The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XXXIII
REGULATION OF TRADE, COMMERCE, INVESTMENTS, AND SOLICITATIONS

Chapter 545
COMBINATIONS RESTRICTING FINANCING OF MOTOR VEHICLES

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CHAPTER 545

COMBINATIONS RESTRICTING FINANCING OF MOTOR VEHICLES

545.01 Definitions.

545.02 Contracts designating finance company through which sale of motor vehicle to be financed declared void.

545.03 Threats by manufacturer or wholesaler as prima facie evidence of intent to violate law.

545.04 Threats by finance company presumed to be made by manufacturer or wholesaler.

545.045 Purchase or assignment of third-party financing.

545.05 Paying or giving anything to finance company to lessen competition prohibited.

545.06 Acceptance of anything of value by finance company resulting in lessening competition prohibited.

545.07 Acceptance of benefits by finance company for purpose of lessening competition prohibited.

545.08 Department of Legal Affairs or state attorney to institute suit upon violation of law.

545.09 Department of Legal Affairs to enjoin violations by foreign corporations; revocation of license by Department of State.

545.10 Contract in violation of law declared void.

545.11 Remedy for persons injured by violation of law.

545.12 Penalty for violations of chapter.

545.01 Definitions.—As used in this chapter, the term:

(1) “Affiliated finance company” means a finance company which:

(a) Is affiliated with or controlled by a manufacturer or wholesale distributor through common ownership, officers, directors, or management; or

(b) Has a contractual agreement with a manufacturer or wholesale distributor to finance, via sale or lease, motor vehicles produced or distributed by such manufacturer or wholesale distributor.

(2) “Automotive-related product” means a motor vehicle service agreement, as defined in s. 634.011, or a guaranteed asset protection product, as defined in s. 520.02, or other nontangible ancillary product that is purchased or otherwise provided as part of the sale or lease of a motor vehicle by a dealer.

(3) “Dealer” means a franchised motor vehicle dealer, as defined in s. 320.27(1)(c)1.

(4) “Finance company” means a person engaged in the business of financing the sale or lease of motor vehicles, or engaged in the business of purchasing or acquiring vehicle contracts in this state.

(5) “Manufacturer” means a person engaged, directly or indirectly, in the manufacture of motor vehicles.

(6) “Person” means an individual, firm, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, association, trustee, receiver, or assignee for the benefit of creditors.

(7) “Sell,” “sold,” “buy,” or “purchase” includes an exchange, barter, gift, or offer to contract to sell or buy.

(8) “Third-party provider” means a provider of an automotive-related product that is not an affiliated finance company, manufacturer, or wholesale distributor.

(9) “Vehicle contract” means a conditional sales contract, retail installment sales contract, chattel mortgage, lease agreement, promissory note, or any other financial obligation arising from the retail sale or lease of a motor vehicle.

(10) “Wholesale distributor” means a person engaged, directly or indirectly, in the sale or distribution of motor vehicles to agents or to dealers.

History.—s. 13, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(459); s. 1, ch. 2014-130.

545.02 Contracts designating finance company through which sale of motor vehicle to be financed declared void.—It is unlawful for any manufacturer or wholesale distributor of motor vehicles to sell or contract for the sale of motor vehicles to any motor vehicle dealer on the condition, or with the agreement or understanding, expressed or implied, that such dealer shall in any manner finance the purchase or sale of any one or number of motor vehicles only through a designated finance company or shall sell and assign the conditional sales contracts or chattel mortgages or other paper arising from the sale of motor vehicles or any one or number thereof only to a designated finance company, when the effect of the condition, agreement or understanding so entered into may be to lessen or eliminate competition, or create or tend to create a monopoly in the finance company who is designated, by virtue of such condition, agreement or understanding to finance the purchase or sale of motor vehicles, or to purchase such conditional sales contract, chattel mortgages or other paper, and any such condition, agreement, or understanding is declared to be void and against the public policy of this state.

History.—s. 1, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(460).

545.03 Threats by manufacturer or wholesaler as prima facie evidence of intent to violate law.—Any threat, expressed or implied, made directly or indirectly to any motor vehicle dealer, by any manufacturer, or wholesale distributor on authority or with the knowledge of any such manufacturer, or wholesale distributor, that such person will discontinue to sell, or will terminate a contract to sell motor vehicles to such dealer unless such dealer finances the purchase or sale of motor vehicles only with or through a designated finance company or sells and assigns the conditional sales contracts, chattel mortgages, or other paper arising from her or his retail sales of motor vehicles only to a designated finance company, shall be prima facie evidence of the fact that such manufacturer or wholesale distributor has sold or intends to sell motor vehicles, on the condition or with the agreement or understanding prohibited in s. 545.02.

History.—s. 2, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(461); s. 759, ch. 97-103.

