The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XXXI
LABOR

Chapter 452
BONDS OF EMPLOYEES OF COMMON CARRIERS

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CHAPTER 452

BONDS OF EMPLOYEES OF COMMON CARRIERS

452.01 Common carrier not to require employee to furnish surety bond of certain company.

452.02 Foreign corporations as surety.

452.03 Bond to cover definite term; cancellation; proviso.

452.04 Bonds violating chapter void.

452.05 Violation of regulations as to employment bonds; penalty.

452.01 Common carrier not to require employee to furnish surety bond of certain company.—No common carrier authorized to do business in this state, when requiring of an employee that he or she give it a bond or undertaking of any nature whatsoever, shall require such employee to have such bond or undertaking executed as a surety by any particular person, or by any one or more of any number of such persons, named by such common carrier; and no such common carrier shall reject any such bond or undertaking for any reason other than the financial insufficiency of such bond or undertaking.

History.—s. 1, ch. 6519, 1913; RGS 4041; CGL 5963; s. 179, ch. 97-103.

452.02 Foreign corporations as surety.—No common carrier authorized to do business in this state, when requiring of any employee that he or she give it a bond or undertaking of any nature whatsoever, shall require as surety thereon any person not a resident of this state; nor shall such common carrier accept as such surety any company, corporation, or association unless the same is a corporation duly organized under the laws of Florida, or who shall have designated an agent residing within this state upon whom service of legal process against it may be had as provided by law for foreign corporations doing business in this state, and shall also have in this state a general office where it shall require that every such bond or undertaking shall be approved, and canceled, and where a complete record thereof shall be kept.

History.—s. 2, ch. 6519, 1913; RGS 4042; CGL 5964; s. 180, ch. 97-103.

452.03 Bond to cover definite term; cancellation; proviso.—Every bond or undertaking of any nature whatsoever given by an employee of any common carrier authorized to do business in this state shall be made to cover a definite term; and no such bond or undertaking shall be canceled without the consent of all parties thereto, except for a breach of one or more of the conditions thereof. Any such employee who shall have given any such bond or undertaking may, upon breach of any of the conditions thereof by the other party thereto, cancel the same by giving the surety or sureties thereon and the common carrier for the benefit of whom the same shall have been made, at least 10 days’ notice in writing, setting out in full the reason for canceling the same, said notice to be signed by such employee and sworn to by him or her in this state before any officer authorized to administer oaths. Any such notice to a company, corporation, or association may be served by leaving the same with any person upon whom service of legal process upon such company, corporation, or association may be had. Any surety of any such bond or undertaking may, upon the breach of any of the conditions thereof by the common carrier and employee for whom the same shall have been made, cancel the same by giving such employee at least 10 days’ notice in writing, setting out in full the reason for canceling the same, the said notice to be signed by an agent or manager of such surety, then a resident of this state and then authorized to approve or disapprove similar bonds or undertakings for such surety, and to be sworn to by the person signing the same in this state before an officer authorized to administer oaths; provided, that nothing herein shall affect any right of action accruing to any person upon the breach of a contract.

History.—s. 3, ch. 6519, 1913; RGS 4043; CGL 5965; s. 181, ch. 97-103.

452.04 Bonds violating chapter void.—Any bond, contract, or undertaking made in violation of the provisions of this chapter shall be void.

History.—s. 4, ch. 6519, 1913; RGS 4044; CGL 5966.

452.05 Violation of regulations as to employment bonds; penalty.—Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this chapter shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.

History.—s. 4, ch. 6519, 1913; RGS 5672; CGL 7877; s. 382, ch. 71-136.

F.S. 452 on Google Scholar

F.S. 452 on Casetext

Amendments to 452

Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 452

Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S452.05 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - VIOL REGS RE EMPLOYMENT BONDS COMMON CARRIERS - M: S

S475.452 1 - FRAUD - REPEALED 2006-210 - M: F

S475.452 3 - PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - REPEALED 2006-210 - M: F

S562.452 - LIQUOR-SELL - CURB SERVE INTOXICATING LIQUOR SUBSQ OFF - F: T

S562.452 - LIQUOR-SELL - CURB SERVE INTOXICATING LIQUOR 1ST VIOL - M: S

Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

LITTLE, v. RECLAIM IDAHO,, 140 S. Ct. 2616 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . ----, 140 S.Ct. 1205, 206 L.Ed.2d 452 (2020) (per curiam ); Barr v. . . .

