The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XXXI
LABOR

Chapter 451
MARKETPLACE CONTRACTORS

View Entire Chapter

CHAPTER 451

MARKETPLACE CONTRACTORS

451.01 Definitions.

451.02 Marketplace contractors.

451.01 Definitions.—For purposes of this chapter, the term:

(1) “Household services” means:

(a) Furniture assembly;

(b) Interior painting;

(d) Local moving help, such as packing, lifting, loading, and rearranging household items, but excluding transporting items;

(e) Hanging pictures, mirrors, curtains, blinds, and shelves;

(f) Home cleaning;

(g) Installation of in-home technology that does not require a hardwired electrical connection; or

(h) Installing or replacing door hardware.

Household services do not include services that require licensure under chapter 489.

(2) “Marketplace contractor” means any individual who:

(a) Enters into an agreement with a marketplace platform to use the platform’s technology application to connect with third-party individuals or entities seeking temporary household services.

(b) In return for compensation, offers or provides temporary household services to third-party individuals or entities through the marketplace platform’s technology application.

(3) “Marketplace platform” or “platform” means an entity operating in this state which:

(a) Offers an online-enabled technology application service, website, or system that enables marketplace contractors to provide services to third-party individuals or entities seeking such temporary household services.

(b) Accepts service requests from the public only through its online-enabled technology application service, website, or system.

History.—s. 50, ch. 2018-118.

451.02 Marketplace contractors.—

(1) A marketplace contractor must be treated as an independent contractor, and not as an employee, of the marketplace platform for all purposes under state and local laws, regulations, and ordinances, including, but not limited to, chapters 440 and 443, if all of the following conditions are met:

(a) The marketplace platform does not unilaterally prescribe specific hours during which the marketplace contractor must be available to accept service requests submitted through the platform from third-party individuals or entities.

(b) The marketplace platform does not prohibit the marketplace contractor from using the technology application offered by other marketplace platforms.

(d) The marketplace platform and marketplace contractor agree in writing that the marketplace contractor is an independent contractor with respect to the marketplace platform.

(e) The marketplace contractor bears all or substantially all of the marketplace contractor’s expenses incurred by the marketplace contractor in performing the services.

(f) The marketplace contractor is responsible for paying taxes on the marketplace contractor’s income.

(2) Subsection (1) applies to services performed by a marketplace contractor before July 1, 2018, if the conditions set forth in subsection (1) were satisfied when the services were performed.

(3) Compliance with subsection (1) is not mandatory to establish the existence of an independent contractor relationship. The exclusion of any person or service from this section does not create any presumption and is not admissible to deny the existence of an independent contractor relationship.

(4) Third-party individuals or entities seeking services through the marketplace platform and marketplace contractors must comply with chapter 440 in the same manner as if they had not connected through the marketplace platform.

(5) This section does not apply to:

(a) Services performed in the employ of the state, a political subdivision of the state, an Indian tribe, an instrumentality of a state, or any political subdivision of a state or an Indian tribe which is wholly owned by one or more states, political subdivisions, or Indian tribes, respectively, provided that such service is excluded from employment as defined in s. 3306 of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act.

(b) Services performed in the employ of a religious, charitable, educational, or other organization which is excluded from employment as defined in ss. 3301-3311 of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, solely by reason of s. 3306(c)(8) of the act.

History.—s. 50, ch. 2018-118.

F.S. 451 on Google Scholar

F.S. 451 on Casetext

Amendments to 451

Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 451

Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S475.451 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - REAL ESTATE COURSE WITHOUT PERMIT - M: S

S500.451 - HEALTH-SAFETY - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 8767 - F: T

S500.451 1 - HEALTH-SAFETY - SELL BUY POSS TRANSPORT HORSEMEAT WO STAMP - F: T

S562.451 - LIQUOR-POSSESS - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 8774 - F: T

S562.451 - LIQUOR-POSSESS - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 8773 - M: S

S562.451 1 - LIQUOR-POSSESS - LESS THAN ONE GALLON ILLEGAL LIQUOR - M: S

S562.451 2 - LIQUOR-POSSESS - ONE GALLON OR MORE ILLEGAL LIQUOR - M: F

Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

P. BARR, v. PURKEY, 140 S. Ct. 2594 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Padilla , 542 U.S. 426, 451, 124 S.Ct. 2711, 159 L.Ed.2d 513 (2004) (Kennedy, J., concurring); see also . . .