545.04 Threats by finance company presumed to be made by manufacturer or wholesaler.—Any threat, express or implied, made directly or indirectly to any motor vehicle dealer by any finance company or agent thereof, who is affiliated with or controlled by any manufacturer or wholesale distributor of motor vehicles, that such manufacturer or wholesale distributor will terminate her or his contract with or cease to sell motor vehicles to such dealer unless such dealer finance the purchase or sale of motor vehicles only with or through a designated finance company or sells and assigns the conditional sales contracts, chattel mortgages, or other paper arising from her or his retail sales of motor vehicles only to a designated finance company, shall be presumed to be made at the direction of and with the authority of such manufacturer or wholesale distributor of motor vehicles, and shall be prima facie evidence of the fact that such manufacturer or wholesale distributor of motor vehicles has sold or intends to sell motor vehicles on the condition or with the agreement or understanding prohibited in s. 545.02.

History.—s. 3, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(462); s. 760, ch. 97-103.

545.045 Purchase or assignment of third-party financing.—

(1) When a vehicle contract contains a third-party provider’s automotive-related product that is of similar nature, scope, and quality to an automotive-related product offered for sale by an affiliated finance company or its related manufacturer or wholesale distributor, that affiliated finance company may not, solely because the vehicle contract contains a third party’s automotive-related product:

(a) Refuse to purchase or accept the assignment of the vehicle contract from a dealer; or

(b) Charge a dealer an additional fee or surcharge for the purchase of, or acceptance of the assignment of, the vehicle contract.

(2) Factors in determining whether an automotive-related product is similar in nature, scope, and quality include, but are not limited to, the financial capacity of the third-party provider to meet all of its obligations, inclusive of any contractual liability insurance policies, and the third-party provider’s history of compliance with any applicable state and federal regulations.

(3) A violation of this section does not constitute a criminal offense pursuant to s. 545.12.

History.—s. 2, ch. 2014-130.

545.05 Paying or giving anything to finance company to lessen competition prohibited.—It is unlawful for any manufacturer or wholesale distributor of motor vehicles, to pay or give, or contract to pay or give any thing or service of value to any finance company if the effect of any such payment or the giving of any such thing or service of value may be to lessen or eliminate competition, or tend to create or create a monopoly in the finance company which receives or accepts such thing or service of value.

History.—s. 4, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(463).

545.06 Acceptance of anything of value by finance company resulting in lessening competition prohibited.—It is unlawful for any finance company to accept or receive, or contract or agree to accept or receive, either directly or indirectly, any payment, thing or service of value from any manufacturer or wholesale distributor of motor vehicles, if the effect of the acceptance or receipt of any such payment, thing, or service of value may be to lessen or eliminate competition, or to create or tend to create a monopoly in the person who accepts or receives such payment, thing, or service of value, or contracts or agrees to accept or receive the same.

History.—s. 5, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(464).

545.07 Acceptance of benefits by finance company for purpose of lessening competition prohibited.—It is unlawful for any finance company who accepts or receives, either directly or indirectly, any payment, thing, or service of value, as set forth in s. 545.06, or contracts, either directly or indirectly, to receive any such payment or thing or service of value, to thereafter finance or attempt to finance the purchase or sale of any motor vehicle or buy or attempt to buy any conditional sales contracts, chattel mortgages or other paper on motor vehicles sold at retail in this state.

History.—s. 6, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(465).

545.08 Department of Legal Affairs or state attorney to institute suit upon violation of law.—For a violation of any of the provisions of this chapter by any corporation mentioned herein, the Department of Legal Affairs or the state attorney of the proper county shall institute proper suits or quo warranto proceedings in any court of competent jurisdiction for the forfeiture of its charter rights, franchises or privileges and powers exercised by such corporation, and for the dissolution of the same under the general statutes of the state.

History.—s. 7, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(466); ss. 11, 35, ch. 69-106.

545.09 Department of Legal Affairs to enjoin violations by foreign corporations; revocation of license by Department of State.—Every foreign corporation, as well as every foreign association, exercising any of the powers, franchises or functions of a corporation in this state, violating any of the provisions of this chapter, is denied the right and prohibited from doing any business in this state, and the Department of Legal Affairs shall enforce this provision by bringing proper proceedings by injunction, or otherwise. The Department of State may revoke the license of any such corporation or association authorized by it to do business in this state.

History.—s. 8, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(467); ss. 10, 11, 35, ch. 69-106.

545.10 Contract in violation of law declared void.—Any contract or agreement in violation of the provisions of this chapter shall be void and shall not be enforceable either in law or equity.

History.—s. 10, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(468).

545.11 Remedy for persons injured by violation of law.—In addition to the criminal and civil penalties herein provided, any person who is injured in her or his business or property by any other person, by reason of anything forbidden or declared to be unlawful by this chapter, may sue therefor in any court having jurisdiction thereof in the county where the defendant resides or is found, or any agent resides or is found, or where service may be obtained, and recover twofold the damages sustained by her or him, and the costs of suit. When it shall appear to the court before whom any proceeding under this chapter is pending, that the ends of justice require that other parties be brought before the court, the court may cause them to be made parties defendant and summoned, whether they reside in the county where such action is pending, or not.

History.—s. 12, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 4151(469); s. 761, ch. 97-103.