CALVARY CHAPEL DAYTON VALLEY v. SISOLAK,, 140 S. Ct. 2603 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . ----, ----, 139 S.Ct. 2067, 2092-2094, 204 L.Ed.2d 452 (2019) (KAVANAUGH, J., concurring); see also . . .

RAYSOR, v. DESANTIS,, 140 S. Ct. 2600 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . ----, 140 S.Ct. 1205, 206 L.Ed.2d 452 (2020) (per curiam ). . . .

OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE SCHOOL, v. MORRISSEY- BERRU St. v., 140 S. Ct. 2049 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . ----, ----, 139 S.Ct. 2067, 2096, 204 L.Ed.2d 452 (2019) (THOMAS, J., concurring in judgment) (quoting . . .

ESPINOZA, v. MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,, 140 S. Ct. 2246 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . ----, ----, 139 S.Ct. 2067, 2095-2096, 204 L.Ed.2d 452 (2019) (THOMAS, J., concurring in judgment); . . . Hist. 445, 452-453 (1995). . . .

JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C. v. RUSSO, v. LLC., 140 S. Ct. 2103 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc. , 462 U.S. 416, 452-466, 103 S.Ct. 2481, 76 L.Ed.2d 687 (1983 . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 1891 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Donovan , 452 U.S. 490, 539, 101 S.Ct. 2478, 69 L.Ed.2d 185 (1981) ("[T]he post hoc rationalizations . . .

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, v. COWPASTURE RIVER PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION LLC, v., 140 S. Ct. 1837 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Ashcroft , 501 U.S. 452, 460, 111 S.Ct. 2395, 115 L.Ed.2d 410 (1991). . . .

FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BOARD FOR PUERTO RICO, v. AURELIUS INVESTMENT, LLC, LLC, III v. LLC, v. LLC, n De De La El Y v., 140 S. Ct. 1649 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Pearson Yacht Leasing Co. , 416 U.S. 663, 671, 94 S.Ct. 2080, 40 L.Ed.2d 452 (1974), prompted Congress . . .

UNITED STATES, v. SINENENG- SMITH, 140 S. Ct. 1575 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . ----, 139 S.Ct. 626, 202 L.Ed.2d 452 (2018) (ordering briefing on the implications of the parties' . . .

GEORGIA, v. PUBLIC. RESOURCE. ORG, INC., 140 S. Ct. 1498 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . ----, 139 S.Ct. 2067, 204 L.Ed.2d 452 (2019), to understand the markedly different way that this precedent . . .

VF JEANSWEAR LP v. EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, 140 S. Ct. 1202 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Robbins , 519 U.S. 452, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997). . . .

HOLGUIN- HERNANDEZ, v. UNITED STATES, 140 S. Ct. 762 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Curry , 461 F.3d 452, 459 (C.A.4 2006) ; United States v. . . .

CLARK, v. CLARK, 140 S. Ct. 628 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Austin CLARK No. 19-452 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

NATIONAL REVIEW, INC. v. E. MANN v. E., 140 S. Ct. 344 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Phelps , 562 U.S. 443, 451-452, 131 S.Ct. 1207, 179 L.Ed.2d 172 (2011) ; New York Times Co. v. . . .

RIDGELL, v. CITY OF PINE BLUFF, A In, 935 F.3d 633 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . See Heller , 475 U.S. at 798-99, 106 S.Ct. 1571 ; De Feliciano , 873 F.2d at 452. * * * The judgment . . .

M. HASAN, M. D. G. v. AIG PROPERTY CASUALTY COMPANY, a, 935 F.3d 1092 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Kansas , 452 F.3d 1193, 1199 (10th Cir. 2006) (emphasis omitted). . . .

EDMO, v. CORIZON, INC. Al v. Al, 935 F.3d 757 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Psychiatric Ass'n, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 452 (5th ed. 2013) (hereinafter . . . Clarke , 645 F.3d 449, 452 (1st Cir. 2011) ; Allard v. Gomez , 9 F. . . .

UNITED STATES v. R. GREEN,, 935 F.3d 677 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hill, 953 F.2d 452, 461 (9th Cir. 1991). . . .

ZUNIGA, v. P. BARR,, 934 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Robbins , 519 U.S. 452, 461, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997) (holding that courts should generally . . .

