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Florida Statute 870 | Lawyer Caselaw & Research
F.S. 870 Case Law from Google Scholar
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The 2023 Florida Statutes (including Special Session C)

Title XLVI
CRIMES
Chapter 870
AFFRAYS; RIOTS; ROUTS; UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLIES
View Entire Chapter
CHAPTER 870
CHAPTER 870
AFFRAYS; RIOTS; ROUTS; UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLIES
870.01 Affrays and riots.
870.02 Unlawful assemblies.
870.04 Specified officers to disperse riotous assembly.
870.041 Preservation of the public peace by local authority.
870.042 Designation of local authority.
870.043 Declaration of emergency.
870.044 Automatic emergency measures.
870.045 Discretionary emergency measures.
870.046 Filing and publication.
870.047 Duration and termination of emergency.
870.048 Violations.
870.05 When killing excused.
870.06 Unauthorized military organizations.
870.07 Affirmative defense in civil action; party convicted of riot.
870.01 Affrays and riots.
(1) A person commits an affray if he or she engages, by mutual consent, in fighting with another person in a public place to the terror of the people. A person who commits an affray commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(2) A person commits a riot if he or she willfully participates in a violent public disturbance involving an assembly of three or more persons, acting with a common intent to assist each other in violent and disorderly conduct, resulting in:
(a) Injury to another person;
(b) Damage to property; or
(c) Imminent danger of injury to another person or damage to property.

A person who commits a riot commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

(3) A person commits aggravated rioting if, in the course of committing a riot, he or she:
(a) Participates with 25 or more other persons;
(b) Causes great bodily harm to a person not participating in the riot;
(c) Causes property damage in excess of $5,000;
(d) Displays, uses, threatens to use, or attempts to use a deadly weapon; or
(e) By force, or threat of force, endangers the safe movement of a vehicle traveling on a public street, highway, or road.

A person who commits aggravated rioting commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

(4) A person commits inciting a riot if he or she willfully incites another person to participate in a riot, resulting in a riot or imminent danger of a riot. A person who commits inciting a riot commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(5) A person commits aggravated inciting a riot if he or she:
(a) Incites a riot resulting in great bodily harm to another person not participating in the riot;
(b) Incites a riot resulting in property damage in excess of $5,000; or
(c) Supplies a deadly weapon to another person or teaches another person to prepare a deadly weapon with intent that the deadly weapon be used in a riot for an unlawful purpose.

A person who commits aggravated inciting a riot commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