545.12 Penalty for violations of chapter.—Any person who violates any of the provisions of this chapter, any person who is a party to any agreement or understanding, or to any contract prescribing any condition prohibited by this chapter, and any employee, agent, or officer of any such person, who shall participate, in any manner, in making, executing, enforcing, performing or in urging, aiding or abetting in the performance of any such contract, condition, agreement or understanding and any person who pays or gives or contracts to pay or give any thing or service of value prohibited by this chapter, and any person who receives or accepts or contracts to receive or accept any thing or service of value prohibited by this chapter, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.

History.—s. 9, ch. 18031, 1937; CGL 1940 Supp. 8135(39); s. 535, ch. 71-136.

F.S. 545 on Google Scholar

F.S. 545 on Casetext

Amendments to 545

Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 545

Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S316.545 1 - RESIST OFFICER - RESIST OBSTRUCT WITH VIOL VEH WEIGH BY FHP - F: T

S316.545 1 - RESIST OFFICER - REFUSE VEH WEIGH BY FHP - M: F

S316.545 9 - RESIST OFFICER - REFUSE VEH WEIGH BY WEIGHT INSPECTOR - M: F

S316.545 9 - RESIST OFFICER - OBST WITH VIOL WEIGH BY WEIGHT INSPECTOR - F: T

S545.02 - ANTITRUST - CONTRACT DESIGNATES FINANCE COMPANY - M: S

S545.05 - ANTITRUST - GIVE TO FINANCE COMPANY TO LESSEN COMPETITION - M: S

S545.06 - BRIBE-RECEIVING - OF FINANCE COMPANY TO LESSEN COMPETITION - M: S

S545.07 - BRIBE-RECEIVING - BENEFIT BY FINANCE COMP TO LESSEN COMPETITION - M: S

S545.12 - ANTITRUST - VIOLATE FINANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLE LAW - M: S

S561.545 1 - LIQUOR - OUT OF STATE DISTRIBUTION TO UNLICENSED VENDOR - F: T

S561.545 2 - LIQUOR - OUT OF STATE TRANSPORT TO UNLICENSED VENDOR - F: T

S817.545 2 - FRAUD - COMMIT MORTGAGE FRAUD LESS THAN 100K DOLLARS - F: T

S817.545 2 - FRAUD - COMMIT MORTGAGE FRAUD 100K DOLS OR MORE - F: S

S817.545 2b - FRAUD - COMMIT MORTGAGE FRAUD VALUE OVER 1K DOLLARS - F: S

S817.545 5a - FRAUD - COMMIT MORTGAGE FRAUD - F: T

S817.545 5b - FRAUD - COMMIT MORTGAGE FRAUD VALUE OVER 100K DOLLARS - F: S

Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR SAINTS PETER AND PAUL HOME, v. PENNSYLVANIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 2367 (U.S. 2020)

. . . ICON Health & Fitness, Inc. , 572 U.S. 545, 553, 134 S.Ct. 1749, 188 L.Ed.2d 816 (2014). . . .

ESPINOZA, v. MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,, 140 S. Ct. 2246 (U.S. 2020)

. . . A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (1779), in 2 The Papers of Thomas Jefferson 545 (J. . . . A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, supra , at 545. . . . Perry , 545 U.S. 677, 698, 125 S.Ct. 2854, 162 L.Ed.2d 607 (2005) (BREYER, J., concurring in judgment . . . See Van Orden , 545 U.S. at 697, 125 S.Ct. 2854 (BREYER, J., concurring in judgment) (listing examples . . . Van Orden , 545 U.S. at 700, 125 S.Ct. 2854 (opinion of BREYER, J.). . . . Perry , 545 U.S. 677, 700, 125 S.Ct. 2854, 162 L.Ed.2d 607 (2005) (BREYER, J., concurring in judgment . . . test-related substitute for the exercise of legal judgment.' " Post , at 2291 (quoting Van Orden , 545 . . .

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, v. BOOKING. COM B. V., 140 S. Ct. 2298 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Commissioner of Patents , 252 U.S. 538, 545-546, 40 S.Ct. 414, 64 L.Ed. 705 (1920). . . .

AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, v. ALLIANCE FOR OPEN SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL, INC., 140 S. Ct. 2082 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Taxation With Representation of Wash. , 461 U.S. 540, 544-545, and n. 6, 103 S.Ct. 1997, 76 L.Ed.2d 129 . . . account of its intention to lobby.' " 570 U.S. at 215, 133 S.Ct. 2321 (quoting Regan , 461 U.S. at 545 . . . Regan , 461 U.S. at 545, n. 6, 103 S.Ct. 1997. . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 1891 (U.S. 2020)

. . . No. 1 of Snohomish Cty. , 554 U.S. 527, 544-545, 128 S.Ct. 2733, 171 L.Ed.2d 607 (2008). . . .

ANDRUS v. TEXAS, 140 S. Ct. 1875 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Beard , 545 U.S. 374, 385, 125 S.Ct. 2456, 162 L.Ed.2d 360 (2005) ("counsel ha[s] a duty to make all . . . not only "seriously compromis[ed his] opportunity to respond to a case for aggravation," Rompilla , 545 . . . Chater , 516 U.S. 163, 185, 116 S.Ct. 604, 133 L.Ed.2d 545 (1996) (Scalia, J., dissenting). . . .