WOLFINGTON, v. RECONSTRUCTIVE ORTHOPAEDIC ASSOCIATES II PC, a k a, 935 F.3d 187 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Reg. at 40,425. 519 U.S. 452, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997). . . .

COLE v. CARSON, v., 935 F.3d 444 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . See ante , at 452-53 (majority op.); ante , at 457 (Elrod, J., concurring). . . .

BACA v. COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF STATE, G. T. L. M., 935 F.3d 887 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Thompson , 415 U.S. 452, 459, 94 S.Ct. 1209, 39 L.Ed.2d 505 (1974). . . . Evans, 536 U.S. 452, 474, 122 S.Ct. 2191, 153 L.Ed.2d 453 (2002) (beginning with a review of the text . . .

PARKER, v. LANDRY,, 935 F.3d 9 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981) ), and we do not hesitate to condemn . . .

AMAZON. COM, INC. v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,, 934 F.3d 976 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Robbins , 519 U.S. 452, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997). . . . Robbins , 519 U.S. 452, 461-62, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997). . . .

LEWIS, v. CITY OF UNION CITY, GEORGIA,, 934 F.3d 1169 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Cincinnati , 475 U.S. 469, 480, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. VALQUIER, 934 F.3d 780 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gomez-Perez, 452 F.3d 739, 742-43 (8th Cir. 2006) (affirming the denial of safety valve relief where . . .

UNITED STATES v. G. WAGUESPACK,, 935 F.3d 322 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Martinez , 921 F.3d 452, 483 (5th Cir. 2019) (quotation omitted). . . .

UNITED STATES v. CLARK,, 935 F.3d 558 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Weinstein , 452 F.2d 704, 713-14 (2d Cir. 1971) (no positive rule of law excludes witness's testimony . . .

UNITED STATES v. SCANZANI,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 210 (D. Mass. 2019)

. . . Wagers , 452 F.3d 534, 541 (6th Cir. 2006) (concluding that a defendant's prior conviction for child . . .

ROMO, v. P. BARR,, 933 F.3d 1191 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Turkette , 452 U.S. 576, 580, 101 S. Ct. 2524, 2527, 69 L. . . .

SANOFI- AVENTIS U. S. LLC, IP, v. DR. REDDY S LABORATORIES, INC. Dr. s USA, LLC, LLC, LLC,, 933 F.3d 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Thompson , 415 U.S. 452, 459 n.10, 94 S.Ct. 1209, 39 L.Ed.2d 505 (1974) (emphasis added). . . .

MAMMANA, v. FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS, 934 F.3d 368 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Chapman , 452 U.S. 337, 346, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981) ). . . . (quoting Rhodes , 452 U.S. at 347, 101 S.Ct. 2392 ). Rhodes , 452 U.S. at 349, 101 S.Ct. 2392. . . . Rhodes , 452 U.S. at 347, 101 S.Ct. 2392. . . . Wilson , 501 U.S. at 298, 111 S.Ct. 2321 (quoting Rhodes , 452 U.S. at 349, 101 S.Ct. 2392 ). Id. . . . (quoting Rhodes , 452 U.S. at 347, 101 S.Ct. 2392 ). . . .

YOUKHANNA v. CITY OF STERLING HEIGHTS C., 934 F.3d 508 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States Dep't of Treasury , 868 F.3d 438, 452 (6th Cir. 2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. POPE,, 934 F.3d 770 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Delo , 975 F.2d 444, 452 (8th Cir. 1992). . . .

LATURNER, v. UNITED STATES,, 933 F.3d 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997) ] deference unless the regulation is genuinely . . .

MUHAMMAD, v. MAYFIELD,, 933 F.3d 993 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sturm , 781 F.3d 448, 452 (8th Cir. 2015) (stating exhaustion is not required where officials have failed . . .

HARDEMAN, v. CURRAN,, 933 F.3d 816 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Chapman , 452 U.S. 337, 347, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981). . . .

IN RE MIAMI METALS I, INC., 603 B.R. 531 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors (In re Iridium Operating LLC) , 478 F.3d 452, 462 (2d Cir. 2007 . . .

IN RE MIAMI METALS I, INC., 603 B.R. 727 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . See ECF Nos. 411, 452. . . .

UNITED STATES v. NG LAP SENG, Ng, Ng W. C., 934 F.3d 110 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Ashcroft , 501 U.S. 452, 111 S.Ct. 2395, 115 L.Ed.2d 410 (1991), which holds that Congress must speak . . .

