The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XIX
PUBLIC BUSINESS

Chapter 281
SAFETY AND SECURITY SERVICES

View Entire Chapter

CHAPTER 281

SAFETY AND SECURITY SERVICES

281.01 Definitions.

281.02 Powers and duties of the Department of Management Services with respect to firesafety and security.

281.03 Incident reports and record retention.

281.06 Contracts with counties, municipalities, or licensed private security agencies.

281.07 Rules; Facilities Program; traffic regulation.

281.08 Equipment.

281.01 Definitions.—For the purposes of ss. 281.01-281.08, the term “Capitol Complex” means that portion of Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida, commonly referred to as the Capitol, the Historic Capitol, the Senate Office Building, the House Office Building, the Knott Building, the Pepper Building, the Holland Building, the Elliot Building, the R.A. Gray Building, and the associated parking garages and curtilage of each, including the state-owned lands and public streets adjacent thereto within an area bounded by and including Calhoun Street, East Pensacola Street, Monroe Street, Jefferson Street, West Pensacola Street, Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, and Gaines Street. The term includes the State Capital Circle Office Complex located in Leon County, Florida. The term does not include the Supreme Court Building or the public streets adjacent thereto. The portion of the Capitol Complex existing between and including the Elliot Building and the Holland Building within an area bounded by and including Monroe Street, Gaines Street, Calhoun Street, and East Pensacola Street shall be known as “Memorial Park.”

History.—s. 4, ch. 2002-21; s. 3, ch. 2023-242.

281.02 Powers and duties of the Department of Management Services with respect to firesafety and security.—The Department of Management Services has the following powers and duties with respect to firesafety and security:

(1) To assist the State Fire Marshal in maintaining the firesafety of public buildings pursuant to s. 633.218.

(2) To make provision by rule, contract, lease, or interagency agreement for the security of all state-owned property leased from the Department of Management Services, excluding state universities and custodial institutions, the Capitol Complex, the Governor’s mansion and the grounds thereof, and the Supreme Court. For these purposes, security shall include the safety and security of occupants and visitors to state-owned property, appropriate law enforcement response to complaints relating to criminal activity or security threats, the development of emergency procedures and evacuation routes in the event of fire or disaster, and ensuring that such procedures and routes are known to those persons occupying such property.

(3) To employ guards and administrative, clerical, technical, and other personnel as may be required.

(4) To train employees and make provision for the training of agents, guards, and employees of tenant agencies in security and emergency procedures.

(5) To make provision for the enforcement of rules governing the regulation of traffic and parking on state-owned property, including, but not limited to, issuing citations for the violation of such rules or the traffic laws of the state or any county or municipality and impounding illegally or wrongfully parked vehicles.

(6) To delegate or assign duties and responsibilities furthering the provision of security as required and authorized by this section to any state agency occupying such state-owned property. Security requirements may be included in lease agreements or established by department rule.

History.—s. 2, ch. 76-247; s. 1, ch. 77-174; s. 6, ch. 84-143; s. 4, ch. 84-274; s. 64, ch. 85-80; s. 2, ch. 91-54; s. 218, ch. 92-279; s. 55, ch. 92-326; s. 58, ch. 98-279; s. 29, ch. 99-399; s. 5, ch. 2002-21; s. 132, ch. 2013-183.

Note.—Former s. 287.35.

281.03 Incident reports and record retention.—The Department of Management Services shall make provision for the collection and retention of copies of reports relating to criminal activity or other safety-related and security-related incidents occurring on state-owned property for use in ongoing security planning and to fulfill its responsibilities under s. 281.02.

History.—s. 2, ch. 76-247; s. 7, ch. 84-143; s. 5, ch. 84-274; s. 65, ch. 85-80; s. 3, ch. 91-54; s. 59, ch. 98-279; s. 30, ch. 99-399; s. 6, ch. 2002-21.

Note.—Former s. 287.36.

281.06 Contracts with counties, municipalities, or licensed private security agencies.—The Department of Management Services may contract with any county, municipality, or licensed private security agency to provide and maintain the security of state-owned property, and the safety and security of occupants and visitors thereof, pursuant to ss. 281.02-281.08 upon such terms as the department may deem to be in the best interest of the state.