J. THOLE, v. U. S. BANK N. A, 140 S. Ct. 1615 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Verizon Communications, Inc. , 837 F.3d 523, 545-546 (CA5 2016) ; David v. . . . Salmon , 249 N.Y. 458, 464, 164 N.E. 545, 546 (1928) (Cardozo, C. J.). Not so today. . . .

NASRALLAH, v. P. BARR,, 140 S. Ct. 1683 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Lynch , 813 F.3d 541, 545 (CA4 2016) ; Escudero-Arciniega v. . . .

BANISTER, v. DAVIS,, 140 S. Ct. 1698 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Crosby , 545 U.S. 524, 125 S.Ct. 2641, 162 L.Ed.2d 480 (2005). . . . See 545 U.S. at 527, 125 S.Ct. 2641. . . . Crosby , 545 U.S. 524, 125 S.Ct. 2641, 162 L.Ed.2d 480 (2005). . . . Gonzalez , 545 U.S. at 533, n. 5, 125 S.Ct. 2641. . . . Gonzalez , 545 U.S. at 534, 125 S.Ct. 2641. . . .

SOUTH BAY UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH, v. NEWSOM,, 140 S. Ct. 1613 (U.S. 2020)

. . . San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority , 469 U.S. 528, 545, 105 S.Ct. 1005, 83 L.Ed.2d 1016 (1985 . . .

K. KAHLER, v. KANSAS, 140 S. Ct. 1021 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Id. , at 538, 545, 548, 88 S.Ct. 2145 (Black, J., concurring). . . . Oxford , 9 Car. & P. 525, 545-548, 173 Eng. Rep. 941, 950 (N. . . .

HOLGUIN- HERNANDEZ, v. UNITED STATES, 140 S. Ct. 762 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Gonzalez-Mendez , 545 Fed.Appx. 848, 849, and n. 1 (C.A.11 2013) ; United States v. . . .

COULTER, v. PAULISICK,, 140 S. Ct. 1251 (U.S. 2020)

. . . No. 19-545 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

ARIZONA v. CALIFORNIA, 140 S. Ct. 684 (U.S. 2020)

. . . . ----, ----, 136 S.Ct. 1034, 1035, 194 L.Ed.2d 545 (2016) (opinion dissenting from denial of motion . . .

L. BALDWIN, Et Ux. v. UNITED STATES, 140 S. Ct. 690 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Brand X Internet Services , 545 U.S. 967, 982, 125 S.Ct. 2688, 162 L.Ed.2d 820 (2005). . . . Brand X Internet Services , 545 U.S. 967, 125 S.Ct. 2688, 162 L.Ed.2d 820 (2005). . . .

C. ROTKISKE, v. KLEMM,, 140 S. Ct. 355 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Wilson , 545 U.S. 409, 418-419, 125 S.Ct. 2444, 162 L.Ed.2d 390 (2005) (quoting Bay Area Laundry and . . .

WEBSTER, v. UNITED STATES, 140 S. Ct. 102 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Franklin , 2019 WI 64, 387 Wis. 2d 259, 928 N.W. 2d 545 (2019). . . .

CRUTSINGER v. DAVIS,, 140 S. Ct. 2 (U.S. 2019)

. . . consequences for cases that have already reached final judgment, particularly in the criminal context." 545 . . .

L. SMITH, v. SHARP,, 935 F.3d 1064 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 390, 125 S.Ct. 2456, 162 L.Ed.2d 360 (2005) ("Because the state courts found the . . . Rompilla, 545 U.S. at 381, 125 S.Ct. 2456 (quotation omitted). . . .

IN RE CORPORATE RESOURCE SERVICES, INC. S. v., 603 B.R. 888 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Al-Moayad, 545 F.3d 139, 176 (2d Cir. 2008) ). C. . . .

ARTHREX, INC. v. SMITH NEPHEW, INC., 935 F.3d 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . See e.g. , In re DBC , 545 F.3d 1373, 1378-79 (Fed. . . .

NICHOLSON J. H. a J. N. G. a v. CITY OF LOS ANGELES a a, 935 F.3d 685 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Lashway , 545 F.3d 867, 875 (9th Cir. 2008) ). . . .

BACA v. COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF STATE, G. T. L. M., 935 F.3d 887 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 290 U.S. 534, 545, 54 S.Ct. 287, 78 L.Ed. 484 (1934) ; see also Ray , 343 U.S. at 224 . . . Burroughs , 290 U.S. at 545, 54 S.Ct. 287. . . .

UNITED STATES v. BEGAY,, 934 F.3d 1033 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gomez-Leon , 545 F.3d 777 (9th Cir. 2008) that an intentional use of force was required for a crime of . . . violence as defined in either subsection of 18 U.S.C. § 16 ); Gomez-Leon , 545 F.3d at 787 (holding . . . intentional use of force or a substantial risk that force will be intentionally used during its commission." 545 . . . Gomez-Leon , 545 F.3d at 787. . . . See, e.g. , Gomez-Leon , 545 F.3d at 787 (requiring intentional use of force for a crime of violence . . .