J. TRUMP, v. R. VANCE, Jr., 140 S. Ct. 2412 (U.S. 2020)

. . . California , 283 U.S. 423, 451, 51 S.Ct. 522, 75 L.Ed. 1154 (1931) ("The United States may perform its . . .

B. CHIAFALO, v. WASHINGTON, 140 S. Ct. 2316 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Darby , 312 U.S. 100, 124, 61 S.Ct. 451, 85 L.Ed. 609 (1941), "mak[ing] clear that powers reside at the . . .

P. BARR, v. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF POLITICAL CONSULTANTS, INC., 140 S. Ct. 2335 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Washington State Republican Party , 552 U.S. 442, 451, 128 S.Ct. 1184, 170 L.Ed.2d 151 (2008). . . .

ESPINOZA, v. MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,, 140 S. Ct. 2246 (U.S. 2020)

. . . cf. ante , at 2256 - 2257, but also a resulting burden on religious exercise, Lyng , 485 U.S. at 450-451 . . . individual, not in terms of what the individual can exact from the government.' " Lyng , 485 U.S. at 451 . . . Webb , 451 U.S. 493, 499, 101 S.Ct. 1889, 68 L.Ed.2d 392 (1981). . . . Lyng , 485 U.S. at 450-451, 108 S.Ct. 1319 ; Trinity Lutheran , 582 U.S., at ----, 137 S.Ct., at 2022 . . . Webb , 451 U.S. 493, 500, 101 S.Ct. 1889, 68 L.Ed.2d 392 (1981) )). . . .

JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C. v. RUSSO, v. LLC., 140 S. Ct. 2103 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Boren , 429 U.S. 190, 192, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976) ). . . . Boren , 429 U.S. 190, 193, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976) ; Singleton v. . . . See Craig , 429 U.S. at 193-194, 97 S.Ct. 451. . . . rights of clients to challenge restrictions on fee arrangements); Craig , 429 U.S. at 192, 97 S.Ct. 451 . . . Craig , 429 U.S. at 195, 97 S.Ct. 451. . . . Craig , 429 U.S. at 197, 97 S.Ct. 451. . . . Boren , 429 U.S. 190, 193, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976) (quoting Barrows v. . . . Y. , 347 U.S. 442, 451, 74 S.Ct. 650, 98 L.Ed. 829 (1954) (State has "legitimate concern for maintaining . . . S. 190, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976), the sole appellant with a live claim at the time of decision . . . Id ., at 193, 97 S.Ct. 451. . . . Id. , at 192-194, 97 S.Ct. 451. . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. THURAISSIGIAM, 140 S. Ct. 1959 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See Castro , 835 F.3d at 450-451 (Hardiman, J., concurring dubitante) ("Petitioners here seek to alter . . .

C. LIU, v. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 140 S. Ct. 1936 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . ----, 140 S.Ct. 451, 205 L.Ed.2d 265 (2019). II Our task is a familiar one. . . .

BOSTOCK, v. CLAYTON COUNTY, GEORGIA v. Jr. Co- R. G. G. R. v., 140 S. Ct. 1731 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Boren , 429 U.S. 190, 197-199, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976) ; Frontiero v. . . . the words " 'sexual orientation,' " defined as "choice of sexual partner according to gender"); H.R. 451 . . . 4842(a)(1)(B) (Anti-Boycott Act of 2018) D E.g. , H.R. 166, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., § 6 (1975); H.R. 451 . . .

J. THOLE, v. U. S. BANK N. A, 140 S. Ct. 1615 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Boren , 429 U.S. 190, 194-195, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976) (vendor who "independently" suffered . . . S. 190, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976). But both endorsed expansive views of standing. . . . owners of a corporation to sue under federal securities laws); Craig , 429 U.S. at 194-195, 97 S.Ct. 451 . . .