UNITED STATES v. TREVINO,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 901 (W.D. Mich. 2019)

. . . Dewey , 452 U.S. 594, 598-599, 101 S.Ct. 2534, 69 L.Ed.2d 262 (1981) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. M. SWARTZ,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 199 (N.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 446, 452 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) ). . . .

FREEDOM FROM RELIGION FOUNDATION, INC. v. COUNTY OF LEHIGH,, 933 F.3d 275 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. 2067, 204 L.Ed.2d 452 (2019), we hold it does not. . . .

MARKS JLF, a GWF, a GJH, a GJR, v. HUDSON, 933 F.3d 481 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Garcia , 452 F. App'x 479, 483 (5th Cir. 2011) (quoting Franks v. . . .

KORTRIGHT CAPITAL PARTNERS LP, TY v. INVESTCORP INVESTMENT ADVISERS LIMITED,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 382 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Corp., 50 N.Y.2d 183, 428 N.Y.S.2d 628, 406 N.E.2d 445, 452 (1980). . . .

UNITED STATES v. SIMPSON, 932 F.3d 1154 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Davis, 452 F.3d 991, 995 (8th Cir. 2006) ), and "may not impose special conditions categorically on all . . .

FRYE, v. CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC., 933 F.3d 591 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Charter Cty. of Wayne , 452 F.3d 482, 486 (6th Cir. 2006). . . .

SILVERTOP ASSOCIATES INC. v. KANGAROO MANUFACTURING INC., 931 F.3d 215 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Rubie's Costume Co. , 891 F.2d 452 (2d Cir. 1989). . . . Supp. 1566, 1572-76 (E.D.N.Y.), order aff'd in part, vacated in part sub nom. , 891 F.2d 452 (2d Cir. . . .

ORDUNO, v. PIETRZAK, v., 932 F.3d 710 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Cincinnati , 475 U.S. 469, 481-84, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BOSYK,, 933 F.3d 319 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . King , 563 U.S. 452, 459, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (2011) (quoting Brigham City v. . . .

D. LISLE, Jr. v. WELBORN,, 933 F.3d 705 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Chapman , 452 U.S. 337, 346, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981). . . . Pelzer , 536 U.S. 730, 737, 122 S.Ct. 2508, 153 L.Ed.2d 666 (2002), quoting Rhodes , 452 U.S. at 346, . . .

UNITED STATES v. MATHIS, a k a a k a a k a D- v. a k a a k a v. a k a a k a a k a v. a k a a k a K. a k a a k a v. a k a a k a a k a v. a k a a k a a k a a k a, 932 F.3d 242 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Turkette , 452 U.S. 576, 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524, 69 L.Ed.2d 246 (1981). . . .

INSTITUTE FOR POLICY STUDIES, v. UNITED STATES CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 51 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Supp. 3d at 452, but contrasts with one, see Shapiro v. Cent. Intelligence Agency , 247 F. . . .

AMERICAN TUNABOAT ASSOCIATION, v. ROSS, 391 F. Supp. 3d 98 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Robbins , 519 U.S. 452, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997). . . .

DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE, v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION, 392 F. Supp. 3d 410 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524, 69 L.Ed.2d 246 (1981) ). . . . (quoting Turkette, 452 U.S. at 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524 )). . . . Supp. 2d 444, 452 (E.D. Va. 1998). . . .

UNITED STATES v. MOODY,, 931 F.3d 366 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . McKenzie-Gude , 671 F.3d 452, 462 (4th Cir. 2011) (noting that a mere contradiction of a warrant application . . .

UNITED STATES v. GALECKI, v., 932 F.3d 176 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Thompson , 554 F.3d 450, 452 n.2 (4th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted), an innocent intent . . .

WINDING CREEK SOLAR LLC, v. PETERMAN, 932 F.3d 861 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Robbins , 519 U.S. 452, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997), because, either way, the result is the . . .

DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. LLC,, 931 F.3d 339 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . FERC , 884 F.3d 450, 452-53 (2d Cir. 2018) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 717n(a)(1), (2) ). . . .

MEJIA- CASTANON, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 931 F.3d 224 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Rios-Pineda , 471 U.S. 444, 446, 105 S.Ct. 2098, 85 L.Ed.2d 452 (1985) (citations omitted). . . .