REGAN v. CITY OF HAMMOND, INDIANA,, 934 F.3d 700 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Comm'n , 545 U.S. 429, 433, 125 S. Ct. 2419, 2422-23, 162 L.Ed.2d 407 (2005). . . .

MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF MICHIGAN, v. PIER IMPORTS, INCORPORATED W. H., 935 F.3d 424 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . "red flags," that the financial statements contained material misstatements or omissions.' " Id. at 545 . . .

SAM K. v. SAUL,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 874 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Astrue , 516 F.3d 539, 545 (7th Cir. 2008). III. . . .

UNITED STATES v. CANO,, 934 F.3d 1002 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Soto-Soto , 598 F.2d 545, 549 (9th Cir. 1979) (citing 19 U.S.C. § 482 ). . . .

TIJERINO v. STETSON DESERT PROJECT, LLC, L J., 934 F.3d 968 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Darue Eng'g & Mfg. , 545 U.S. 308, 317, 125 S.Ct. 2363, 162 L.Ed.2d 257 (2005) ). . . .

MARTINEZ, v. WALGREEN COMPANY,, 935 F.3d 396 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . MERSCORP Inc. , 791 F.3d 545, 551 (5th Cir. 2015) ). Id. . . . Van Horn , 970 S.W.2d at 545 (holding that a treating physician did not owe a duty to hospital employees . . .

BOXILL, v. P. O GRADY E. E. T., 935 F.3d 510 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . City of Memphis , 695 F.3d 531, 545 (6th Cir. 2012) )). . . .

NALPROPION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. v. ACTAVIS LABORATORIES FL, INC., 934 F.3d 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . City , 383 U.S. 1, 17-18, 86 S.Ct. 684, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966) ; see also Apple Inc. v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. CLARK,, 935 F.3d 558 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Schrode , 839 F.3d 545, 551 (7th Cir. 2016), quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2). . . .

SANOFI- AVENTIS U. S. LLC, IP, v. DR. REDDY S LABORATORIES, INC. Dr. s USA, LLC, LLC, LLC,, 933 F.3d 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . City , 383 U.S. 1, 17-18, 86 S.Ct. 684, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966). . . .

IN RE JOHNSON, v., 935 F.3d 284 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Crosby , 545 U.S. 524, 535, 125 S.Ct. 2641, 162 L.Ed.2d 480 (2005) ). . . . Gonzalez , 545 U.S. at 535, 125 S.Ct. 2641. . . . Crosby , 545 U.S. at 532 n.5, 125 S.Ct. 2641. . . .

ESTATE OF ROMAIN, v. CITY OF GROSSE POINTE FARMS A. J., 935 F.3d 485 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gonzales , 545 U.S. 748, 760-61, 125 S.Ct. 2796, 162 L.Ed.2d 658 (2005). . . .

IN RE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE S SUNDAY TICKET ANTITRUST LITIGATION, Jr. v. LLC LLC NFL LLC LLC LP LLC LLC NFL LP LLC LP LLC LP Co. LLC LP LLC, 933 F.3d 1136 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Webb , 545 F.3d 837, 841 (9th Cir. 2008). . . .

RAYMOND, v. UNITED STATES, 933 F.3d 988 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 535, 125 S.Ct. 2641, 162 L.Ed.2d 480 (2005) ). . . .

M. RODEN, v. COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 548 (S.D. Ohio 2019)

. . . See PageID 497, 503, 507, 513, 516, 526, 527, 533, 536, 545, 550, 555, 566, 577, 583, 589, 592, 598. . . . PageID 536, 545, 550, 555, 566, 575. . . . PageID 431, 510, 545. Substantial evidence does not, therefore, support the ALJ's conclusion. . . . PageID 501, 533, 545, 550, 555,575, 592. . . .

BASTARDO- VALE, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES, 934 F.3d 255 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Brand X Internet Services, 545 U.S. 967, 125 S.Ct. 2688, 162 L.Ed.2d 820 (2005), it had the authority . . . construction follows from the unambiguous terms of the statute and thus leaves no room for agency discretion." 545 . . . hold[s] that the statute unambiguously forecloses the agency's interpretation' " (quoting Brand X, 545 . . . Brand X Internet Servs. , 545 U.S. 967, 125 S.Ct. 2688, 162 L.Ed.2d 820 (2005) (explaining when an Article . . .

UNITED STATES EX REL. CHARTE v. AMERICAN TUTOR, INC. Jr. Sr., 934 F.3d 346 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . City & Cty. of San Francisco , 545 U.S. 323, 342, 125 S.Ct. 2491, 162 L.Ed.2d 315 (2005). . . .

RILEY, v. FILSON D., 933 F.3d 1068 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Crosby , 545 U.S. 524, 535, 125 S.Ct. 2641, 162 L.Ed.2d 480 (2005) ). . . . Such circumstances 'rarely occur in the habeas context.' " Jones , 733 F.3d at 833 (quoting Gonzalez , 545 . . .

UNITED STATES v. R. PAUP,, 933 F.3d 1226 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Peck , 545 F.2d 962, 964 (5th Cir. 1977) (same). . . .

