Gustine v. State, 97 So. 207 (Fla. 1923). · Go Syfert
Gustine v. State, 97 So. 207 (Fla. 1923). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
162 citation events (23 in the last 25 years) across 6 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Sean Alonzo Bush v. State of Florida (fla, 2020-05-14)
Treatment trajectory · 1929 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1929 1977 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 20 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sean Alonzo Bush v. State of Florida
Fla. · 2020 · confidence medium
To that end, applying a heightened standard of review to wholly circumstantial cases is necessary to avoid what this Court described as follows: “Only by pyramiding assumption upon assumption and intent upon intent can the conclusion necessary for conviction be reached.” Gustine v. State, 97 So. 207, 208 (Fla. 1923).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Connolly, Jr. v. State (2×)
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Gustine v. State, 97 So. 207, 208 (Fla. 1923); State v. Coker, 452 So. 2d 1135 (Fla. 2d DCA 1984).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Baugh v. State (2×)
Fla. · 2007 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923) (reversing conviction because "[o]nly by pyramiding assumption upon assumption and intent upon intent can the conclusion necessary for conviction be reached"); Brown v. State, 672 So.2d 648, 650 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (finding evidence insufficient when it requires pyramiding of assumptions or inferences in order to arrive at the conclusion of guilt).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Brown v. State
Fla. · 2000 · confidence medium
The Thomas court relied on the definition of attempt that was articulated by this Court in Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 26 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Watkins v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1998 · confidence medium
The Court cited to the older case of Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 26 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923), for this definition, which has been reaffirmed more recently in Rogers v. State, 660 So.2d 237, 238 (Fla. 1995).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Walker
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1997 · confidence medium
The Thomas court recognized that an attempt exists only when there is “an intent to commit a crime, coupled with an overt act apparently adapted to effect that intent, carried beyond mere preparation, but falling short of execution of the ultimate design.” Id. at 709-10 (quoting Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1928)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lord v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1995 · confidence medium
The defense argues that the effect of the state’s evidence was to require the jury to draw inferences by pyramiding assumption upon assumption in order to arrive at a conclusion necessary for conviction, a result prohibited by the rule stated in Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 28 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923); Harrison v. State, 104 So.2d 391, 394 (Fla. 1st DCA 1958); Torres v. State, 520 So.2d 78, 80 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988); and Chaudoin v. State, 362 So.2d 398, 402 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mariano v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1993 · confidence medium
In Thomas v. State, 531 So.2d 708, 709-710 (Fla.1988), the Florida Supreme Court noted that an attempt exists only when there is “an intent to commit a crime, coupled with an overt act apparently adapted to effect that intent, carried beyond mere preparation, but falling short of execution of the ultimate design.” (citing Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 26 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Thomas v. State
Fla. · 1988 · confidence medium
Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 26 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Thomas v. State
Fla. · 1988 · confidence medium
Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 26 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jones v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1985 · confidence medium
Second, there must be "an overt act manifesting [the above-stated] criminal intent," State v. Allen, supra at 12, "to obtain or use the property of another," § 812.014(1), Fla. Stat. (1979), and "apparently adapted to effectuate that intent, carried beyond mere preparation, but falling short of execution of the ultimate design." Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 26 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Powers
Me. · 1978 · confidence medium
See Duncan v. State, 158 Me. 265, 275 , 183 A.2d 209 (1962); State v. Curry, 43 Ohio St.2d 66 , 330 N.E.2d 720, 725 (1975); State v. Harvill, 106 Ariz. 386 , 476 P.2d 841 (1970); State v. Davis, 108 N.H. 158 , 229 A.2d 842, 844 (1967); State v. Lewis, 69 Wash.2d 120 , 417 P.2d 618 (1966); State v. Mazzadra, 141 Conn. 731 , 109 A.2d 873, 875 (1954); Nemecek v. State, 72 Okl.Cr. 195 , 114 P.2d 492 , 135 A.L.R. 1149 (1941); People v. Miller, 2 Cal.2d 527, 530 , 42 P.2d 308, 309 , 98 A.L.R. 913 (1935); Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 26 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hodge v. State
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1975 · confidence medium
As stated in Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 27 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923): "If the evidence leaves it indifferent which of several hypotheses is true, or merely establishes some finite probability in favor of one hypothesis rather than another, such evidence cannot amount to proof, however great the probability may be." For the same conclusions of law, see Mayo v. State, 71 So.2d 899, 900, 904 (Fla. 1964).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Western
Iowa · 1930 · confidence medium
“What acts will constitute an ‘attempt’ to commit a crime is often difficult of determination. * * * Generally, there must be an intent to commit a crime, coupled with an overt act ap *753 parently adapted to effect the intent, carried beyond mere preparation, but falling short of execution of the'ultimate design.” Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 26 ( 97 So. 207, 208 ).
discussed Cited "see" State of Florida v. Luis Antonio Perez Franco
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2026 · signal: see · confidence high
See Gustine v. State, 97 So. 207, 208 (Fla. 1923) (holding that the evidence presented at trial was “not of the conclusive nature required to sustain the verdict” where “[o]nly by pyramiding assumption upon assumption and intent upon intent can the conclusion necessary for conviction be reached”); Baugh v. State, 961 So. 2d 198, 205 (Fla. 2007) (“[E]vidence is insufficient to support a conviction when it requires pyramiding of assumptions or impermissibly stacked inferences”).
discussed Cited "see" Miller v. State (2×)
Fla. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24, 28 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923)(reversing conviction because "[o]nly by pyramiding assumption upon assumption and intent upon intent can the conclusion necessary for conviction be reached"); Brown v. State, 672 So.2d 648, 650 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996)("Circumstantial evidence is insufficient when it requires pyramiding of assumptions or inferences in order to arrive at the conclusion of guilt.").
discussed Cited "see" M.M. v. State (2×)
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24 , 97 So. 207 (1923); Arias v. State, 593 So.2d 260, 263 (Fla. 3d DCA1992); Robinson v. State, 263 So.2d 595 (Fla. 3d DCA1972).
discussed Cited "see" Goodman v. State (2×)
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1967 · signal: see · confidence high
See Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24 , 97 So. 207 (1923).
discussed Cited "see" Pottinger v. State (2×)
Fla. · 1936 · signal: see · confidence high
See Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24 , 97 South.
examined Cited "see, e.g." Evans v. State (4×)
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 2010 · signal: see also · confidence low
Co. of Am., 73 So.2d 403, 407 (Fla.1954)); see also Gustine v. State, 86 Fla. 24 , 97 So. 207, 208 (1923) (noting the pyramiding of inferences is prohibited "[i]f the facts in proof are equally consistent with some other rational conclusion than that of guilt"). "[T]he circumstantial evidence test guards against basing a conviction on impermissibly stacked inferences." Miller v. State, 770 So.2d 1144, 1149 (Fla.2000).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
LeRoy Gustine, in Error
v.
The State of Florida, in Error
Supreme Court of Florida.
Jun 13, 1923.
97 So. 207
Shackelford & Shackelford, for Plaintiff in Error;, Rivers Buford, Attorney General, and M. C. McIntosh, Assistant, for the State.
Browne, Ellis, Taylor, Terrell, West, Whitfield.
Cited by 74 opinions  |  Published
West, J.