HUPP R. H. a v. COOK C. R., 931 F.3d 307 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . King , 563 U.S. 452, 461, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (2011). 1. . . .

PETERSON, v. HEYMES,, 931 F.3d 546 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Torres , 452 Mich. 43, 549 N.W.2d 540, 546 & n.14 & n.15 (1996). . . .

BROWN, v. KANSAS CITY LIVE, LLC LLC LLC,, 931 F.3d 712 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Moitie , 452 U.S. 394, 398, 101 S.Ct. 2424, 69 L.Ed.2d 103 (1981). . . .

UNITED STATES v. RODRIGUEZ- SORIANO, a k a a k a, 931 F.3d 281 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Irving , 452 F.3d 110, 118 (2d Cir. 2006) (noting that a defendant's "confession, if proven reliable, . . .

HAHN, v. MOSELEY,, 931 F.3d 295 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sturmoski , 971 F.2d 452, 461 (10th Cir. 1992) ("[C]onsecutive sentences may be imposed for multiple . . .

STATE BY AND THROUGH TENNESSEE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE,, 931 F.3d 499 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Crawford , 868 F.3d at 452. . . .

BRINDLEY, v. CITY OF MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE, 934 F.3d 461 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Corp. of Greater Cleveland , 383 F.3d 449, 452-53 (6th Cir. 2004) (same). . . . owned sidewalk encircling a sports complex was a traditional public forum for two reasons. 383 F.3d at 452 . . . grid" by virtue of its direct intersection with Summer Avenue, a busy public thoroughfare. 383 F.3d at 452 . . .

E. CHAMBERS, v. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 77 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Brody, 199 F.3d 446, 452 (D.C. Cir. 1999) ); see also Swierkiewicz v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. IWAI,, 930 F.3d 1141 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . King , 563 U.S. 452, 460, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (2011) (quoting Mincey v. . . . King , 563 U.S. 452, 466-67, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (2011). That is true but irrelevant. . . .

HARTMAN v. THOMPSON, 931 F.3d 471 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Int'l Soc'y for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. , 452 U.S. 640, 655, 101 S.Ct. 2559, 69 L.Ed.2d 298 (1981 . . . See, e.g. , Heffron , 452 U.S. at 654, 101 S.Ct. 2559 (recognizing that "managing the flow of the crowd . . . Int'l Soc. for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. , 452 U.S. 640, 649-50, 654, 101 S.Ct. 2559, 69 L.Ed.2d 298 . . .

KHRAPKO, v. SPLAIN,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 199 (W.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Schawbenbauer , No. 17-cv-452, 2018 WL 3848432, at *6-*7 (W.D.N.Y. . . .

BETHESDA HEALTH, INC. v. M. AZAR II,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 32 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Robbins , 519 U.S. 452, 461, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997). . . .

WECKESSER, v. KNIGHT ENTERPRISES S. E. LLC,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 631 (D.S.C. 2019)

. . . Bernard , 452 U.S. 89, 100, 101 S.Ct. 2193, 68 L.Ed.2d 693 (1981). . . . Gulf Oil Co. , 452 U.S. at 99, 101, 101 S.Ct. 2193. . . .

VASSEUR, v. F. SOWELL L. III, TEI, 930 F.3d 994 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . BJC Health Sys. , 452 F.3d 737, 739 (8th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). . . . BJC Health Sys. , 452 F.3d at 739. . . .

NNEBE, v. DAUS, v., 931 F.3d 66 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Rogers , 564 U.S. 431, 447, 131 S.Ct. 2507, 180 L.Ed.2d 452 (2011). . . .

ANDERSON v. GHALY,, 930 F.3d 1066 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . No. 100-391, pt. 1, at 452. . . . No. 100-391, pt. 1, at 452. . . .

D. COTTRELL M. v. AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, S. I., 930 F.3d 969 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Waste Sys. , 234 S.W.3d 452, 466 (Mo. Ct. App. 2007). . . .

PEABODY TWENTYMILE MINING, LLC, v. SECRETARY OF LABOR,, 931 F.3d 992 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997), we fully "defer to the [Secretary's] reasonable . . .

UNITED STATES v. C. SCHMIDT,, 930 F.3d 858 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Kane , 452 F.3d 140, 142-43 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (upholding consideration of Kane's published . . .

NAVAJO NATION, a a k a v. SAN JUAN COUNTY, a, 929 F.3d 1270 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . App. vol. 3, 452. . . .