UNITED STATES E. J. v. ASSA CO. LTD., 934 F.3d 185 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Allapattah Servs., Inc. , 545 U.S. 546, 552, 125 S.Ct. 2611, 162 L.Ed.2d 502 (2005). . . .

UNITED STATES v. M. SWARTZ,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 199 (N.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Daugerdas , 892 F.3d 545, 549 (2d Cir. 2018) (quoting Criminal Rule 32.2(b)(2)(A) ); see also 21 U.S.C . . .

EHRMAN, v. COX COMMUNICATIONS, INC. COXCOM, LLC LLC,, 932 F.3d 1223 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Allapattah Servs., Inc. , 545 U.S. 546, 552, 125 S.Ct. 2611, 162 L.Ed.2d 502 (2005) ). . . .

J. AVENA, v. CHAPPELL,, 932 F.3d 1237 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Beard , 545 U.S. 374, 381, 125 S.Ct. 2456, 162 L.Ed.2d 360 (2005) (quoting Strickland , 466 U.S. at 689 . . .

PILLAR DYNASTY LLC, v. NEW YORK COMPANY, INC., 933 F.3d 202 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . ICON Health & Fitness, Inc. , 572 U.S. 545, 134 S.Ct. 1749, 188 L.Ed.2d 816 (2014), applies also to cases . . . ICON Health & Fitness, Inc. , 572 U.S. 545, 134 S.Ct. 1749, 188 L.Ed.2d 816 (2014). . . .

FREEDOM FROM RELIGION FOUNDATION, INC. v. COUNTY OF LEHIGH,, 933 F.3d 275 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . ACLU of Ky. , 545 U.S. 844, 125 S.Ct. 2722, 162 L.Ed.2d 729 (2005) ; Van Orden v. . . . Perry , 545 U.S. 677, 125 S.Ct. 2854, 162 L.Ed.2d 607 (2005). But see Steel Co. v. . . . Galloway , 572 U.S. 565, 576-77, 134 S.Ct. 1811, 188 L.Ed.2d 835 (2014) ; Van Orden , 545 U.S. at 682 . . . Van Orden , 545 U.S. at 700-01, 702, 125 S.Ct. 2854 (Breyer, J., concurring in judgment). . . . Van Orden , 545 U.S. at 702, 125 S.Ct. 2854 (Breyer, J., concurring in judgment). . . .

BRENDA L. v. SAUL,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 858 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Astrue , 516 F.3d 539, 545 (7th Cir. 2008), and reviewing courts "will not 'displace the ALJ's judgment . . .

A. LAVITE, v. J. DUNSTAN,, 932 F.3d 1020 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Mason , 542 F.3d 545, 551 (7th Cir. 2008) ; Massey v. Johnson , 457 F.3d 711, 716 (7th Cir. 2006). . . .

T. SCHMITT v. LAROSE,, 933 F.3d 628 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Hargett , 767 F.3d 533, 545 (6th Cir. 2014) ; cf. Ohio Council 8 Am. Fed'n of State v. . . .

AJINOMOTO CO. INC. v. INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION, CJ CJ PT CJ CJ PT v. Co., 932 F.3d 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . J.A. 545-46. . . .

ATEN INTERNATIONAL CO. LTD. v. UNICLASS TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. Co. Co., 932 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . ICON Health & Fitness, Inc. , 572 U.S. 545, 554, 134 S.Ct. 1749, 188 L.Ed.2d 816 (2014). . . .

ALONSO, LLP LLP S. v. J. WEISS, 932 F.3d 995 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Matter of Linton , 136 F.3d 544, 545 (7th Cir. 1998). . . .

UNITED STATES v. DAMON,, 933 F.3d 269 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Gebbie , 294 F.3d 540, 545 (3d Cir. 2002). . . .

O. CAMPOS, v. COOK COUNTY,, 932 F.3d 972 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Manzo , 380 U.S. 545, 552, 85 S.Ct. 1187, 14 L.Ed.2d 62 (1965) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BANYAN, 933 F.3d 548 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Allapattah Servs., Inc. , 545 U.S. 546, 568, 125 S.Ct. 2611, 162 L.Ed.2d 502 (2005) (emphasis added); . . .

HUBBELL, v. FEDEX SMARTPOST, INC., 933 F.3d 558 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Motors Corp. , 305 F.3d 545, 553 (2002) ; Hollins v. Atl. Co. , 188 F.3d 652, 662 (6th Cir. 1999). . . .

UNITED STATES v. D. RIVERA- CARRASQUILLO, a k a KX, a k a a k a a k a n V a k a, 933 F.3d 33 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Harper (In re Grand Jury Investigation), 545 F.3d 21, 24 (1st Cir. 2008) ). . . .

UNITED STATES v. ESCALANTE,, 933 F.3d 395 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sessions , 890 F.3d 542, 545 (5th Cir. 2018) (holding that because Esquivel-Quintana "focused on the . . . for similar recidivists may justify Supreme Court intervention yet again."); Rodriguez , 711 F.3d at 545 . . .

JONES, v. A. BERRYHILL,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 831 (M.D. Tenn. 2019)

. . . Bowen, 800 F.2d 535, 545 (6th Cir. 1986) ). . . .