BANISTER, v. DAVIS,, 140 S. Ct. 1698 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id., at 451, 102 S.Ct. 1162. . . . Wilson , 477 U.S. 436, 451, 106 S.Ct. 2616, 91 L.Ed.2d 364 (1986) (plurality opinion). . . . White , 455 U.S. at 451, 102 S.Ct. 1162. . . . New Hampshire Dept. of Employment Security , 455 U.S. 445, 451, 102 S.Ct. 1162, 71 L.Ed.2d 325 (1982) . . . Wilson , 477 U.S. 436, 451, 106 S.Ct. 2616, 91 L.Ed.2d 364 (1986) (plurality opinion); see supra, at . . .

UNITED STATES, v. SINENENG- SMITH, 140 S. Ct. 1575 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Washington State Grange , supra , at 451, 128 S.Ct. 1184. . . . Boren , 429 U.S. 190, 193, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976), it has never provided a substantive justification . . . United Reporting Publishing Corp. , 528 U.S. 32, 39, 120 S.Ct. 483, 145 L.Ed.2d 451 (1999) ). . . .

COUNTY OF MAUI, HAWAII, v. HAWAII WILDLIFE FUND,, 140 S. Ct. 1462 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Illinois , 451 U.S. 304, 310-311, 101 S.Ct. 1784, 68 L.Ed.2d 114 (1981). . . . Milwaukee , 451 U.S. at 318, 101 S.Ct. 1784 ("Every point source discharge is prohibited unless covered . . .

RAMOS, v. LOUISIANA, 140 S. Ct. 1390 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Boren , 429 U.S. 190, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976) ; Taylor v. . . . Darby , 312 U.S. 100, 61 S.Ct. 451, 85 L.Ed. 609 (1941) ; Erie R. Co. v. . . .

E. RODRIGUEZ, v. FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION,, 140 S. Ct. 713 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Radcliff Materials, Inc. , 451 U.S. 630, 640, 101 S.Ct. 2061, 68 L.Ed.2d 500 (1981) (quoting Banco Nacional . . .

ARNOLD, v. MCCORD,, 140 S. Ct. 656 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Jeff MCCORD, Commissioner, Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development No. 19-451 Supreme . . .

NATIONAL REVIEW, INC. v. E. MANN v. E., 140 S. Ct. 344 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Phelps , 562 U.S. 443, 451-452, 131 S.Ct. 1207, 179 L.Ed.2d 172 (2011) ; New York Times Co. v. . . .

IN RE CORPORATE RESOURCE SERVICES, INC. S. v., 603 B.R. 888 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Medtronic, Inc ., 451 F.3d 104, 127 (2d Cir. 2006), aff'd on other grounds , 552 U.S. 312, 128 S.Ct. . . .

STONE, v. TROY CONSTRUCTION, LLC, 935 F.3d 141 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 451, 454 (D.N.J. 2011) ("With respect to form, courts have shown considerable flexibility as . . .

BACA v. COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF STATE, G. T. L. M., 935 F.3d 887 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fayette Cty. , 451 F.3d 777, 786 (11th Cir. 2006) (en banc) ("A request for damages that is barred as . . .

BURKE, v. REGALADO, v., 935 F.3d 960 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Taylor , 329 U.S. 495, 508, 511-12, 67 S.Ct. 385, 91 L.Ed. 451 (1947). . . .

CONILLE v. COUNCIL AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE, COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES, 935 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Int'l Union, UAW, 451 U.S. 679, 683-85, 101 S.Ct. 2088, 68 L.Ed.2d 538 (1981). . . .

NEW YORK STATE CITIZENS COALITION FOR CHILDREN, v. J. POOLE,, 935 F.3d 56 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Halderman , 451 U.S. 1, 17, 101 S.Ct. 1531, 67 L.Ed.2d 694 (1981). . . . Artist M. , 503 U.S. 347, 356, 112 S.Ct. 1360, 118 L.Ed.2d 1 (1992) (quoting Pennhurst , 451 U.S. at . . .

NALPROPION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. v. ACTAVIS LABORATORIES FL, INC., 934 F.3d 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . FL, Inc. , No. 1:15-cv-451 (D. Del. Oct. 26, 2017), ECF No. 186. . . . FL, Inc. , No. 1:15-cv-451 (D. Del. Oct. 5, 2017), ECF No. 92. . . .

UNITED STATES v. GLENN,, 935 F.3d 313 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dvorin , 817 F.3d at 451 (quoting Brown, 650 F.3d at 588 (internal quotation marks omitted)). . . .