(6) Except for a violation of subsection (1), a person arrested for a violation of this section shall be held in custody until brought before the court for admittance to bail in accordance with chapter 903.
(7) This section does not prohibit constitutionally protected activity such as a peaceful protest.
History.s. 35, Feb. 10, 1832; RS 2406; GS 3239; RGS 5072; CGL 7174; s. 1, ch. 67-407; s. 1125, ch. 71-136; s. 15, ch. 2021-6; s. 67, ch. 2022-4.
870.02 Unlawful assemblies.
(1) If three or more persons meet together to commit a breach of the peace, or to do any other unlawful act, each of them commits a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(2) A person arrested for a violation of this section shall be held in custody until brought before the court for admittance to bail in accordance with chapter 903.
History.RS 2407; GS 3240; RGS 5073; CGL 7175; s. 1126, ch. 71-136; s. 16, ch. 2021-6.
870.04 Specified officers to disperse riotous assembly.If any number of persons, whether armed or not, are unlawfully, riotously, or tumultuously assembled in any county, city, or municipality, the sheriff or the sheriff’s deputies, or the mayor, or any commissioner, council member, alderman, or police officer of the city or municipality, or any officer or member of the Florida Highway Patrol, or any officer or agent of the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission or the Department of Environmental Protection, any beverage enforcement agent, any personnel or representatives of the Department of Law Enforcement or its successor, or any other peace officer, shall go among the persons so assembled, or as near to them as may be done with safety, and shall in the name of the state command all the persons so assembled immediately and peaceably to disperse. If such persons do not thereupon immediately and peaceably disperse, such officers shall command the assistance of all such persons in seizing, arresting, and securing such persons in custody. If any person present being so commanded to aid and assist in seizing and securing such rioter or persons so unlawfully assembled, or in suppressing such riot or unlawful assembly, refuses or neglects to obey such command, or, when required by such officers to depart from the place, refuses and neglects to do so, the person shall be deemed one of the rioters or persons unlawfully assembled, and may be prosecuted and punished accordingly.
History.ss. 1, 2, ch. 1637, 1868; RS 2409; GS 3242; RGS 5075; CGL 7177; s. 1, ch. 61-223; s. 1, ch. 61-237; s. 1, ch. 67-2203; s. 3, ch. 67-2207; ss. 20, 25, 35, ch. 69-106; s. 34, ch. 73-334; s. 1, ch. 77-174; s. 29, ch. 79-8; s. 477, ch. 94-356; s. 1399, ch. 97-102; s. 233, ch. 99-245; s. 30, ch. 2012-88; s. 16, ch. 2019-141.
870.041 Preservation of the public peace by local authority.In the event of overt acts of violence, or the imminent threat of such violence, within a county or municipality and the Governor has not declared a state of emergency to exist, local officers shall be empowered to declare such a state of emergency exists in accordance with the provisions of ss. 870.041-870.048.
History.s. 1, ch. 70-990.
870.042 Designation of local authority.
(1) The sheriff of each of the several counties of this state, or such other county official having the duties of a sheriff in counties operating under home rule charter, by whatever name known, shall be empowered to declare that a state of emergency exists within the unincorporated areas of the county and to exercise the emergency powers conferred in ss. 870.041-870.047.
(2) The governing body of any municipality within this state may designate by duly adopted ordinance a city official who shall be empowered to declare that a state of emergency exists within the boundaries of the municipality and to exercise the emergency powers conferred in ss. 870.041-870.047. The designated city official shall be either the mayor or chief of police or the person who performs the duties of a mayor or chief of police in such municipality. In the absence of a duly adopted ordinance so designating the official so to act, the chief of police of such municipality is designated as the city official to assume the duties and powers hereof.
History.s. 2, ch. 70-990.
870.043 Declaration of emergency.Whenever the sheriff or designated city official determines that there has been an act of violence or a flagrant and substantial defiance of, or resistance to, a lawful exercise of public authority and that, on account thereof, there is reason to believe that there exists a clear and present danger of a riot or other general public disorder, widespread disobedience of the law, and substantial injury to persons or to property, all of which constitute an imminent threat to public peace or order and to the general welfare of the jurisdiction affected or a part or parts thereof, he or she may declare that a state of emergency exists within that jurisdiction or any part or parts thereof.
History.s. 3, ch. 70-990; s. 1400, ch. 97-102.
870.044 Automatic emergency measures.Whenever the public official declares that a state of emergency exists, pursuant to s. 870.043, the following acts shall be prohibited during the period of said emergency throughout the jurisdiction:
(1) The sale of, or offer to sell, with or without consideration, any ammunition or gun or other firearm of any size or description.
(2) The intentional display, after the emergency is declared, by or in any store or shop of any ammunition or gun or other firearm of any size or description.
(3) The intentional possession in a public place of a firearm by any person, except a duly authorized law enforcement official or person in military service acting in the official performance of her or his duty.

Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed to authorize the seizure, taking, or confiscation of firearms that are lawfully possessed, unless a person is engaged in a criminal act.

History.ss. 4, 5, ch. 70-990; s. 1401, ch. 97-102; s. 2, ch. 2006-100.
870.045 Discretionary emergency measures.Whenever the public official declares that a state of emergency exists, pursuant to s. 870.043, he or she may order and promulgate all or any of the following emergency measures, in whole or in part, with such limitations and conditions as he or she may deem appropriate:
(1) The establishment of curfews, including, but not limited to, the prohibition of or restrictions on pedestrian and vehicular movement, standing, and parking, except for the provision of designated essential services such as fire, police, and hospital services, including the transportation of patients thereto, utility emergency repairs, and emergency calls by physicians.
(2) The prohibition of the sale or distribution of any alcoholic beverage, with or without the payment or a consideration therefor.
(3) The prohibition of the possession on any person in a public place of any portable container containing any alcoholic beverage.
(4) The closing of places of public assemblage with designated exceptions.
(5) The prohibition of the sale or other transfer of possession, with or without consideration, of gasoline or any other flammable or combustible liquid altogether or except by delivery into a tank properly affixed to an operable motor-driven vehicle, bike, scooter, boat, or airplane and necessary for the propulsion thereof.
(6) The prohibition of the possession in a public place of any portable container containing gasoline or any other flammable or combustible liquid.