VIRNETX INC. v. APPLE INC., 931 F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . San Carlos Apache Tribe of Arizona , 463 U.S. 545, 570, 103 S.Ct. 3201, 77 L.Ed.2d 837 (1983) ; see also . . .

CAMPBELL, H. C. H. v. UNITED STATES,, 932 F.3d 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Qualitech Steel SBQ, LLC , 327 F.3d 537, 545-46 (7th Cir. 2003) (concluding that the "right to possess . . .

COLE, v. CRST VAN EXPEDITED, INC. CRST,, 932 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . employee was not relieved of duty and no meal period was provided." 139 Cal.Rptr.3d 315, 273 P.3d at 545 . . .

VIEIRA, v. MENTOR WORLDWIDE, LLC LLC LLC, 392 F. Supp. 3d 1117 (C.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . App'x 545, 547 (9th Cir. 2017) (explaining that a party must be afforded opportunity to "test ... declarations . . .

IN RE FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BOARD FOR PUERTO RICO, v. Iv n Ra l A. B. n III G. M. a J. R. J. A. Jr., 931 F.3d 111 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 568, 125 S.Ct. 2611, 162 L.Ed.2d 502 (2005) ("Extrinsic materials . . . Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 568, 125 S.Ct. 2611, 162 L.Ed.2d 502 (2005), this section gives . . .

AYESTAS, v. DAVIS,, 933 F.3d 384 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Beard , 545 U.S. 374, 393, 125 S.Ct. 2456, 162 L.Ed.2d 360 (2005) ; Porter v. . . . Beard [545 U.S. 374], 125 S. . . .

AMERICAN TUNABOAT ASSOCIATION, v. ROSS, 391 F. Supp. 3d 98 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Brand X Internet Servs. , 545 U.S. 967, 982-83, 125 S.Ct. 2688, 162 L.Ed.2d 820 (2005) ("Only a judicial . . .

IN RE WASHINGTON, v. N. A., 602 B.R. 710 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Billingslea , 470 B.R. 545, 550-51 (S.D. Cal. 2012) ; In re Renz , 476 B.R. 382, 392 (Bankr. . . .

SOLUTRAN, INC. v. ELAVON, INC. U. S., 931 F.3d 1161 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Solutran reads the analysis in In re Bilski , 545 F.3d 943, 962-63 (Fed. . . . Br. at 65 (relying on discussion of In re Abele , 684 F.2d 902 (C.C.P.A. 1982) in In re Bilski , 545 . . .

CELGENE CORPORATION, v. A. PETER, v. A., 931 F.3d 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . In re DBC , 545 F.3d 1373, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2008). . . . See DBC , 545 F.3d at 1379 ("If DBC had timely raised this issue before the Board, the Board could have . . .

UNITED STATES v. ANDERSON, 932 F.3d 344 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gaytan , 74 F.3d 545, 555-56 (5th Cir. 1996) ; United States v. . . .

ALEXIS BAILLY VINEYARD, INC. a LLC, a v. HARRINGTON, s, 931 F.3d 774 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Heartwood Enters., LLC , 885 F.3d 543, 545 (8th Cir. 2018). . . . Seats, Inc. , 900 F.3d 545, 549 (8th Cir. 2018) (quoting Loftness Specialized Farm Equip., Inc. v. . . .

CRYSTALLEX INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION v. BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA De S. A. D. C. In De S. A., 932 F.3d 126 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp. , 337 U.S. 541, 545-47, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949) (articulating . . .

CHRONIS, v. UNITED STATES, 932 F.3d 544 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . See Majority Op. at 545, n.1. . . . Hardman , 241 F.3d 544, 545 (7th Cir. 2001). Chronis claimed damages of $332. . . .

DAVIS, v. GUAM M. C. F. P. F. I. M., 932 F.3d 822 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Monticello and provided that the descendants of Thomas Jefferson should elect the trustees." 528 U.S. at 545 . . .

UNITED STATES v. MASSIMINO, 389 F. Supp. 3d 357 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 656-64, 125 S.Ct. 2562, 162 L.Ed.2d 582 (2005) ; see also Hodge v. . . . facts that differ in both time and type from those the original pleading set forth.' " (quoting Mayle, 545 . . .

MJM ELECTRIC, INC. OCIP CMS, v. SPENCER,, 275 So. 3d 1283 (Fla. App. Ct. 2019)

. . . Anderson , 112 So. 3d 545, 547 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) ; Toscano , 40 So. 3d at 803. . . .

UNITED STATES v. DOE,, 932 F.3d 279 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Crosby , 545 U.S. 524, 531-32, 125 S.Ct. 2641, 162 L.Ed.2d 480 (2005) (holding state prisoners cannot . . .

DIXON, v. L. RYAN,, 932 F.3d 789 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Dixon (Dixon ), 226 Ariz. 545, 250 P.3d 1174, 1185 (2011). . . .

TRACIE H. v. SAUL,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 990 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Astrue , 516 F.3d 539, 545 (7th Cir.2008). III. . . .