History.—s. 2, ch. 76-247; s. 8, ch. 84-274; s. 6, ch. 91-54; s. 62, ch. 98-279; s. 42, ch. 99-13; s. 33, ch. 99-399; ss. 8, 9, ch. 2002-21.

Note.—Former s. 287.39.

281.07 Rules; Facilities Program; traffic regulation.—

(1) The Department of Management Services shall adopt and promulgate rules to govern the administration, operation, and management of the Facilities Program and to regulate traffic and parking on state-owned property, including the Capitol Complex, which rules are not in conflict with any state law or county or municipal ordinance, and to carry out the provisions of ss. 281.02-281.08.

(2) Political subdivisions and municipalities may enact and enforce ordinances on the violation of traffic and parking rules provided in subsection (1).

History.—s. 2, ch. 76-247; s. 1, ch. 81-26; s. 1, ch. 83-336; s. 9, ch. 84-274; s. 7, ch. 91-54; s. 219, ch. 92-279; s. 55, ch. 92-326; s. 43, ch. 99-13; s. 34, ch. 99-399; s. 10, ch. 2002-21.

Note.—Former s. 287.43.

281.08 Equipment.—The Department of Management Services is specifically authorized to purchase, sell, trade, rent, lease, and maintain all necessary equipment, motor vehicles, communication systems, housing facilities, and office space, and perform any other acts necessary for the proper administration of ss. 281.02-281.08, pursuant to part I of chapter 287.

History.—s. 2, ch. 76-247; s. 10, ch. 84-274; s. 8, ch. 91-54; s. 32, ch. 91-224; s. 195, ch. 95-148; s. 63, ch. 98-279; s. 44, ch. 99-13; s. 35, ch. 99-399; s. 11, ch. 2002-21.

Note.—Former s. 287.40.

F.S. 281 on Google Scholar

F.S. 281 on Casetext

Amendments to 281

Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 281

Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S281.08 - FRAUD-IMPERSON - REMOVED - M: F

S509.281 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - OPERATE HOTEL RESTAURANT WITHOUT LICENSE - M: S

Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR SAINTS PETER AND PAUL HOME, v. PENNSYLVANIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 2367 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Brown , 441 U.S. 281, 297-298, 99 S.Ct. 1705, 60 L.Ed.2d 208 (1979). . . . The District Court answered "no," and preliminarily enjoined the blanket exemption nationwide. 281 F.Supp . . .

AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, v. ALLIANCE FOR OPEN SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL, INC., 140 S. Ct. 2082 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Federal Election Comm'n , 800 F.Supp.2d 281, 286-289 (DDC 2011), aff 'd, 565 U.S. 1104, 132 S.Ct. 1087 . . .

JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C. v. RUSSO, v. LLC., 140 S. Ct. 2103 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Rev. 275, 280-281 (2008). . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. THURAISSIGIAM, 140 S. Ct. 1959 (U.S. 2020)

. . . .); Ex parte Milligan , 4 Wall. 2, 116, 131, 18 L.Ed. 281 (1866). . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 1891 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Brown , 441 U.S. 281, 295, 99 S.Ct. 1705, 60 L.Ed.2d 208 (1979) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . .

BOSTOCK, v. CLAYTON COUNTY, GEORGIA v. Jr. Co- R. G. G. R. v., 140 S. Ct. 1731 (U.S. 2020)

. . . constitute a psychiatric disorder"); see also APA, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 281 . . .

NASRALLAH, v. P. BARR,, 140 S. Ct. 1683 (U.S. 2020)

. . . S. 217, 84 S.Ct. 306, 11 L.Ed.2d 281 (1963), this Court interpreted the statutory term "final orders . . .

BANISTER, v. DAVIS,, 140 S. Ct. 1698 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Nelson , 394 U.S. 286, 293-294, 89 S.Ct. 1082, 22 L.Ed.2d 281 (1969). . . .

OPATI, v. REPUBLIC OF SUDAN,, 140 S. Ct. 1601 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See Landgraf , 511 U.S., at 281, 114 S.Ct. 1483. . . .

UNITED STATES, v. SINENENG- SMITH, 140 S. Ct. 1575 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Rev., at 280-281. . . .