Any such emergency measure so ordered and promulgated shall be in effect during the period of said emergency in the area or areas for which the emergency has been declared.

History.ss. 4, 6, ch. 70-990; s. 1402, ch. 97-102.
870.046 Filing and publication.Any state of emergency or emergency measure declared or ordered and promulgated by virtue of the terms of ss. 870.041-870.045 shall, as promptly as practicable, be filed in the office of the municipal clerk or clerk of the circuit court and delivered to appropriate news media for publication and radio and television broadcast thereof. If practicable, such state of emergency declaration or emergency measure shall be published by other means such as by posting and loudspeakers.
History.s. 7, ch. 70-990.
870.047 Duration and termination of emergency.A state of emergency established under ss. 870.041-870.046 shall commence upon the declaration thereof by the public official and shall terminate at the end of a period of 72 consecutive hours thereafter unless, prior to the end of such 72-hour period, the public official, the Governor, county commission, or city council shall have terminated such state of emergency. Any extension of the 72-hour time limit must be accomplished by request from the public official and the concurrence of the county commission or city council by duly enacted ordinance or resolution in regular or special session.
History.s. 8, ch. 70-990.
870.048 Violations.Any violation of a provision of ss. 870.041-870.047 or of any emergency measure established pursuant thereto shall be a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.s. 9, ch. 70-990; s. 1128, ch. 71-136.
870.05 When killing excused.If, by reason of the efforts made by any of said officers or by their direction to disperse such assembly, or to seize and secure the persons composing the same, who have refused to disperse, any such person or other person present is killed or wounded, the said officers and all persons acting by their order or under their direction, shall be held guiltless and fully justified in law; and if any of said officers or any person acting under or by their direction is killed or wounded, all persons so assembled and all other persons present who when commanded refused to aid and assist said officer shall be held answerable therefor.
History.s. 6, ch. 1637, 1868; RS 2410; GS 3243; RGS 5076; CGL 7178.
870.06 Unauthorized military organizations.No body of persons, other than the regularly organized land and naval militia of this state, the troops of the United States, and the students of regularly chartered educational institutions where military science is a prescribed part of the course of instruction, shall associate themselves together as a military organization for drill or parade in public with firearms, in this state, without special license from the Governor for each occasion, and application for such license must be approved by the mayor and aldermen of the cities and towns where such organizations may propose to parade. Each person unlawfully engaging in the formation of such military organization, or participating in such drill or parade, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.s. 15, ch. 1466, 1866; RS 2411; s. 10, ch. 5202, 1903; GS 3246; RGS 5077; CGL 7179; s. 1129, ch. 71-136; s. 1403, ch. 97-102.
870.07 Affirmative defense in civil action; party convicted of riot.
(1) In a civil action for damages for personal injury, wrongful death, or property damage, it is an affirmative defense that such action arose from an injury or damage sustained by a participant acting in furtherance of a riot. The affirmative defense authorized by this section shall be established by evidence that the participant has been convicted of a riot or an aggravated riot prohibited under s. 870.01, or by proof of the commission of such crime by a preponderance of the evidence.
(2) In a civil action in which a defendant raises an affirmative defense under this section, the court must, on motion by the defendant, stay the action during the pendency of a criminal action that forms the basis for the defense, unless the court finds that a conviction in the criminal action would not form a valid defense under this section.
History.s. 18, ch. 2021-6.

F.S. 870 on Google Scholar

F.S. 870 on Casetext

Amendments to 870


Arrestable Offenses / Crimes under Fla. Stat. 870
Level: Degree
Misdemeanor/Felony: First/Second/Third