UNITED STATES v. CLARK,, 935 F.3d 558 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . See Flores , 929 F.3d at 451, citing 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(2) ; see also United States v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. W. HARNEY,, 934 F.3d 502 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 451 U.S. 204, 220, 101 S.Ct. 1642, 68 L.Ed.2d 38 (1981). . . .

IN RE JOHNSON, v., 935 F.3d 284 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Arizona , 451 U.S. 477, 101 S.Ct. 1880, 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981). . . .

UNITED STATES v. NEJAD,, 933 F.3d 1162 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Vampire Nation , 451 F.3d 189, 202 (3d Cir. 2006). . . .

M. RODEN, v. COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 548 (S.D. Ohio 2019)

. . . Sec , 451 Fed. . . .

ANIMAL LEGAL DEFENSE FUND, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 933 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 451-52, 132 S.Ct. 1702. . . .

NAUMOVSKI, v. NORRIS, 934 F.3d 200 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Zegarelli , 451 F.3d 140, 152 (2d Cir. 2006) (stating that where we review a qualified immunity claim . . . See Vega , 801 F.3d at 88 ; Demoret , 451 F.3d at 149 ("Once action under color of state law is established . . . principles to determine when an employer is liable for its agents. 770 F.3d 97, 114 (2d Cir. 2014). 451 . . . See, e.g. , Demoret , 451 F.3d at 149 (holding that to establish a claim of hostile work environment, . . .

REYES, v. FISCHER, J. X., 934 F.3d 97 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Murray, 451 F.3d 71 (2d Cir. 2006) (" Earley I"), reh'g denied, 462 F.3d 147 (2d Cir. 2006) (" Earley . . . contested the "addition" of an administratively imposed PRS term to his judicially pronounced sentence, 451 . . .

AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION, N. A. v. UNITED STATES,, 932 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Co. , 470 U.S. 451, 465-66, 105 S.Ct. 1441, 84 L.Ed.2d 432 (1985) (quoting with alterations Dodge v. . . .

FURGESS, v. PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, 933 F.3d 285 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Dep't of Corr. , 451 F.3d 274, 287-88 (1st Cir. 2006). United States v. . . .

C. CHILDRESS, ALDA St. HLAA- StL A v. FOX ASSOCIATES, LLC, C. CHILDRESS, ALDA St. HLAA- StL A v. LLC,, 932 F.3d 1165 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . See, e.g. , id. at 451 n.3. . . .

CHAVEZ, De E. De De De v. OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, a, 933 F.3d 186 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Dole Food Co., Inc. , 133 Hawai'i 451, 330 P.3d 389 (Haw. Ct. App. 2014). . . .

C. S. MCCROSSAN INC. v. FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY, 932 F.3d 1142 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Servs., Inc. , 716 F.3d 451, 460 (8th Cir. 2013), quoting Webster's Third New International Dictionary . . .

In MATTER OF SHERWIN ALUMINA COMPANY, L. L. C. v. L. L. C. INC., 932 F.3d 404 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 451, 124 S.Ct. 1905. Hood is consistent with the previous holdings of this court. . . .

IN RE GOOGLE INC. COOKIE PLACEMENT CONSUMER PRIVACY LITIGATION H., 934 F.3d 316 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Area Transit Comm'n , 84 F.3d 451, 455 (D.C. Cir. 1996) ). . . .

KODIAK OIL GAS USA INC. HRC LLC v. BURR S. EOG S., 932 F.3d 1125 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . A-1 Contractors , 520 U.S. 438, 451, 117 S.Ct. 1404, 137 L.Ed.2d 661 (1997) (quoting Iowa Mut. . . .

SINKLER, v. A. BERRYHILL,, 932 F.3d 83 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Dep't of Emp't Sec. , 455 U.S. 445, 451, 102 S.Ct. 1162, 71 L.Ed.2d 325 (1982) (holding attorney's fees . . .

D. LEISER, v. KLOTH,, 933 F.3d 696 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hartman , 924 F.3d 445, 451 (7th Cir. 2019) (dismissing officer's appeal of denial of qualified immunity . . .

INSTITUTE FOR POLICY STUDIES, v. UNITED STATES CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 51 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 446, 451 (D.D.C. 2017) (Boasberg, J.). . . .