NEW YORK STATE RIFLE PISTOL ASSOCIATION, INC. v. CITY OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK,, 140 S. Ct. 1525 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Service Employees , 567 U.S. 298, 307, 132 S.Ct. 2277, 183 L.Ed.2d 281 (2012) ). " '[A]s long as the . . . The situation here resembles that in Knox , 567 U.S. 298, 132 S.Ct. 2277, 183 L.Ed.2d 281. . . .

RAMOS, v. LOUISIANA, 140 S. Ct. 1390 (U.S. 2020)

. . . United States , 281 U.S. 276, 288, 50 S.Ct. 253, 74 L.Ed. 854 (1930). Ibid. See also Andres v. . . . United States , 281 U.S. 276, 288, 50 S.Ct. 253, 74 L.Ed. 854 (1930) ; Thompson v. . . . United States , 281 U.S. 276, 50 S.Ct. 253, 74 L.Ed. 854 (1930), the Court stated that the Sixth Amendment . . .

CITGO ASPHALT REFINING COMPANY, v. FRESCATI SHIPPING COMPANY, LTD., 140 S. Ct. 1081 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Rep. 281 (K. . . .

K. KAHLER, v. KANSAS, 140 S. Ct. 1021 (U.S. 2020)

. . . New York , 432 U.S. 197, 202, 97 S.Ct. 2319, 53 L.Ed.2d 281 (1977). . . . Hotz , 281 Neb. 260, 270, 795 N. W. 2d 645, 653 (2011). . . .

CAPITAL ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES, INC. v. STEIN,, 140 S. Ct. 666 (U.S. 2019)

. . . No. 19-281 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

M. LIPSCHULTZ, v. CHARTER ADVANCED SERVICES MN LLC,, 140 S. Ct. 6 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 177-178, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (internal quotation marks omitted . . .

ANIMAL LEGAL DEFENSE FUND v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 935 F.3d 858 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 168, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997), and "turns on the nature and source . . .

VALTIERRA, v. MEDTRONIC INC. a, 934 F.3d 1089 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Meriden , 129 F.3d 281 (2d Cir. 1997). Since then, the Seventh Circuit has joined. . . .

UNITED STATES v. WILLIAMS, Sr., 934 F.3d 1122 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Grant , 548 F.2d 281, 287 (10th Cir. 1977) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. L. CLARK,, 934 F.3d 843 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. 1258, 203 L.Ed.2d 281 (2019). . . .

S. BLEDSOE, v. VANDERBILT,, 934 F.3d 1112 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . otherwise harms him," does not amount to a constitutional violation (quoting Buckley I, 509 U.S. at 281 . . .

JIE FANG Li v. DIRECTOR UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT, 935 F.3d 172 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 177-78, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (citations omitted). . . .

BAUGHMAN, v. HICKMAN K. M., 935 F.3d 302 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hampton , 797 F.3d 276, 281 (5th Cir. 2015) (en banc) (quoting Farmer v. . . . Williams , 797 F.3d at 281 (citation omitted). . . .

UNITED STATES v. GLENN,, 935 F.3d 313 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Youngblood , 488 U.S. 51, 109 S.Ct. 333, 102 L.Ed.2d 281 (1988). . . .

WILLIAMS v. TAYLOR SEIDENBACH, INCORPORATED, v., 935 F.3d 358 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Columbian Chemicals Co. , 281 F.3d 185, 192 (5th Cir. 2002) ). . . .

W. C. ENGLISH, INC. v. RUMMEL, KLEPPER KAHL, LLP CDM, 934 F.3d 398 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . First Owners' Ass'n of Forty Six Hundred Condo., Inc. , 281 Va. 561, 709 S.E.2d 163, 170 (2011) ; Plunkett . . .

HIGGS, v. UNITED STATES PARK POLICE,, 933 F.3d 897 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Higgs, 353 F.3d 281 (4th Cir. 2003). Higgs, now housed on the federal death row within the U.S. . . . murders; interested readers can find them in the Fourth Circuit's opinion on direct appeal, at 353 F.3d 281 . . . Higgs's conviction and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal, 353 F.3d 281. . . .

ANIMAL LEGAL DEFENSE FUND, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 933 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Int'l Union , 567 U.S. 298, 307, 132 S.Ct. 2277, 183 L.Ed.2d 281 (2012) (internal quotation marks omitted . . .