S870.01 1 - DISORDERLY CONDUCT - AFFRAY - M: F
S870.01 2 - RIOT - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 9431 - F: T
S870.01 2a - RIOT - RIOT INJURY TO PERSON - F: T
S870.01 2b - RIOT - RIOT DAMAGE TO PROPERTY - F: T
S870.01 2c - RIOT - RIOT W IMMINENT INJURY PERSON OR DAMAGE PROP - F: T
S870.01 3a - RIOT - AGG RIOT 25 OR MORE PERSONS - F: S
S870.01 3b - RIOT - AGG RIOT GREAT BODILY HARM - F: S
S870.01 3c - RIOT - AGG RIOT PROPERTY DAMAGE GREATER THAN 5K DOLS - F: S
S870.01 3d - RIOT - AGG RIOT WITH DEADLY WEAPON - F: S
S870.01 3e - RIOT - AGG RIOT ENDANGER VEHICLE TRAVEL - F: S
S870.01 4 - RIOT - INCITE OR ENCOURAGE RIOT - F: T
S870.01 5a - RIOT - AGG INCITE RIOT GREAT BODILY HARM - F: S
S870.01 5b - RIOT - AGG INCITE RIOT PROPERTY DAMAGE > 5K DOLS - F: S
S870.01 5c - RIOT - AGG INCITE RIOT PROVIDE PREP DEADLY WEAPON - F: S
S870.02 - ASSEMBLY-UNLAWFUL - RENUMBERED. SEE REC # 9443 - M: S
S870.02 1 - ASSEMBLY-UNLAWFUL - COMMIT BREACH OF PEACE BY 3 OR MORE PERSONS - M: S
S870.03 - RIOT - REPEALED 2021-6 - F: T
S870.048 - HEALTH-SAFETY - VIOLATE ESTABLISHED EMERGENCY MEASURES - M: F
S870.06 - ASSEMBLY-UNLAWFUL - UNAUTHORIZED MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS - M: S



Annotations, Discussions, Cases:

Cases from cite.case.law:

J. TRUMP, v. R. VANCE, Jr., 140 S. Ct. 2412 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Parilla , 8 N.Y.3d 654, 659, 838 N.Y.S.2d 824, 870 N.E.2d 142, 145 (2007) ; R. Davis & T. . . .

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, v. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, J. v., 140 S. Ct. 1891 (U.S. 2020)

. . . referring to the June 2017 DAPA rescission memo, which stated that DACA would "remain in effect," App. 870 . . .

WEXFORD HEALTH, v. GARRETT, 140 S. Ct. 1611 (U.S. 2020)

. . . Fong , 870 F.3d 928 (2017), but conflicted with the Eleventh Circuit's en banc decision in Harris v. . . .

RAMOS, v. LOUISIANA, 140 S. Ct. 1390 (U.S. 2020)

. . . See Casey , 505 U.S. at 861, 112 S.Ct. 2791 ; id., at 870, 873, 112 S.Ct. 2791 (plurality opinion). . . .

K. REINBOLD, LLC, v. FIRST MIDWEST BANK., 140 S. Ct. 1125 (U.S. 2020)

. . . No. 19-870 Supreme Court of the United States. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FITZGERALD,, 935 F.3d 814 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bridgeforth , 441 F.3d 864, 870 (9th Cir. 2006). . . .

PANAH, v. CHAPPELL,, 935 F.3d 657 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 861, 870. None of that is true here. . . .

IN RE J. BARIBEAU,, 603 B.R. 797 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. 2019)

. . . In re Tarrant , 349 B.R. 870, 873 (Bankr. N.D. . . .

BURKE, v. REGALADO, v., 935 F.3d 960 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Malcom , 755 F.3d 870, 877 (10th Cir. 2014). . . .

UNITED STATES v. BEGAY,, 934 F.3d 1033 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Houser , 130 F.3d at 870. . . .

UNITED STATES v. CUEVAS- LOPEZ,, 934 F.3d 1056 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Martinez , 870 F.3d 1163, 1166 (9th Cir. 2017). . . . Martinez , 870 F.3d at 1166 (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. . . . Martinez , 870 F.3d 1163, 1166 (9th Cir. 2017). . . .

SAM K. v. SAUL,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 874 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Berryhill , 870 F.3d 712, 717 (7th Cir. 2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. CANO,, 934 F.3d 1002 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Pederson , 887 F.3d 870, 876 (9th Cir. 2018) (per curiam). . . .

FLORES, v. P. BARR, K. U. S. U. S. U. S., 934 F.3d 910 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Sessions , 862 F.3d 863, 870 (9th Cir. 2017). . . .

IN RE MATTHEWS, In In In In III,, 934 F.3d 296 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . In re Hoffner , 870 F.3d 301, 306 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Felker v. . . . requirements, which this Court has characterized as a "light burden." 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(C) ; Hoffner , 870 . . . Hoffner , 870 F.3d at 307. . . .

O DONNELL, v. CAINE WEINER COMPANY, LLC,, 935 F.3d 549 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Forest River, Inc. , 635 F.3d 870, 877 (7th Cir. 2011). . . .