TIAN v. P. BARR,, 932 F.3d 664 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Mukasey , 508 F.3d 451, 454 (8th Cir. 2007), and it is a rare case where an adverse credibility determination . . .

DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE, v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION, 392 F. Supp. 3d 410 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 432, 451-52 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ; see also Elsevier Inc. v. W.H.P.R., Inc., 692 F. . . .

IN RE SCHATZ, v., 602 B.R. 411 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Ramos Herrera (In re Ramos Herrera), 589 B.R. 444, 451 (1st Cir. BAP 2018) (citation omitted). . . .

P. ADIA, v. GRANDEUR MANAGEMENT, INC. I., 933 F.3d 89 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Palestinian Authority , 566 U.S. 449, 451, 132 S.Ct. 1702, 182 L.Ed.2d 720 (2012) ). . . .

M. JOSEPH, v. STATE, 275 So. 3d 1266 (Fla. App. Ct. 2019)

. . . State , 899 So. 2d 447, 451 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005) ). . . . Id. at 451. . . .

DOE, v. TRUMP CORPORATION,, 385 F. Supp. 3d 265 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Ideal Steel Supply Corp. , 547 U.S. 451, 126 S.Ct. 1991, 164 L.Ed.2d 720 (2006), the plaintiff, a steel . . .

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION BY A. JAMES, v. QUINCY BIOSCIENCE HOLDING COMPANY, INC. LLC, d b a LLC,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 211 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Trammochem, 451 F.3d 89, 95-96 (2d Cir. 2006) ("[W]hen Congress intends to permit nationwide personal . . .

NORTHPORT HEALTH SERVICES OF ARKANSAS, LLC, NHS LLC v. POSEY, AARP AARP s s, 930 F.3d 1027 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ivy, 367 Ark. 451, 241 S.W.3d 229, 236 (2006) ("[A]mbiguities in a written contract are construed strictly . . .

UNITED STATES v. IWAI,, 930 F.3d 1141 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 335 U.S. 451, 460, 69 S.Ct. 191, 93 L.Ed. 153 (1948) (Jackson, J., concurring), then . . .

CHOW, v. WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 37 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . to post no warning signs at a dangerous curve on a slippery road was not discretionary. 45 F.3d at 451 . . . Id. at 451-52. . . .

PRESQUE ISLE COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY, v. HIGHMARK HEALTH, f k a f k a, 391 F. Supp. 3d 485 (W.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Corp. , 451 Pa. 154, 301 A.2d 684, 685 (1973) ("[a]ppellant contends that his amended complaint stated . . .

ACE AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY, a v. WATTLES COMPANY, a, 930 F.3d 1240 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States, 828 F.3d 451, 456 (6th Cir. 2016) (noting that Mexico "models its legal system not on . . .

WONGUS, v. CORRECTIONAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM CERT CERT s, 389 F. Supp. 3d 294 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Taylor , 451 U.S. 527, 540, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 68 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981). See Daniels v. . . . Taylor , 451 U.S. 527, 542, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 68 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981) ). See Williams v. . . .

ASSOCIATION FOR COMMUNITY AFFILIATED PLANS, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 22 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . SEC, 451 F.3d 873, 881 (D.C. Cir. 2006) ). . . .

ANDERSON v. GHALY,, 930 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . No. 100-391, pt. 1, at 451-52 (1987), as reprinted in 1987 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2313-1, 2313-271 to -272. . . .

D. COTTRELL M. v. AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, S. I., 930 F.3d 969 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Joseph , 135 S.W.3d 444, 451 (Mo. Ct. App. 2004) (internal quotation omitted). . . .

GIBSON, Ca v. SCE GROUP, INC. d b a d b a s,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Co. , 189 Misc. 840, 74 N.Y.S.2d 448, 451 (Sup. Ct. 1947), aff'd sub nom. De Figuerola v. . . .

