th Cir. · 1985 · confidence medium
See e.g., Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426, 430 , 75 S.Ct. 473, 476 , 99 L.Ed. 483 (1955); Eisner v. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189, 207 , 40 S.Ct. 189, 193 , 64 L.Ed. 521 (1919); Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., 240 U.S. 1, 12 , 36 S.Ct. 236, 239 , 60 L.Ed. 493 (1916); Perkins v. Commissioner, 746 F.2d 1187, 1188 (6th Cir.1984); Granzow v. Commissioner, 739 F.2d 265 , 267-68 (7th Cir.1984); Crain v. Commissioner, 737 F.2d 1417 (5th Cir.1984); Funk v. Commissioner, 687 F.2d 264, 265 (8th Cir.1982); Lonsdale v. Commissioner, 661 F.2d 71, 72 (5th Cir. 1981); United States v. Rome…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Wiley F. Green
7th Cir. · 1985 · confidence medium
This instruction was derived from the decision in United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970) (“A taxpayer’s return which does not contain any information relating to the taxpayer’s income from which the tax can be computed is not a return within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code ... ”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Glenn G. Goetz, A/K/A \Glenn G. Getz\" United States of America v. James Calvin Perkins"
11th Cir. · 1984 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Pilcher, 672 F.2d 875, 877 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 973 , 103 S.Ct. 306 , 74 L.Ed.2d 286 (1982); United States v. Booker, 641 F.2d 218, 219 (5th Cir. Unit B 1981); 3 United States v. Smith, 618 F.2d 280, 281 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 868 , 101 S.Ct. 203 , 66 L.Ed.2d 87 (1980); 4 United States v. Johnson, 577 F.2d 1304, 1311 (5th Cir.1978); United States v. Daly, *708 481 F.2d 28, 29 (8th Cir.1973); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 522-23 (10th Cir.) cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970). 5 The court, however, went o…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) House v. United States, Internal Revenue Service
W.D. Mich. · 1984 · confidence medium
See also United States v. Daly, 481 F.2d 28, 30 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1064 , 94 S.Ct. 571 , 38 L.Ed.2d 469 (1973); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970); Porth v. Brodrick, 214 F.2d 925, 926 (10th Cir.1954); Cupp v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 65 T.C. 68, 79-81 (1975), aff'd, 559 F.2d 1207 (3d Cir.1977).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John M. Grabinski
8th Cir. · 1984 · confidence medium
He bases this argument upon language in federal circuit court decisions to the effect that “[a] taxpayer’s return which does not contain any information relating to the taxpayer’s income from which the tax can be computed is not a return within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations adopted by the Commissioner.” United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970) (citations omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Kenneth v. Stillhammer and Laverne B. Stillhammer
10th Cir. · 1983 · confidence medium
See e.g., United States v. Redmond, 546 F.2d 1386, 1389 (10th Cir.1977); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Grabinski
D. Minnesota · 1983 · confidence medium
The traditional standard for determining whether a document is a tax return was first set forth in United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970), and adopted by the Eighth Circuit in United States v. Daly, 481 F.2d 28, 29 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1064 , 94 S.Ct. 571 , 38 L.Ed.2d 469 (1973): A taxpayer’s return which does not contain any information relating to the taxpayer’s income from which the tax can be computed is not a return within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations adopted by…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Needham v. United States
W.D. Okla. · 1983 · confidence medium
His return, like the return involved in United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (Tenth Cir.1970), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970), did not “contain any information relating to the taxpayer's income from which the tax can be computed [and therefore was] not a return within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations adopted by the Commissioner [of Internal Revenue].” In the ordinary ease of disputed tax liability, the taxpayer has filed the required return, and the IRS then has three years within which to assess a deficiency. 26 U.S.C. § 65…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sally Conforte v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Joseph Conforte v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
9th Cir. · 1982 · confidence medium
The Service argues that in order for a Form 1040 to be recognized as a “return” for tax purposes, it must set forth sufficient “information relating to the taxpayer’s income from which the tax can be computed.” United States v. Long, 618 F.2d 74, 75 (9th Cir. 1980), quoting United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) William H. And Avilda L. Edwards v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue (2×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 1982 · confidence medium
Accord, United States v. Francisco, 614 F.2d 617, 618 (8th Cir.), cert, denied, 446 U.S. 922 , 100 S.Ct. 1861 , 64 L.Ed.2d 278 (1980); United States v. Johnson, 577 F.2d 1304, 1311 (5th Cir. 1978); United States v. Silkman, 543 F.2d 1218, 1219 (8th Cir. 1976), cert, denied, 431 U.S. 919 , 97 S.Ct. 2185 ,- 53 L.Ed.2d 230 (1980); United States v. Jordan, 508 F.2d 750, 752 (7th Cir.), cert, denied, 423 U.S. 842 , 96 S.Ct. 76 , 46 L.Ed.2d 62 (1975); United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.) cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jarvis v. Commissioner
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1982 · confidence medium
Here, we are again being forced to grapple with the definition of a "return.” 11 In United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir. 1970), cert. denied 400 U.S. 824 (1970), where the "return” was completely devoid of information concerning income, the Court stated— A taxpayer’s return which does not contain any information relating to the taxpayer’s income from which the tax can be computed is not a return within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations adopted by the Commissioner. * * * [Citations omitted.] Our review of the cases in this area discloses that …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Rhodes v. United States