KELSAY, v. ERNST,, 933 F.3d 975 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 870. . . .

UNITED STATES v. HATAWAY,, 933 F.3d 940 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Vasquez-Garcia, 449 F.3d 870, 873 (8th Cir. 2006) ; see United States v. . . .

ODDO, v. BIMBO BAKERIES U. S. A. INC., 391 F. Supp. 3d 466 (E.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Resch, 785 F.3d at 870, 871 n.2, 875. . . .

LIVADITIS, v. DAVIS,, 933 F.3d 1036 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ryan , 571 F.3d 860, 870 (9th Cir. 2009) (quotations and punctuation omitted). . . . aggravating evidence weighed against a conclusion that defendant was prejudiced); Bible , 571 F.3d at 870 . . .

COEUR D ALENE TRIBE, a v. W. HAWKS A., 933 F.3d 1052 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Johnson , 870 F.2d 1469, 1473-75 (9th Cir. 1989), for example, the Chilkat Indian Village (the "Village . . . Chilkat , 870 F.2d at 1474 (quoting Nat'l Farmers , 471 U.S. at 851, 105 S.Ct. 2447 ). . . . Compare Chilkat , 870 F.2d at 1473-75, with Boe v. . . . See Chilkat , 870 F.2d at 1474 n.9. . . . Chilkat , 870 F.2d at 1475. . . .

BAKALIAN v. CENTRAL BANK OF REPUBLIC OF TURKEY T. C. v. T. C. v. T. C. v. T. C., 932 F.3d 1229 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . the complaint as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party," Gregg , 870 . . . Safety , 870 F.3d 883, 886-87 (9th Cir. 2017). . . .

CONSTANCE S. v. SAUL,, 389 F. Supp. 3d 583 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Berryhill , 870 F.3d 712, 717 (7th Cir. 2017) But, in the Seventh Circuit, the ALJ also has an obligation . . .

BRENDA L. v. SAUL,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 858 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Berryhill , 870 F.3d 712, 717 (7th Cir. 2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. JOHNSON,, 932 F.3d 965 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . McCrary , 220 F.3d 868, 870 (8th Cir. 2000) ("The exercise of jurisdiction over [the defendant] is solely . . .

ATEN INTERNATIONAL CO. LTD. v. UNICLASS TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. Co. Co., 932 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . See J.A. 902 at 7:20-8:4; J.A. 870 at 23:8-11; J.A. 923 at 90:14-15. . . .

J. DOHERTY, v. FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION,, 932 F.3d 978 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Prairie Farms Dairy, Inc. , 2016 IL 119518, ¶ 24, 402 Ill.Dec. 870, 53 N.E.3d 1. . . . Richter , 2016 IL 119518 at ¶ 22, 402 Ill.Dec. 870, 53 N.E.3d 1 (citing Hernandez v. . . .

A. JALUDI, v. CITIGROUP, 933 F.3d 246 (3rd Cir. 2019)

. . . Sunoco, Inc. , 870 F.3d 257, 262 (3d Cir. 2017) ("[T]he presumption of arbitrability applies only where . . . Sunoco, Inc. , 870 F.3d 257, 262 (3d Cir. 2017). . . .

SANDHU, LLC, a v. L. KANZLER, Jr. LLC, a, 932 F.3d 1107 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Notably, the plaintiff in Noske presented an expert affidavit, id. at 870, making Noske entirely dissimilar . . .

O. CAMPOS, v. COOK COUNTY,, 932 F.3d 972 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Chisholm , 870 F.3d 603, 620 (7th Cir. 2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. J. JOHNSON,, 933 F.3d 540 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Tolliver , 140 Ohio St.3d 420, 19 N.E.3d 870, 874 (2014), takes the position that conviction requires . . .

WARREN, v. FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION,, 932 F.3d 378 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Town , 870 F.3d 380, 383 (5th Cir. 2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. COLLIER,, 932 F.3d 1067 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Whirlwind Soldier , 499 F.3d 862, 870 (8th Cir. 2007). . . .

KNUTSON, v. VILLAGE OF LAKEMOOR,, 932 F.3d 572 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Univ. , 870 F.3d 562, 571 (7th Cir. 2017). . . .