R. BRADLEY, v. VILLAGE OF UNIVERSITY PARK, ILLINOIS,, 929 F.3d 875 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Taylor , 451 U.S. 527, 541, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 68 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981), and Logan v. . . . should be treated as a "random and unauthorized act ... beyond the control of the State," Parratt , 451 . . . In Parratt , a state prisoner ordered the famous "hobby materials valued at $23.50." 451 U.S. at 529, . . . Zimmerman Brush Co. , 455 U.S. 422, 436, 102 S.Ct. 1148, 71 L.Ed.2d 265 (1982), quoting Parratt , 451 . . . See 451 U.S. at 540-41, 101 S.Ct. 1908. . . . Taylor , 451 U.S. 527, 541, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 68 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981), that "random and unauthorized" acts . . . property without due process when prison employees lost $23.50 worth of hobby materials he had ordered. 451 . . . Parratt , 451 U.S. at 541, 101 S.Ct. 1908. . . . employee acting within the scope of his employment is acting under color of state law, see Parratt , 451 . . .

LLACUA De La v. WESTERN RANGE ASSOCIATION LLLP LLC D B A, 930 F.3d 1161 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Co. , 451 F.3d 1196, 1205-11 (10th Cir. 2006), because the proposed amendments were based largely on . . . Minter , 451 F.3d at 1204. . . . P. 15(a) ; Minter , 451 F.3d at 1204. . . . See Minter , 451 F.3d at 1204 ; Birch , 812 F.3d at 1247. . . . Minter , 451 F.3d at 1206 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). . . .

MANNING v. CALDWELL, s FOR CITY OF ROANOKE s, 930 F.3d 264 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . New Jersey , 306 U.S. 451, 453, 59 S.Ct. 618, 83 L.Ed. 888 (1939) )); Kolender , 461 U.S. at 357, 103 . . . New Jersey , 306 U.S. 451, 453, 59 S.Ct. 618, 83 L.Ed. 888 (1939) ("All are entitled to be informed as . . .

GRAVES, I. Y. M. Y. A. Y. v. A. LIOI L. Jr. I. Y. M. Y. A. Y. v. A. L. Jr., 930 F.3d 307 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . J.A. 451-54, 707. . . . J.A. 112, 451-52, 485, 707-08, 762, 815. . . . J.A. 451. . . . J.A. 451-52, 482-83. . . . J.A. 451. . . . J.A. 451. Deputy Lioi acknowledged that it was possible the turn-ups were not conducted. J.A. 341. . . . J.A. 106, 451. . . .

UNITED STATES EX REL. MEI LING, v. CITY OF LOS ANGELES,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 744 (C.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . . ¶ 451. . . . See FACI ¶¶ 451, 454. . . . See FACI ¶ 451. . . .

RIOS, v. JENKINS,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 714 (W.D. Va. 2019)

. . . Bd. of Comm'rs, 725 F.3d 451, 463 (4th Cir. 2013) (quoting Arizona, 567 U.S. at 410, 132 S.Ct. 2492 ) . . . Frederick County Board of Commissioners, 725 F.3d. 451 (4th Cir. 2013). . . .

CITY OF LOS ANGELES, v. P. BARR, R., 929 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Halderman , 451 U.S. 1, 17, 101 S.Ct. 1531, 67 L.Ed.2d 694 (1981) ). . . . should be reinterpreted as retroactively imposing significant costs on states that received those funds. 451 . . . Pennhurst , 451 U.S. at 25, 101 S.Ct. 1531. . . . Pennhurst , 451 U.S. at 25, 101 S.Ct. 1531 ; the immigration-related conditions were clearly presented . . .

FUSARO, v. R. COGAN, C. J. A. J. Jr., 930 F.3d 241 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . United Reporting Publishing Corporation , 528 U.S. 32, 120 S.Ct. 483, 145 L.Ed.2d 451 (1999), the Opinion . . . United Reporting Publ'g Corp. , 528 U.S. 32, 40, 120 S.Ct. 483, 145 L.Ed.2d 451 (1999) (rejecting facial . . .

STARR INDEMNITY LIABILITY COMPANY, v. BRIGHTSTAR CORP., 388 F. Supp. 3d 304 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Corp., 56 N.Y.2d 175, 184, 451 N.Y.S.2d 663, 436 N.E.2d 1265 (1982) ); accord Nassau Tr. . . . Co., 56 N.Y.2d at 184, 451 N.Y.S.2d 663, 436 N.E.2d 1265 (estoppel "is imposed by law in the interest . . . Supp. 2d 451, 458-59 (E.D.N.Y. 2013) (quoting Levine v. Greece Cent. Sch. Dist., 353 F. . . .