D. Or. · 1982 · confidence medium
In United States v. Klee, 494 F.2d 394 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 835 , 95 S.Ct. 62 , 42 L.Ed.2d 61 (1974), the Ninth Circuit adopted the rule that an income tax return does not constitute a return within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code if the return “does not contain any information relating to the taxpayers’ income from which the tax can be computed.. .. ” 494 F.2d at 397 , quoting United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.1970).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. William S. Lawson, Jr.
10th Cir. · 1982 · confidence medium
United States v. Forth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Morris Reid Smith, Jr. (2×) also: Cited "see"
5th Cir. · 1980 · confidence medium
The statute requires disclosure of “information relating to the taxpayer’s income from which the tax' can be computed.” United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Ronald M. Long
9th Cir. · 1980 · confidence medium
In United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970), the Tenth Circuit held that a tax form that “does not contain any information relating to the taxpayer’s income from which the tax can be computed” is not a valid return under § 7203.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Robert Neff
9th Cir. · 1980 · confidence medium
Those returns, which contained no information from which tax liability could be calculated, themselves demonstrated that Neff filed no proper tax returns during 1974 and 1975 “ ‘within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations adopted by the Commissioner.’ ” United States v. Klee, 494 F.2d 394, 397 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 835 , 95 S.Ct. 62 , 42 L.Ed.2d 61 (1974), 8 quoting United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) People v. Vickers
Colo. · 1980 · confidence medium
With respect to federal income tax returns, it has been held that: “A taxpayer’s return which does not contain any information relating to the taxpayer’s income from which the tax can be computed is not a return within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations adopted by the Commissioner.” United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir. 1970).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Ronald M. Pryor
8th Cir. · 1978 · confidence medium
Quoting from the Tenth Circuit case of United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir. 1970), the court stated: A taxpayer’s return which does not contain any information relating to the taxpayer’s income from which the tax can be computed is not a return within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations adopted by the Commissioner.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Thomas Warner Hoopes
10th Cir. · 1976 · confidence medium
In a similar case, United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970), we held: .
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and Richard M. Humann, Revenue Agent of the Internal Revenue Service v. Elton H. Silkman
8th Cir. · 1976 · confidence medium
United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir. 1970); United States v. Daly, 481 F.2d 28, 29 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1064 , 94 S.Ct. 571 , 38 L.Ed.2d 469 (1973).
cited Cited "see" Butler v. Commissioner
Tax Ct. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth , 426 F.2d 519 ↩ (10th Cir. 1970) . 3.
cited Cited "see" Millican v. Commissioner
Tax Ct. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 (10th Cir. 1970) ; Connell v. Commissioner, T.C.
cited Cited "see" Nelson v. Commissioner
Tax Ct. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 (1970) and Reiff v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 1169 ↩ (1981) . 6.
cited Cited "see" Rhoades v. Commissioner
Tax Ct. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 824 (1970) and Reiff v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 1169 ↩ (1981) .
cited Cited "see" Mele v. Commissioner
Tax Ct. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 (10th Cir. 1970) ; United States v. Daly, 481 F.2d 28 (8th Cir. 1973) ; Reiff v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 1169 , 1176-1180 (1981) . 3 4.
cited Cited "see" Orrock v. Commissioner
Tax Ct. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 , 523 (10th Cir. 1970) ; Jarvis v. Commissioner, 78 T.C.
cited Cited "see" United States v. John E. Buras
9th Cir. · 1980 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 (10th Cir.), cert. denied 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Edward F. Ross
9th Cir. · 1980 · signal: see · confidence high
See U. S. v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 (10th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, *79 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 .
cited Cited "see" Thomas v. Commissioner
Tax Ct. · 1980 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 (10th Cir. 1970) , cert. denied 400 U.S. 824 (1970) .
cited Cited "see" Collins v. Commissioner
Tax Ct. · 1980 · signal: see · confidence high
See, for example, United States v. Daly , 481 F. 2d 28 (8th Cir. 1973) and United States v. Porth , 426 F. 2d 519 (10th Cir. 1970) .
discussed Cited "see" State v. Poncelet
Mont. · 1980 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth (10th Cir. 1970), 426 F.2d 519 , cert. denied 400 U.S. 824 , 91 S.Ct. 47 , 27 L.Ed.2d 53 (1970); United States v. Jordan (7th Cir. 1975), 508 F.2d 750 , cert. denied 423 U.S. 842 , 96 S.Ct. 76 , 46 L.Ed.2d 62 (1976); United States v. Pryor (8th Cir. 1978), 574 F.2d 440 .
discussed Cited "see" Dorgan v. Kouba (2×)
N.D. · 1978 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir. 1970).
cited Cited "see" United States v. John J. Afflerbach
10th Cir. · 1977 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519 (10th Cir.).
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,
v.
Arthur J. PORTH, Appellant
1-68_1.
Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.
May 18, 1970.
426 F.2d 519
John M. Brant, Dept, of Justice, Washington, D. C. (Johnnie M. Walters, Asst. Atty. Gen., and Joseph M. Howard, Dept, of Justice, Washington, D. C., on the brief; Benjamin E. Franklin, U. S. Atty., and Bernard V. Borst, Asst. U. S. Atty., of counsel), for appellee., Jerome Daly, Savage, Minn. (Phillip Leon and George E. Hasty, Wichita, Kan., on the brief), for appellant.
Pickett, Breitenstein, Seth.
Cited by 250 opinions  |  Published
PICKETT, Circuit Judge.