MARTINEAU, v. WIER, 934 F.3d 385 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bakery , 281 F.3d 144, 150 (4th Cir. 2002). . . .

CLARK, v. WARDEN,, 934 F.3d 483 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Greene , 527 U.S. 263, 281-82, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999) ). . . .

ODDO, v. BIMBO BAKERIES U. S. A. INC., 391 F. Supp. 3d 466 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Trinity Armored Sec., Inc., No. 13-281, 2014 WL 12531275, at *9 (N.D. Tex. Sept. 3, 2014) ; accord. . . .

UNITED STATES v. GAMMELL, v., 932 F.3d 1175 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. 1258, 203 L.Ed.2d 281 (2019) ("Thus, state caselaw supports a finding that Minnesota simple robbery . . .

UNITED STATES v. PEDROZA- ROCHA,, 933 F.3d 490 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Int'l Union, Local 1000 , 567 U.S. 298, 307, 132 S.Ct. 2277, 183 L.Ed.2d 281 (2012) ). . . .

CHAVEZ, De E. De De De v. OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, a, 933 F.3d 186 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 272, 281 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (same). . . . Danek Med., Inc. , 182 F.3d 281, 288 (4th Cir. 1999). . . . Supp. 2d at 281 (same). . . .

STURGILL, v. NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY CO., 391 F. Supp. 3d 598 (E.D. Va. 2019)

. . . City of Meriden, 129 F.3d 281, 285 (2nd Cir. 1997) ). . . .

TEXAS, v. EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION EEOC P. U. S., 933 F.3d 433 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 177-78, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (quote at 178) (internal quotation . . .

CANT v. M. MOODY S. S., 933 F.3d 414 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . State Univ. , 161 F.3d 276, 281 n.2 (5th Cir. 1998). . . .

FRYE, v. CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC., 933 F.3d 591 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharm., Inc. , 808 F.3d 281, 292 (6th Cir. 2015). . . .

UNITED STATES v. P. MAZZULLA, 932 F.3d 1091 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Milk, 281 F.3d 762, 770 (8th Cir. 2002) (overwhelming evidence of intent to distribute included a quantity . . .

JONES, v. A. BERRYHILL,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 831 (M.D. Tenn. 2019)

. . . Sec'y of Health & Human Servs. , 778 F.2d 279, 281-82 (6th Cir. 1985). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BOSYK,, 933 F.3d 319 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id . at 281. . . .

UNITED STATES v. THOMAS, v., 933 F.3d 685 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Thomas concedes that 281 days of the delay are not attributable to the government and are not an issue . . .

UNITED STATES v. JOHN, 391 F. Supp. 3d 458 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999) (explaining that nondisclosure of . . .

AMERICAN TUNABOAT ASSOCIATION, v. ROSS, 391 F. Supp. 3d 98 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Brown, 441 U.S. 281, 316, 99 S.Ct. 1705, 60 L.Ed.2d 208 (1979) ("In enacting the APA, Congress made a . . .

UNITED STATES v. FELDMAN,, 931 F.3d 1245 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . enter is caused by a fraudulent misrepresentation ... as to a material fact." 1 Page on Contracts § 281 . . .

UNITED STATES v. DANIEL A. v. H., 933 F.3d 370 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Daniels , 281 F.3d 168, 177 (5th Cir. 2002), "particularly in conspiracy cases," United States v. . . .

DIONISIO, v. ULTIMATE IMAGES AND DESIGNS, INC. d b a a, 391 F. Supp. 3d 1187 (S.D. Fla. 2019)

. . . Joe Ryan Enterprises, Inc. , 281 F.R.D. 660, 663 (M.D. Ala. 2012) (citing Business Guides v. . . .

M. REAVES, v. DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION, O MHM, 392 F. Supp. 3d 195 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Co. , 169 F.2d 281, 291 n.38 (D.C. . . .

CRYSTALLEX INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION v. BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA De S. A. D. C. In De S. A., 932 F.3d 126 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Rafidain Bank , 281 F.3d 48, 53-54 (2d Cir. 2002) ; Peterson v. . . . First City , 281 F.3d at 53-54. . . . See First City , 281 F.3d at 53-54 ; Peterson , 627 F.3d at 1123 ; Transaero , 30 F.3d at 150. . . .