S. R. NEHAD K. R. v. N. BROWDER, 929 F.3d 1125 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . A.D. , 712 F.3d at 451. . . . Hansen , 451 F.3d 982, 991 n.1 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Moreland v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. SHIPP,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 300 (E.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . United States, 451 U.S. 204, 220, 101 S.Ct. 1642, 68 L.Ed.2d 38 (1981) ). . . . Galpin, 720 F.3d at 451 (noting that the Second Circuit has "not required specific search protocols or . . . Galpin, 720 F.3d at 451-52 (explaining that the plain view exception is not available to the extent that . . .

REINALT- THOMAS CORPORATION, d b a v. MAVIS TIRE SUPPLY, LLC,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 1261 (N.D. Ga. 2019)

. . . . § 10-1-451(b) ; (4) violation of the Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act; (5) unfair competition . . . O.C.G.A. § 10-1-451(b). . . .

BRUCKER, v. CITY OF DORAVILLE, a, 391 F. Supp. 3d 1207 (N.D. Ga. 2019)

. . . Supp. 442, 451 (N.D. . . .

TOWNES TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INC. v. NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 585 (E.D. Va. 2019)

. . . Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc. , 451 U.S. 504, 510, 101 S.Ct. 1895, 68 L.Ed.2d 402 (1981) (internal quotation . . .

L. BANKS, v. NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION, 929 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dunn , 268 U.S. 121, 131, 45 S.Ct. 451, 69 L.Ed. 876 (1925) ). . . .

SPARTAN CONCRETE PRODUCTS, LLC, v. ARGOS USVI, CORP. f k a USVI,, 929 F.3d 107 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Chrysler Motors Corp. , 451 U.S. 557, 562, 101 S.Ct. 1923, 68 L.Ed.2d 442 (1981). . . . Truett Payne , 451 U.S. at 562, 101 S.Ct. 1923. . . . Truett Payne , 451 U.S. at 561, 101 S.Ct. 1923. . . .

ATHENA DIAGNOSTICS, INC. LTD. E. V. v. MAYO COLLABORATIVE SERVICES, LLC,, 927 F.3d 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Flook , 437 U.S. 584, 590, 98 S.Ct. 2522, 57 L.Ed.2d 451 (1978) ); see Bilski v. . . . Flook , 437 U.S. 584, 591, 98 S.Ct. 2522, 57 L.Ed.2d 451 (1978). . . . Flook , 437 U.S. 584, 98 S.Ct. 2522, 57 L.Ed.2d 451 (1978). . . . Flook , 437 U.S. 584, 594, 98 S.Ct. 2522, 57 L.Ed.2d 451 (1978) ("[A] patent claim must be considered . . . Flook , 437 U.S. 584, 98 S.Ct. 2522, 57 L.Ed.2d 451 (1978), drew heavily from cases decided under the . . .

OGLESBY, v. LESAN, 929 F.3d 526 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Angulo-Guerrero, 328 F.3d 449, 451 (8th Cir. 2003). . . .

SIERRA CLUB v. J. TRUMP, T. K., 929 F.3d 670 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . real sense if that instrument is not subject to traditional constitutional constraints. 524 U.S. at 451 . . .

LARSON, v. CITY OF ALGOOD, TENNESSEE, v. v., 390 F. Supp. 3d 874 (M.D. Tenn. 2019)

. . . Pollak, 343 U.S. 451, 461, 72 S.Ct. 813, 96 L.Ed. 1068 (1952) ; Corrigan v. . . .

MCGEHEE, v. A. BERRYHILL,, 386 F. Supp. 3d 80 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . A.R. 404, 451, 467, 494, 519, 581, 645, 650, 789, 835, 848, 860, 866, 871, 1141, 1147, 1161). . . .

J. CUNNINGHAM, v. WAWA, INC., 387 F. Supp. 3d 529 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Inc., 709 F.3d 448, 451 (5th Cir. 2013) (same); McCravy v. Metro. . . .