On December 1, 1966 the appellant, Arthur J. Porth, was charged in a five count indictment with the failure to deduct from employees’ wages and account to the Internal Revenue Service required withholding taxes, failure to file withholding tax returns, and his individual tax return for the year 1963, [1] in viola[*521] tion of 26 U.S.C. §§ 7202 and 7203. Following a conviction on all five counts the sentence announced by the court was “for the maximum period authorized by law on each count and for a study as described in 18 U.S.C. § 4208(c),” all to run concurrently. [2] Generally, the purpose of § 4208(c) is for additional information to assist the court in passing final sentence. Numerous errors in the trial of the case are assigned. Those worthy of consideration are that the prosecution is barred by the statute of limitations; that there is a variance in the indictment and the evidence as to counts 1, 2 and 3; and that there was misconduct of a juror. It is also asserted that all the Internal Revenue taxing statutes, as they are interwoven with the Federal Reserve Act, are unconstitutional and void.

The facts are not in dispute. Porth for many years had been doing business in Wichita, Kansas as a general building contractor with numerous employees. Due to illness in June of 1963 his work was thereafter curtailed. He did employ a number of persons during the first and third quarters of that year and admittedly did not withhold and account to the Internal Revenue Sei’vice for the amounts due under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) and for employees’ federal withholding taxes. The required returns for FICA deductions and an accounting of the amounts withheld were due for the first quarter on April 30, 1963, and for the third quarter on October 31, 1963. The personal income tax return for the year 1963 was due April 15, 1964. [3] Porth was originally indicted on these alleged violations on October 21, 1965. On November 30, 1966 the district court, on an ex parte motion of the United States, found that the indictment was “defective and insufficient” and dismissed the indictment. The indictment upon which Porth was convicted was returned the following day.