ALLSTATE INDEMNITY COMPANY, v. DIXON, 932 F.3d 696 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Supp. 2d 868, 870 (E.D. Mo. 1998) (discussing Amick v. State Farm Fire and Cas. . . .

J. MAHLER, v. FIRST DAKOTA TITLE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, a LLC, a LLC C. A. Jr., 931 F.3d 799 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . MJ Optical, Inc. , 870 F.3d 820, 827 (8th Cir. 2017). Mahler's claim fails at the second step. . . .

DALTON, v. NPC INTERNATIONAL, INC., 932 F.3d 693 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Morris-Walker, LTD , 922 F.3d 868, 870 (8th Cir. 2019), quoting Already, LLC , 568 U.S. at 91, 133 S.Ct . . .

UNITED STATES v. PINEDA- DUARTE,, 933 F.3d 519 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Henry , 819 F.3d 856, 870 (6th Cir. 2016) (internal citations omitted). . . .

CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, a v. WELLS FARGO CO. N. A., 931 F.3d 1274 (11th Cir. 2019)

. . . Bank of Savannah, N.A. , 859 F.2d 865, 870-71 (11th Cir. 1988). . . . Blackwell , 908 F.2d 864, 870 (11th Cir. 1990) (holding that the "test developed in McDonnell Douglas . . .

J. GILLIAM, C. Ad v. SEALEY, E. C. T. A. Sr. C. T. A. WTVD LLC J. C. Ad v. C. T. A. E. C. T. A. Sr. WTVD LLC, 932 F.3d 216 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Giddins , 858 F.3d 870, 885 (4th Cir. 2017) ; see also United States v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. SHELDON TREE TOP,, 931 F.3d 720 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Adejumo, 848 F.3d 868, 870 (8th Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v. . . .

DOLS, v. SAUL,, 931 F.3d 741 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Colvin, 788 F.3d 870, 872 (8th Cir. 2015) ). . . .

NGUYEN, a v. NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC. a, 932 F.3d 811 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Nutraceutical Corp. , 870 F.3d 1170, 1182 (9th Cir. 2017), rev'd on other grounds , --- U.S. ----, 139 . . . used, and the damages may be computed even if the result reached is an approximation.' " Lambert , 870 . . .

TRACIE H. v. SAUL,, 388 F. Supp. 3d 990 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Berryhill , 870 F.3d 712, 717 (7th Cir. 2017) ; Binion v. Chater, 108 F.3d 780, 782 (7th Cir.1997). . . . Berryhill , 870 F.3d 712, 717 (7th Cir. 2017). . . .

O. KOEPKE, v. M. KOEPKE,, 275 So. 3d 1278 (Fla. App. Ct. 2019)

. . . Van Hare, 870 So. 2d 125, 127 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003) (reversing criminal contempt order for failure to comply . . . Inc., 271 So. 3d 870, 880 (Fla. 2018) ("Fundamental errors are those which go 'to the foundation of the . . .

IN RE BELMONTE, D. v. P. A., 931 F.3d 147 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Wirum (In re Straightline Invs., Inc.) , 525 F.3d 870, 883 n.3 (9th Cir. 2008) ("Although the statute . . .

N DIAYE, v. P. BARR,, 931 F.3d 656 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States, 870 F.3d 282, 290 (3d Cir. 2017) ; Khan v. . . .

KOALA, v. KHOSLA,, 931 F.3d 887 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id . at 870. . . .

GEMINI TECHNOLOGIES, INC. v. SMITH WESSON CORP. a a, 931 F.3d 911 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Auth. , 926 F.3d 870, 874 (D.C. . . .

UNITED STATES v. CORRALES- VAZQUEZ,, 931 F.3d 944 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ct. 866, 870, 55 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1978). . . .

IN RE J. LONG A., 603 B.R. 812 (Bankr. E.D. Wis. 2019)

. . . In re Sinclair , 870 F.2d 1340, 1342 (7th Cir. 1989). . . .

PRESQUE ISLE COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY, v. HIGHMARK HEALTH, f k a f k a, 391 F. Supp. 3d 485 (W.D. Pa. 2019)

. . . Co. , 870 F.3d. 1262 (11th Cir. 2017), for the proposition that "the existence of the PPA does not extinguish . . . See Quality Auto Painting Ctr. of Roselle , 870 F.3d at 1277 ("[a]ssuming the truth of the allegations . . .