GORSS MOTELS, INC. a a E G, a a v. SAFEMARK SYSTEMS, LP,, 931 F.3d 1094 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 9 U.S. (5 Cranch) 281, 283, 3 L.Ed. 101 (1809) (Marshall, C.J.). . . .

DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. LLC,, 931 F.3d 339 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 170, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) ); see 16 U.S.C. § 1540(a), (b). . . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 176, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. GLENN,, 931 F.3d 424 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Chavez , 281 F.3d 479, 485 (5th Cir. 2002) (citations and quotation marks omitted). . . .

MEJIA- CASTANON, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 931 F.3d 224 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . E.P.A. , 792 F.3d 281, 295 (3d Cir. 2015) (quoting Nat'l Cable & Telecomms. Ass'n v. . . .

PETERSON, v. HEYMES,, 931 F.3d 546 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Youngblood , 488 U.S. 51, 58, 109 S.Ct. 333, 102 L.Ed.2d 281 (1988) ); Anderson v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. MUSCHETTE, 392 F. Supp. 3d 282 (E.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Greene , 527 U.S. 263, 281-82, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999). . . .

K. T. v. ROYAL CARIBBEAN CRUISES, LTD., 931 F.3d 1041 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . No. 113-281, § 321, 128 Stat. 3022, 3054 (2014) (codified at 46 U.S.C. § 3507(g)(4)(A)(i) (2018) ). . . .

STATE BY AND THROUGH TENNESSEE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE,, 931 F.3d 499 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dep't of Health & Human Servs. , 289 F.3d 281, 284 (4th Cir. 2002) ; see also 42 U.S.C. § 1396d(b). . . .

KHRAPUNOV, v. PROSYANKIN, 931 F.3d 922 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Int'l Union, Local 1000 , 567 U.S. 298, 307, 132 S.Ct. 2277, 183 L.Ed.2d 281 (2012) ). . . .

EAST BAY SANCTUARY COVENANT, v. BARR,, 385 F. Supp. 3d 922 (N.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc. , 419 U.S. 281, 285, 95 S.Ct. 438, 42 L.Ed.2d 447 (1974) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. HADLEY, 389 F. Supp. 3d 1043 (M.D. Fla. 2019)

. . . See Dorsey , 567 U.S. at 281, 132 S.Ct. 2321. B. . . .

DIAZ- QUIRAZCO, v. P. BARR,, 931 F.3d 830 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hauskins , 251 Or.App. 34, 281 P.3d 669, 673 (2012) ("[A]though punitive contempt is not a 'crime' .. . . .

UNITED STATES v. MIXON,, 930 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Braunstein , 281 F.3d 982, 992 (9th Cir. 2002). . . . Capener , 608 F.3d 392, 401 (9th Cir. 2010) ; see also Braunstein , 281 F.3d at 995. . . . prosecutors 'are not just wrong, they are willfully wrong, they are frivolously wrong.' " Braunstein , 281 . . . Braunstein , 281 F.3d at 994 ; Pub. L. . . .

WEEKS, a. k. a. v. UNITED STATES, 930 F.3d 1263 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Auth. of City of Durham, 393 U.S. 268, 281, 89 S. . . .

ZACARIAS v. STANFORD INTERNATIONAL BANK, LIMITED, L. v. S. S. v. a a v. De v. S. v. L. v. S. C. v. WGH De De De La v. De De De v. a a De v., 931 F.3d 382 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bhd. of Locomotive Engineers , 398 U.S. 281, 295, 90 S.Ct. 1739, 26 L.Ed.2d 234 (1970). Tex. v. . . .

BRAEBURN INC. v. UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 167-68, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (quoting Lujan v. . . .

TRUE HEALTH DIAGNOSTICS, LLC, v. M. AZAR, II,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 656 (E.D. Tex. 2019)

. . . United States , 281 F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam). . . . Ramming , 281 F.3d at 161. . . . United States , 281 F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam). . . .

IN RE TRONOX, v. LLP D. A., 603 B.R. 712 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . In re Cody, Inc., 281 B.R. 182, 190 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (emphasis in original). . . .