It is first contended that the indictment upon which Porth was charged was filed more than three years after the alleged offenses and that prosecution thereunder was barred by 26 U. S.C. § 6531. [4] This defense fails for two reasons. The indictment in counts 1 and 2 charges a “willful” failure “to truthfully account for and pay over” to the Internal Revenue Service FICA and general income taxes withheld from wages. Count 3 alleges that Porth[*522] “willfully” failed to make an individual income tax return, and counts 4 and 5 allege a willful failure to file quarterly federal returns for the FICA taxes which the statute required to be withheld. These offenses are clearly within the six-year exception to the general three-year statute of limitations of § 6531. Waters v. United States, 328 F.2d 739 (10th Cir. 1964); United States v. Gase, 248 F.Supp. 704 (N.D.Ohio 1965); United States v. Doelker, 211 F.Supp. 663 (N.D.Ohio 1962); United States v. Al-per, 200 F.Supp. 155 (D.N.J.1961); United States v. Tiplitz, 105 F.Supp. 512 (D.N.J.1952). Secondly, there is no contention that the original indictment of October 21, 1965 was not returned within three years after the offenses charged. [5] The first indictment was dismissed for technical reasons and a new indictment returned immediately. [6] We think this is exactly the kind of ease to which 18 U.S. C. § 3288 was intended to apply and pros ecution is not barred. United States v. Durkee Famous Foods, 306 U.S. 68, 59 S.Ct. 456, 83 L.Ed. 492 (1939); Mende v. United States, 282 F.2d 881 (9th Cir. 1960), cert. denied, 364 U.S. 933, 81 S. Ct. 379, 5 L.Ed.2d 365, reh. denied, 365 U.S. 825, 81 S.Ct. 689, 5 L.Ed.2d 704; United States v. Strewl, 99 F.2d 474 (2d Cir. 1938), cert. denied, 306 U.S. 638, 59 S.Ct. 489, 83 L.Ed. 1039, reh. denied, 306 U.S. 668, 59 S.Ct. 590, 83 L.Ed. 1063; United States v. Bair, 221 F. Supp. 171 (E.D.Wis.1963).

The contention that there is a fatal variance between the allegations of the indictment and the proof on counts 1 and 2 is based upon an interpretation of the language of these counts to the effect that they charge only a failure to account for and pay over taxes collected, while the proof shows that there were no collections. In short, Porth says, “I never collected the money; therefore, I cannot be guilty of failure to account.” This argument is specious. The FICA requires an employer to deduct a stated percentage from employees’ wages. 26 U.S.C. § 3102(a). In addition, when an accounting is made, the employer must pay a like percentage. 26 U.S.C. § 3111(a). An employer is also required to deduct from the wages due an employee stated amounts for income tax which the employee owes. 26 U.S.C. § 3402. The employee receives the total amount due him as wages less the aforesaid statutory deductions. If the statute is followed, the amount retained as taxes never leaves the employer’s possession. It is true that the employer makes the deductions for the benefit of the United States, but he does not actually collect the tax; he merely retains money already in his possession which is part of the employee’s wages. After computation of the tax, the employer, out of his own funds, pays the remaining amount due the employee. Also out of his own funds he is required to pay the taxes withheld. If he delivers the deducted amounts to the employee or anyone else, he still must file a return and account, and failure to do so violates the general penalty statute of 26 U.S.C. § 7202. An agreement with employees that they will pay their own FICA and withholding for income taxes does not affect the employer’s statutory obligation.

Count 3 charged Porth with the failure to file or make an individual tax return for 1963. He claims that he is entitled to an acquittal on this count be[*523] cause the proof shows he did file a return containing only his name and reference to various constitutional provisions which he says excused him from filing a return. The return filed was completely devoid of information concerning his income as required by the regulations of the IRS. A taxpayer’s return which does not contain any information relating to the taxpayer’s income from which the tax can be computed is not a return within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations adopted by the Commissioner. 10 Mertens, the Law of Federal Income Taxation, § 55.22 (1964 Revision); Florsheim Bros. Dry Goods Co. v. United States, 280 U.S. 453, 462, 50 S.Ct. 215, 74 L.Ed. 542 (1930); Sanders v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 225 F.2d 629 (10th Cir. 1955), cert. denied, 350 U.S. 967, 76 S.Ct. 435, 100 L.Ed. 839 (1956); National Contracting Co. v. Commissioner of Int. Rev., 105 F.2d 488 (8th Cir. 1939).