ASSOCIATION FOR COMMUNITY AFFILIATED PLANS, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 22 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Duncan, 870 F.Supp.2d 133, 147 (D.D.C. 2012) (rejecting argument that Department of Education measures . . .

TAYLOR, v. GRUBBS v. LT. SCDC SCDC DOE, DOE, AI v. SCDC LT MR C, 930 F.3d 611 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Office Manager , 870 F.3d 144, 152-53 (3d Cir. 2017). . . . See Parker , 870 F.3d at 153. . . .

HENRY, a v. HULETT,, 930 F.3d 836 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Safety & Corr. , 870 F.3d 365, 368-69 (5th Cir. 2017) (upholding as reasonable visual body-cavity searches . . . Rubenstein , 825 F.3d 206, 215 (4th Cir. 2016) ; Lewis , 870 F.3d at 368-69 ; Stoudemire v. Mich. . . .

ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. v. PODHORN LLC LLC SLC LLC CLS LLC LCS LLC LLC LLC LLC LLC LP J. U T A LP HSWB, LLC LLC PFWB, LLC LLC LLC LLC LLC MO Re- LLC LLC JCL LLC LP LLC LLC,, 930 F.3d 946 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . In re SuperValu, Inc. , 870 F.3d 763, 768 (8th Cir. 2017). . . .

GOLAN v. FREEEATS. COM, INC. AIC LLC, R., 930 F.3d 950 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Inc. , 870 F.3d 774, 792 (8th Cir. 2017) ("A party 'is not entitled to a particularly worded instruction . . . ("[F]ederal courts lack jurisdiction if no named plaintiff has standing."); In re SuperValu, Inc. , 870 . . .

HAROUN, v. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY U. S. T., 929 F.3d 1007 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Morris-Walker, LTD , 922 F.3d 868, 870 (8th Cir. 2019), we agree with Haroun that the court erred in . . .

F. MAY, v. SEGOVIA,, 929 F.3d 1223 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Fong , 870 F.3d 928 (9th Cir. 2017), for the proposition that we look only to the timing of the SAC when . . . Fong , 870 F.3d at 932. Shortly after filing his suit, Mr. Jackson moved to amend his complaint. . . .

COLLINS, v. UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME DU LAC,, 929 F.3d 830 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Chicago Cubs Baseball Club, LLC , 870 F.3d 682, 690 (7th Cir. 2017) (applying similar reasoning to parallel . . .

INDIVIOR INC. UK RB Rx, LLC, v. DR. REDDY S LABORATORIES, S. A. Dr. s UT, USA, UK RB v. LLC,, 930 F.3d 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2019)

. . . Microsoft Corp. , 627 F.3d 859, 870 (Fed. Cir. 2010). . . .

UNITED STATES v. PETRUK, v., 929 F.3d 952 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . O'Dell, 766 F.3d 870, 874 (8th Cir. 2014) (per curiam) ("When the issuing judge relied solely upon the . . .

GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES INSURANCE COMPANY, v. S. NADKARNI,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 917 (N.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Co. (1985) 40 Cal. 3d 870, 881, 221 Cal. Rptr. 509, 710 P.2d 309.) ... . . .

UNITED STATES v. CAREY,, 929 F.3d 1092 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 395 U.S. 6, 36, 89 S.Ct. 1532, 23 L.Ed.2d 57 (1969) ); see also Black , 512 F.2d at 870 . . .

REIGN, v. GIDLEY,, 929 F.3d 777 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Lockridge , 498 Mich. 358, 870 N.W.2d 502, 513-14 (2015) (applying Alleyne v. . . . Lockridge , 498 Mich. 358, 870 N.W.2d 502 (2015). . . . See 870 N.W.2d at 513-14. . . . guidelines-advisory, but "a highly relevant consideration in a trial court's exercise of sentencing discretion." 870 . . . See Lockridge , 870 N.W.2d at 520 n.28. . . .

UNITED STATES v. HASSAN- SALEH- MOHAMAD,, 930 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2019)

. . . O'Brien, 870 F.3d 11, 14 (1st Cir. 2017). A. . . . O'Brien, 870 F.3d at 21. . . .

MERCK CO. INC. v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,, 385 F. Supp. 3d 81 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . extent of the Federal Election Commission's ability to disclose its investigative files. 920 F.3d 866, 870 . . .