IN RE C. LLOYD, J. v. T., 603 B.R. 247 (Bankr. Mass. 2019)

. . . Co., 549 U.S. 443, 451, 127 S.Ct. 1199, 167 L.Ed.2d 178 (2007) ; Raleigh v. . . . HBC Assocs., 411 Mass. 451, 583 N.E.2d 806, 820 (1991) ; Druker v. Roland Wm. . . .

UNITED STATES v. PORTER,, 928 F.3d 947 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 451-52. 3. . . . V at 451. . . . V at 451. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FULTON, Sr., 928 F.3d 429 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Lynch , 827 F.3d 436, 451 (5th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted). . . .

MENDEZ- GOMEZ, v. P. BARR,, 928 F.3d 728 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Napolitano, 451 F. . . .

GREEN, v. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 68 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Corley , 273 F.3d at 451, 454. . . . See id. at 451-52 (citing Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes , 111 F. . . .

UNITED STATES v. LEWIS,, 928 F.3d 980 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bascomb, 451 F.3d 1292, 1296 (11th Cir. 2006). . . . Bascomb, 451 F.3d at 1295. We will not perform a waiverectomy. . . .

UNITED STATES v. HEARTLAND HOSPICE, INC., 386 F. Supp. 3d 884 (N.D. Ohio 2019)

. . . App'x 451, 459 (6th Cir. 2018) (dismissing reverse false claims count as dependent on submission of fraudulent . . .

UNITED STATES, v. HAYMOND, 139 S. Ct. 2369 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Fano , 427 U.S. 215, 224, 96 S.Ct. 2532, 49 L.Ed.2d 451 (1976). . . .

TENNESSEE WINE AND SPIRITS RETAILERS ASSOCIATION, v. F. THOMAS,, 139 S. Ct. 2449 (U.S. 2019)

. . . State Bd. of Equalization of Cal. , 451 U.S. 648, 656, 101 S.Ct. 2070, 68 L.Ed.2d 514 (1981) (citing . . . Boren , 429 U.S. 190, 206, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976). We therefore examine that history. . . . Craig , 429 U.S. at 205-206, 97 S.Ct. 451. . . . Id., at 206, 97 S.Ct. 451. See also Granholm , supra, at 484, 125 S.Ct. 1885. . . . Boren , 429 U.S. 190, 206, 97 S.Ct. 451, 50 L.Ed.2d 397 (1976). . . .

In SECURITIES INVESTOR PROTECTION CORPORATION, v. BERNARD L. MADOFF INVESTMENT SECURITIES LLC, In L. L. LLC, v., 603 B.R. 682 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Lowrey (In re BLMIS ), 596 B.R. 451, 464 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) (" Lowrey II ") (Engelmayer, J), appeal docketed . . . Mar. 22, 2018) (report and recommendation) ("Lowrey I "), adopted by 596 B.R. 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2019), appeal . . .

JUDICIAL WATCH, INC. v. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 43 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Taylor , 329 U.S. 495, 67 S.Ct. 385, 91 L.Ed. 451 (1947), as intended to protect lawyers and their agents . . .

GLOBAL FORCE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. ANTHEM SPORTS ENTERTAINMENT CORP. LLC,, 385 F. Supp. 3d 576 (M.D. Tenn. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d 451, 459 (M.D. Tenn. 2019) (quoting F & M Mktg. Servs., Inc. v. . . .

UNITED STATES, v. DAVIS, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (U.S. 2019)

. . . South Dakota , 451 U.S. 772, 780-781, 101 S.Ct. 2142, 68 L.Ed.2d 612 (1981) ; Letter Carriers , 413 U.S . . .

HERAEUS MEDICAL GMBH, v. ESSCHEM, INC., 927 F.3d 727 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . HAL, Inc ., 500 F.3d 444, 451 (5th Cir. 2007) ; see also Cypress Semiconductor Corp. v. . . .

YOUNG, v. BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF HUMPHREYS COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI,, 927 F.3d 898 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Council , 451 F. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FIRTASH, DF,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 872 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 451, 456 (S.D.N.Y. 2013), nor attempted to smuggle drugs into the United States. . . .

KNICK, PETITIONER v. TOWNSHIP OF SCOTT, PENNSYLVANIA,, 139 S. Ct. 2162 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Taylor , 451 U.S. 527, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 68 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981). . . . employee could not state a due process claim if the State provided adequate post-deprivation process. 451 . . .