By information filed in the Criminal Court of

Record of. Hillsborough County plaintiff in error was charged with the crime of feloniously' attempting to steal one Ford touring car. The charge as contained in the information is as follows: “That Leroy Gustine, late of the County of Hillsborough aforesaid, in the State aforesaid on the second day of September in the year of our Lord One Thousand Nine Hundred Twenty-one at and in the County of Hillsborough, aforesaid, did unlawfully and feloniously attempt to take, steal and carry away one Ford touring car, Engine No. 5329502, the same being a gasoline motor propelled vehicle, a further description of the same being to the Solicitor unknown, of the value of five hundred dollars in money current of the United States of America, the property of Avon J. Peacock, and in furtherance of said attempt, the said Leroy Gustine did, then and there disconnect the properly installed electric wiring for the ignition system and make or attempt to make a cireuitious wiring around the properly installed ignition system for the purpose of starting said Touring car without regard to the locked condition of the regularly installed ignition system, and with the intent aforesaid, in furtherance of said attempt, did get in said car and try to start the engine, but before said car could be taken away[*26] by' tbe said Leroy Gustine, the said Leroy Gustine was then and there intercepted in said act and prevented from' committing said larceny, against.the form of the statute in such cases made and provided. ’ ’

The verdict, upon a trial of the issue made by plea of not guilty to this information, was guilty as charged. ' To review the judgment pronounced writ of error was taken from this court.