R. BRADLEY, v. VILLAGE OF UNIVERSITY PARK, ILLINOIS,, 929 F.3d 875 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Cincinnati , 475 U.S. 469, 485, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986) ; Monell v. . . . City of Cincinnati , 475 U.S. 469, 479-80, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986). . . . City of Cincinnati , 475 U.S. 469[,480], 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986), its liability can never . . . Id. at 677-78, citing Pembaur , 475 U.S. 469, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452. . . . Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Ass'n , 452 U.S. 264, 300, 101 S.Ct. 2352, 69 L.Ed.2d 1 (1981) . . . City of Cincinnati , 475 U.S. 469, 478, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986), " Monell is a case about . . .

LLACUA De La v. WESTERN RANGE ASSOCIATION LLLP LLC D B A, 930 F.3d 1161 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Turkette , 452 U.S. 576, 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524, 69 L.Ed.2d 246 (1981). . . . No. 91-452, tit. IX, 84 Stat. 941 (1970) (codified at 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961 -1968 ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. HANSEN,, 929 F.3d 1238 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . App'x 452, 457 (10th Cir. 2014) (unpublished); see, e.g. , United States v. . . . Jones , 452 F.3d 223, 229 (3d Cir. 2006) (noting that a "set" of "model questions derived from" the Benchbook . . .

UNITED STATES v. BUTT,, 930 F.3d 410 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . During the criminal investigation, the government seized from Babar $91,267 (the "cash") and 452 electronic . . .

ALARM DETECTION SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED, v. VILLAGE OF SCHAUMBURG, a, 930 F.3d 812 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Buss , 498 F.3d 446, 452 (7th Cir. 2007) (per curiam). . . .

SELLARS, v. CRST EXPEDITED, INC., 385 F. Supp. 3d 803 (N.D. Iowa 2019)

. . . Dept. of Corr. , 243 F.3d 452, 456 (8th Cir. 2001) ("we are unaware of any rule of law holding that a . . .

SAGARWALA, v. L. CISSNA,, 387 F. Supp. 3d 56 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Robbins , 519 U.S. 452, 461, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997) ). . . .

UNITED STATES EX REL. MEI LING, v. CITY OF LOS ANGELES,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 744 (C.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . . ¶¶ 452-54. . . .

CITY OF LOS ANGELES, v. P. BARR, R., 929 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ashcroft , 501 U.S. 452, 111 S.Ct. 2395, 115 L.Ed.2d 410 (1991), and Virginia Department of Education . . .

UNITED STATES v. STRUBBERG,, 929 F.3d 969 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . McGill , 754 F.3d 452, 454 (7th Cir. 2014). . . .

MENENDEZ- GONZALEZ, v. P. BARR,, 929 F.3d 1113 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Attorney Gen. , 452 F.3d 240, 250 (3d Cir. 2006). . . .

UNITED STATES v. GURULE,, 929 F.3d 1214 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Summers, 452 U.S. 692, 702-03, 101 S.Ct. 2587, 69 L.Ed.2d 340 (1981)). . . .

BUTTS, A. F. a v. UNITED STATES s M. D. CNM R. N. R. N. CNM M. D. R. N., 930 F.3d 234 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Wooden , 693 F.3d 440, 452 (4th Cir. 2012). . . .

UNITED STATES v. GURULE,, 935 F.3d 878 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Summers , 452 U.S. 692, 702-03, 101 S.Ct. 2587, 69 L.Ed.2d 340 (1981) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. SHIPP,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 300 (E.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . King, 563 U.S. 452, 459, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (2011). . . .

CORBITT, SDC, a v. VICKERS,, 929 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Summers, 452 U.S. 692, 696 n.5, 101 S. Ct. 2587, 2591 n.5, 69 L.Ed.2d 340 (1981) (quoting Terry v. . . .

REIGN, v. GIDLEY,, 929 F.3d 777 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . See 398 F.3d at 452. . . . Id. at 452 (emphasis in original). . . .

UNITED STATES v. DANIELS,, 930 F.3d 393 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . King , 563 U.S. 452, 459, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (2011) (quoting Brigham City v. . . .

SIMON, v. GOVERNMENT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, 929 F.3d 118 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Alabama , 308 U.S. 444, 452, 60 S.Ct. 321, 84 L.Ed. 377 (1940) (affirming appointment of counsel three . . .