UNITED STATES v. TANNER, v., 389 F. Supp. 3d 684 (N.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Nelson , 222 F.3d 545, 550 (9th Cir. 2000). . . .

IN RE BELMONTE, D. v. P. A., 931 F.3d 147 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . as otherwise provided in this section, to the extent that a transfer is avoided under section 544, 545 . . .

MEJIA- CASTANON, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 931 F.3d 224 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Brand X Internet Servs. , 545 U.S. 967, 986, 125 S.Ct. 2688, 162 L.Ed.2d 820 (2005) ). . . . Second , the Board's interpretation is "a reasonable policy choice," Brand X , 545 U.S. at 986, 125 S.Ct . . .

ADVANCE CONVEYING TECHNOLOGIES, LLC v. LEMARTEC CORPORATION, 931 F.3d 715 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Co., 533 N.W.2d 542, 545 (Iowa 1995). . . .

DOBBINS, v. STATE, 275 So. 3d 1260 (Fla. App. Ct. 2019)

. . . Id. at 545. . . . Id. at 545. . . . Id. at 545 (citing Valdez v. . . .

OBASI INVESTMENT LTD Wu v. TIBET PHARMACEUTICALS, INC Yu Z. L. III Co. L. L. P. L. III,, 931 F.3d 179 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 545 U.S. 353, 357, 125 S.Ct. 2478, 162 L.Ed.2d 343 (2005) ). * * * Because Zou and Downs . . .

TENNESSEE GAS PIPELINE COMPANY, LLC v. PERMANENT EASEMENT FOR ACRES, PERMANENT OVERLAY EASEMENT FOR ACRES AND TEMPORARY EASEMENTS FOR ACRES IN MILFORD AND WESTFALL TOWNSHIPS, PIKE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, TAX PARCEL NUMBERS a c o L. P., 931 F.3d 237 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . . § 545(d)(1)(B), the latter alternative under [state] law conflicts with an express statutory limit . . .

DIAZ- QUIRAZCO, v. P. BARR,, 931 F.3d 830 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Brand X Internet Servs. , 545 U.S. 967, 980, 125 S.Ct. 2688, 162 L.Ed.2d 820 (2005) (" Brand X ")). . . . Brand X , 545 U.S. at 980, 125 S.Ct. 2688. . . .

UNITED STATES v. LINDSAY,, 931 F.3d 852 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Raich , 545 U.S. 1, 26, 125 S.Ct. 2195, 162 L.Ed.2d 1 (2005) ). . . . Sanchez-Lima , 161 F.3d 545, 547-48 (9th Cir. 1998) ("The government had an opportunity to develop the . . .

HERNANDEZ- GARCIA, v. P. BARR,, 930 F.3d 915 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Mukasey, 545 F.3d 505, 508 (7th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). . . .

PRESQUE ISLE COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY, v. HIGHMARK HEALTH, f k a f k a, 391 F. Supp. 3d 485 (W.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . United States , 356 U.S. 1, 6, 78 S.Ct. 514, 2 L.Ed.2d 545 (1958) ("[t]hey deny competitors free access . . .

TRUE HEALTH DIAGNOSTICS, LLC, v. M. AZAR, II,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 666 (E.D. Tex. 2019)

. . . MERSCORP, Inc. , 791 F.3d 545, 552 (5th Cir. 2015). . . .

BIGSBY, Jr. v. BARCLAYS CAPITAL REAL ESTATE, INC., 391 F. Supp. 3d 336 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Superior Court, 2 Cal.4th 1254, 10 Cal.Rptr.2d 538, 833 P.2d 545, 553 (1992) ). . . .

IN RE A. STEWART, P., 603 B.R. 138 (Bankr. W.D. Okla. 2019)

. . . [Doc 545, Tr. 1261]. . . . [Doc. 545, Tr. 1277]. . . . [Doc. 545, Tr. 1280]. . . . [Doc 545, Tr. 1277]. . . . [Doc. 545, Tr. 1243]. . . .

CRUTSINGER, v. DAVIS,, 930 F.3d 705 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Crosby , 545 U.S. 524, 535, 125 S.Ct. 2641, 162 L.Ed.2d 480 (2005) (citation omitted). . . . Crutsinger , 929 F.3d at 266, 2019 WL 2864445, at *4 (quoting Gonzalez , 545 U.S. at 536, 125 S.Ct. 2641 . . .

PHILADELPHIA INDEMNITY INSURANCE COMPANY, v. CHICAGO TRUST COMPANY, THE BABY FOLD,, 930 F.3d 910 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . App. 3d 781, 204 Ill.Dec. 321, 641 N.E.2d 545 (1994) (concluding that a policy's language barred stacking . . .

TAYLOR, v. GRUBBS v. LT. SCDC SCDC DOE, DOE, AI v. SCDC LT MR C, 930 F.3d 611 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Obey , 790 F.3d 545, 549 (4th Cir. 2015) (explaining that prior decision of this court remained controlling . . .

PURCELL, v. NEW YORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE,, 931 F.3d 59 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Wilson , 545 U.S. 409, 414, 125 S.Ct. 2444, 162 L.Ed.2d 390 (2005) ("To determine the applicable statute . . .