L. C. v. ALTA LOMA SCHOOL DISTRICT,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 845 (C.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Brown , 441 U.S. 281, 302, 99 S.Ct. 1705, 60 L.Ed.2d 208 (1979) ). . . .

MOLINA, v. PENNSYLVANIA SOCIAL SERVICE UNION,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 469 (M.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Service Employee's Int'l Union, Local 1000, 567 U.S. 298, 308, 132 S.Ct. 2277, 183 L.Ed.2d 281 (2012) . . .

UNITED STATES v. CORTEZ, a k a S. T. J. D J. M. F. Jr. P. A. W. H. D. A., 930 F.3d 350 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dec. 281, 284 (B.I.A. 1998) ( § 1003.14(a) "marks a clear boundary between the time prior to commencement . . .

GIBSON, Ca v. SCE GROUP, INC. d b a d b a s,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Chesebrough-Pond's, Inc. , 281 F.2d 755, 762 n.19 (2d Cir. 1960). . . .

CHACOTY, v. POMPEO, U. S., 392 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 175, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997). . . . Minker , 350 U.S. 179, 187, 76 S.Ct. 281, 100 L.Ed. 185 (1956) (quoting Ng Fung Ho v. . . .

COTTO L PEZ, v. UNI N DE TRABAJADORES DE LA INDUSTRIA EL CTRICA Y RIEGO, X, Y, Z A, B, C, 392 F. Supp. 3d 263 (D. P.R. 2019)

. . . United States, 284 F.3d 281, 288 (1st Cir. 2002). . . .

R. BRADLEY, v. VILLAGE OF UNIVERSITY PARK, ILLINOIS,, 929 F.3d 875 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 281-82 (citing Easter House , 910 F.2d at 1400-03 ). . . . See Easter House , 910 F.2d at 1402 ; Clifton , 969 F.2d at 281 ("In Easter House , we emphasized that . . . Schafer , 969 F.2d 278, 281-82 (7th Cir. 1992). . . .

MANNING v. CALDWELL, s FOR CITY OF ROANOKE s, 930 F.3d 264 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Op. at 281. The problem, of course, is that this new rule is found nowhere in the Court's holding. . . . Op. at 281. . . . Op. at 281. . . . Op. at 281, the Court instead saw this as a feature of the bail scheme, demonstrating a "narrow[ ] focus . . .

GRAVES, I. Y. M. Y. A. Y. v. A. LIOI L. Jr. I. Y. M. Y. A. Y. v. A. L. Jr., 930 F.3d 307 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Pittman , 927 F.3d 266, 281 (4th Cir. 2019) (citing Ashcroft v. al-Kidd , 563 U.S. 731, 741, 131 S.Ct . . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 168, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (contrasting the pleading stage, where . . .

HAROUN, v. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY U. S. T., 929 F.3d 1007 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Int'l Union, Local 1000 , 567 U.S. 298, 307, 132 S.Ct. 2277, 183 L.Ed.2d 281 (2012) ). . . .

PHILLIPS, v. V. SPENCER,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 136 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Zukerberg , 880 A.2d 276, 281 (D.C. 2005) (quoting District of Columbia v. . . . Supp. 3d 281, 327 (D.D.C. 2018) ("Plaintiffs do not offer any response to this argument, and thus concede . . .

RIOS, v. JENKINS,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 714 (W.D. Va. 2019)

. . . Attorney Gen. of the United States, 916 F.3d 276, 281 (3d Cir. 2019) ; see also 8 C.F.R. § 287.7(a), . . . City of Philadelphia, 916 F.3d at 281 ; Lopez-Lopez, 321 F. Supp. 3d at 797. . . .

FITZGERALD TRUCK PARTS AND SALES, LLC, v. UNITED STATES, 391 F. Supp. 3d 794 (M.D. Tenn. 2019)

. . . Miranda, 459 U.S. 14, 19, 103 S.Ct. 281, 74 L.Ed.2d 12 (1982) ; Schweiker v. . . .

IN RE FRICKS, TG LLC, v., 603 B.R. 506 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2019)

. . . Bratcher (In re Bratcher) , 281 B.R. 753, 759 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2002). . . .

CITY OF LOS ANGELES, v. P. BARR, R., 929 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Arkansas-Best Freight Sys. , Inc ., 419 U.S. 281, 286, 95 S.Ct. 438, 42 L.Ed.2d 447 (1974) ). . . .