There was a motion for a new trial, which was denied. This ruling is assigned as error. The ground of the motion to which the argument of counsel for plaintiff in error is addressed, is the alleged insufficiency of the evidence to support 'the verdict.

What acts will constitute an “ attempt ’ ’ to commit a crime is' often difficult of determination. Of necessity each ease must be determined on its own facts. Generally, there must' be an intent to commit a crime, coupled with an overt act apparently adapted to effect that intent, carried beyond mere preparation, but falling short of execution of the ultimate design. Bouvier’s Law Dict. 3 rev. vol. 1, title “Attempt;” 8 R. C. L. 276; 1 Wharton’s Crim. Law, 11 ed., Sec. 212; McClain’s Crim. Law, Sec. 222 ; 3 Am. & Eng. Enc. of Law, 2 ed. 250; Morton v. State, 72 Fla. 265, 73 South. Rep. 187; Hogan v. State, 50 Fla. 86, 39 South. Rep. 464; Graham v. People, 181 Ill. 477, 55 N. E. Rep. 179.

One of the essential elements of larceny is an.intent to feloniously deprive the owner permanently of the property which'is the subject of the larceny,obut whether such intent ekist'ed, is a question of fact to be determined by the jury from all the circumstances of the case. Grover v. State, 82 Fla. 427, 90 South. Rep. 473; Wharton’s Crim. Law, 11 ed., vol. 2, Sec. 1094.

The evidence of the State is to the.effect that the defend[*27] ant got into the automobile, which it is alleged he attempted to steal, and was proceeding to disconnect the wires from the locked switch and connect them around it in such a way as to transfer the power from the batteries to the engine and thus run the car, although the switch was locked. There is some evidence from an expert witness on behalf of the State that this result could be accomplished in this way. There is other evidence that the defendant had made the inquiry of others a few days before the alleged crime how it could be done. The proposed connection had not been made at the time defendant was discovered, when he got out of the automobile and left it. The automobile was not moved. The attempt was alleged to have been made about eight o’clock in the evening. The defendant was put under arrest soon after.

There is some question of the identity of the defendant, but assuming this to have been proved, the question is whether the act of the defendant as shown by the evidence, is sufficient to show an intent to steal the car. If the facts in proof are equally consistent with some other rational conclusion than that of guilt, the evidence is insufficient. If the evidence leaves it indifferent which of several hypothesis is true, or merely establishes some finite probability in favor of one hypothesis rather than another, such evidence cannot amount to proof, however great the probability may be. Kennedy v. State, 31 Fla. 428, 12 South. Rep. 858; Whetston v. State, 31 Fla. 240, 12 South. Rep. 661; Hogan v. State, 127 Miss. 407, 90 South. Rep. 99; Algheri v. State, 25 Miss. 584, Morris’ State Cases, 658; Miller-Brent Lbr. Co. v. Douglass, 167 Ala. 286, 52 South. Rep. 414; American Cast Iron Pipe Co. v. Landrum, 183 Ala. 132, 62 South. Rep. 575; St. L. & S. F. R. Co. v. Dorman, 205 Ala. 609, 89 South. Rep. 70; Patton v. Texas Pac. R. Co., 179 U. S. 658, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 275, 45 L. Ed. 361.

[*28] If it be assumed that tbe evidence on behalf of the State is sufficient basis for the inference that defendant intended to move the automobile and to run it, his acts are as consistent with the conclusion that he intended to use it temporarily as forbidden by section 5229, Revised General Statutes, as that he intended to appropriate it and permanently deprive the owner of his possession, as forbidden by Section 5122 and 5142, Revised General Statutes. Only by pyramiding assumption upon assumption and intent upon intent can the conclusion necessary for conviction be reached. It must be assumed, although he did not run it, that the defendant intended to run the automobile. And it must be assumed that if he had been able to run the automobile and thus deprive the owner of it, that he intended to deprive him permanently of the possession of it. . The evidence is not of the conclusive nature required to sustain the verdict.

There was error in the ruling denying the motion for new trial for which the judgment must be reversed.

Reversed.

Taylor, C. J., and "Whitfield, Ellis, Browne and Terrell, J. J., concur.