Porth next contends that he should be granted a new trial because of the alleged bias and prejudice of one of the jurors who, after the trial, was found to be a director of a bank and had not disclosed that information during the voir dire examinations. The juror was not questioned during voir dire with reference to any affiliation he might have had with banks, although such an opportunity was afforded defense counsel. The trial court found the juror competent to sit and that his association with the bank was irrelevant and immaterial to the case. In such matters, “(t)he trial judge is vested with a wide discretion for determining the competency of jurors and his judgment will not be interfered with except in the case of an abuse of discretion.” Bratcher v. United States, 149 F.2d 742, 745 (4th Cir. 1945), cert. denied, 325 U.S. 885, 65 S.Ct. 1580, 89 L.Ed. 2000 (1944); accord, Beck v. United States, 298 F.2d 622 (9th Cir. 1962), cert. denied, 370 U. S. 919, 82 S.Ct. 1558, 8 L.Ed.2d 499 (1962); United States v. Sferas, 210 F. 2d 69 (7th Cir. 1954), cert. denied, Skally v. United States, 347 U.S. 935, 74 S. Ct. 630, 98 L.Ed. 1086 (1954); Ippolito v. United States, 108 F.2d 668 (6th Cir. 1940). We find no such abuse of discretion present.

Porth’s defense primarily grew out of his long-time dislike for the taxing and money systems of the United States, his fanatical belief that they are unconstitutional, and his right to resist in good faith. In a previous case in this court, Porth advanced similar arguments, which were disposed of with this applicable statement:

“It is admitted that a federal income tax may be levied under the Sixteenth Amendment and no law, rule, or regulation is referred to which impinges upon or destroys any right guaranteed the taxpayer by the Constitution. The claim is clearly unsubstantial and without merit. * * * [Sjimilar allegations were said to be far-fetched and frivolous. We think the description applies to the allegations in this case.” Porth v. Brodrick, 214 F.2d 925, 926 (10th Cir. 1954).

See Brushaber v. Union Pac. R. R., 240 U.S. 1, 36 S.Ct. 236, 60 L.Ed. 493 (1916); Swallow v. United States, 325 F.2d 97 (10th Cir. 1963), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 951, 84 S.Ct. 1630, 12 L.Ed.2d 497 (1964); Acker v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 258 F.2d 568 (6th Cir. 1958), aff’d, 361 U.S. 87, 80 S.Ct. 144, 4 L.Ed.2d 127 (1959); Abney v. Campbell, 206 F.2d 836 (5th Cir. 1953). There is a total lack of substance in this contention; it remains “far-fetched and frivolous.”

Other assignments of error have been considered and found to be without merit or frivolous.

Affirmed.

1

. Counts 1 and 2 charge the willful failure to truthfully account for and pay over to the IRS the FICA and federal income. taxes withheld from wages due and owing to the United States for the first and third quarters respectively of 1963 in vio[*521] lation of 26 U.S.C. § 7202. Count 3 charges the willful and knowing failure to make an income tax return to the IRS for the calendar year 1963 in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7203. Counts 4 and 5 charge the willful and knowing failure to file with the IRS an employer’s quarterly federal tax return for the first and third quarters of calendar year 1963 in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7203.

2

. When the sentencing judge executed the formal judgment the sentence for counts 4 and 5 was omitted. This was an obvious oversight and may be supplied on return of Porth to the court for final disposition and does not affect the disposition of this appeal.

3

. On February 28, 1964 Porth filed the usual income tax form in regard to income for the year 1963, which was entirely devoid of any reference to his income. It contained citations of various provisions of the Constitution of the United States for his refusal to complete the form. On March 5, 1964, a similar return was made which was devoid of any statement of his income for the year 1963. An agent of the Internal Revenue Service examined Porth’s 1963 business records and found that he had paid wages to employees during the first and third quarters of the year 1963 for which FICA taxes were due, and that his personal income for the same year was more than $10,000, upon which there was income tax due.

4

. 26 U.S.C. § 6531(4) in pertinent part states:

“No person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any of the various offenses arising under the internal revenue laws unless the indictment is found or the information instituted within 3 years next after the commission of the offense, except that the period of limitation shall be 6 years—
(4) for the offense of willfully failing to pay any tax, or make any return * * * at the time or times required by law or regulations ; * * *.”
5

. 18 U.S.C. § 3288 in pertinent part is as follows:

“Whenever any indictment is dismissed for any error, defect, or irregularity with respect to the grand jury * * * after the period prescribed by the applicable statute of limitations has expired, a new indictment may be returned in the appropriate jurisdiction within six calendar months of the date of the dismissal of the indictment * * which new indictment shall not be barred by any statute of limitations.”
6

. The ex parte dismissal before trial was authorized by Rule 48(a), Fed.R.Crim.P. United States v. Boiardo, 408 F.2d 112 (3d Cir. 1969) ; United States v. Chase, 372 F.2d 453 (3d Cir. 1967), cert, denied, 387 U.S. 907, 87 S.Ct. 1688, 18 L.Ed.2d 626.