PENNSYLVANIA v. PRESIDENT UNITED STATES D. C., 930 F.3d 543 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Trump, 281 F. Supp. 3d 553 (E.D. Pa. 2017). . . .

HUDSON, Jr. v. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 71 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . AFGE, 281 F. Supp. 3d 11, 12-13 (D.D.C. 2017). . . .

BUTTS, A. F. a v. UNITED STATES s M. D. CNM R. N. R. N. CNM M. D. R. N., 930 F.3d 234 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . J.A. 281. The court found "Dr. . . . J.A. 281. The court further found Dr. Hardy was not absolved by her transfer of care to Dr. . . . J.A. 281. The district court concluded that Dr. . . .

IN RE J. TRUMP, D. H., 928 F.3d 360 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 167, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) ("[T]he injury must be fairly traceable . . .

CIVIL BEAT LAW CENTER FOR THE PUBLIC INTEREST, INC. v. CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL PREVENTION,, 929 F.3d 1079 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 281 F.3d 1004, 1013 (9th Cir. 2002). . . . See id. ; Papa , 281 F.3d at 1013. . . .

UNITED STATES v. CAREY,, 929 F.3d 1092 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . New York , 432 U.S. 197, 210, 97 S.Ct. 2319, 53 L.Ed.2d 281 (1977) ). . . .

H. WILSON, v. SAFELITE GROUP, INC., 930 F.3d 429 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 173, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (quotation marks and alterations omitted . . .

GN NETCOM, INC. v. PLANTRONICS, INC., 930 F.3d 76 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Fulton , 837 F.3d 281, 314 (3d Cir. 2016) (quoting In re Unisys Sav. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FIGUEROA- FIGUEROA,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 70 (D. P.R. 2019)

. . . Marshall, 348 F.3d 281 (1st Cir. 2003). . . .

BRUCKER, v. CITY OF DORAVILLE, a, 391 F. Supp. 3d 1207 (N.D. Ga. 2019)

. . . City of New Orleans, 281 F. Supp. 3d 624, 654-59 (E.D. La. 2017) ; Caliste v. Cantrell, 329 F. . . . City of New Orleans, 281 F. Supp. 3d 624, 657 (E.D. . . .

M. D. BY NEXT FRIEND R. STUKENBERG Z. H. B. S. A. A. M. J. S. J. H. V. J. L. H. C. C. H. C. A. R. v. ABBOTT, Jr., 929 F.3d 272 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 281. . . .

ROE, v. HOTCHKISS SCHOOL,, 385 F. Supp. 3d 165 (D. Conn. 2019)

. . . Tyler, Cooper and Alcorn, LLP , 281 Conn. 84, 108, 912 A.2d 1019 (2007) (quoting Alaimo v. . . . See Falls Church Grp., Ltd. , 281 Conn. at 108-09, 912 A.2d 1019. . . .

MERCK CO. INC. v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,, 385 F. Supp. 3d 81 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Id. at 281, 89 S.Ct. 518. . . .

SIERRA CLUB v. J. TRUMP, T. K., 929 F.3d 670 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 177-78, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (citation omitted). . . . Spear , 520 U.S. 154, 175, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997). . . .

R. OBERDORF A. v. AMAZON. COM INC. a, 930 F.3d 136 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 281 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 402A cmt. f). Id. Id. at 282. Id. . . . Musser , 562 A.2d at 281. Musser , 562 A.2d at 282. Id. JA168. JA150. Id. Id. . . . See Musser , 562 A.2d at 281 ; Nath , 439 A.2d at 634. . . .

CTIA THE WIRELESS ASSOCIATION, v. CITY OF BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, 928 F.3d 832 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Cappell , 762 F.3d 275, 281-82 (3d Cir. 2014) (describing but not relying on Zauderer 's preventing-deception . . .

BAKER v. EQUITY RESIDENTIAL MANAGEMENT, L. L. C. EQR- LLC,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 246 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Moynahan, 91 Mass.App.Ct. 455, 76 N.E.3d 272, 281 (2017). . . .

IN RE BRESSLER,, 601 B.R. 318 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . See , e.g. , In re Mauz , 513 B.R. 273, 281-82 (Bankr. M.D. . . .