EVANS, v. SANDY CITY, a R. P. C. C. J. E. I- XX,, 928 F.3d 1171 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Schuette, 726 F.3d 867, 870 (6th Cir. 2013) ; Smith v. . . . Schuette , 726 F.3d 867, 870 (6th Cir. 2013) ; Smith v. . . .

IN RE EDWARDS, v. a, 601 B.R. 660 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2019)

. . . SBC Commc'n, Inc. , 418 F.3d 870, 872-73 (8th Cir. 2005). . . .

SAMAYOA, v. DAVIS,, 928 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Unocal Corp. , 270 F.3d 863, 870 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc). A. . . .

BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SHEET METAL WORKERS NATIONAL PENSION FUND, v. FOUR- C- AIRE, INC., 929 F.3d 135 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Gerber Truck Serv., Inc. , 870 F.2d 1148, 1151 (7th Cir. 1989) (en banc) ("Multi-employer plans are defined-contribution . . . Ralph's Grocery , 118 F.3d at 1022 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Gerber Truck Serv. , 870 . . .

UNITED STATES v. SMITH,, 929 F.3d 545 (8th Cir. 2019)

. . . Adejumo , 848 F.3d 868, 870 (8th Cir. 2017) (explaining that restitution is authorized "only to the extent . . . See Adejumo , 848 F.3d at 870-71 (recognizing that testimonial evidence can be used to calculate the . . .

SIERRA CLUB v. J. TRUMP, T. K., 929 F.3d 670 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 870 F.2d 518 (9th Cir. 1989) is misplaced. . . . Church reserved the determination of whether there was "agency action" within the meaning of the APA, 870 . . . United States , 870 F.2d 518 (9th Cir. 1989), we allowed constitutional claims to proceed without even . . .

COLBRUNO, v. KESSLER, a, 928 F.3d 1155 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . Pickens , 844 F.3d 870, 877 (10th Cir. 2016) ). . . . Pickens , 844 F.3d 870, 879 (10th Cir. 2016) (use of taser to subdue person needing medical care), or . . .

FIRSTENERGY GENERATION, LLC, a v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,, 929 F.3d 321 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Eltec Corp. , 870 F.2d 1112, 1116 (6th Cir. 1989) (holding that company's decision to transfer and subcontract . . . disputes are mandatory bargaining subjects is entitled to 'considerable deference,' " Plymouth Stamping , 870 . . .

UNITED STATES v. KIDD,, 385 F. Supp. 3d 250 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Towne, 870 F.2d 880, 886 (2d Cir. 1989) ). . . .

ESTATE OF MENDEZ, Sr. Jr. v. CITY OF CERES,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 1189 (E.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . Safety , 870 F.3d 883, 887 (2017). . . .

STEMCOR USA INCORPORATED, v. CIA SIDERURGICA DO PARA COSIPAR, v. v. L. L. P., 927 F.3d 906 (5th Cir. 2019)

. . . Cia Siderurgica do Para Cosipar , 870 F.3d 370 (5th Cir. 2017), opinion withdrawn and superseded on reh'g . . .

UNITED STATES v. PATTON,, 927 F.3d 1087 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 752 F.3d 865, 870 (10th Cir. 2014). . . .

HYMAN, v. D. BROWN,, 927 F.3d 639 (2nd Cir. 2019)

. . . Id. at 870. iii. . . .

UNITED STATES v. BERNARD,, 927 F.3d 799 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Giddins , 858 F.3d 870, 885 (4th Cir. 2017). . . .

AKANDE, v. PHILIPS, I. C. E. Co-, 386 F. Supp. 3d 281 (W.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Hagenbeck , 870 F.3d 36, 43 (2d Cir. 2017) (footnotes omitted). . . .

UNITED STATES, v. DAVIS, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Munro , 394 F.3d 865, 870 (CA10 2005) ; United States v. . . .

J. HIGHT, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,, 391 F. Supp. 3d 1178 (S.D. Fla. 2019)

. . . See In re Ricoh Corp. , 870 F.2d 570, 573 (11th Cir. 1989) ("[I]n the usual motion for transfer under . . . In re Ricoh Corp. , 870 F.2d at 573 (citing Gulf Oil Corp. v. . . .

UNITED STATES v. FIRTASH, DF,, 392 F. Supp. 3d 872 (N.D. Ill. 2019)

. . . Pino-Perez , 870 F.2d 1230 (7th Cir. 1989). . . . Pino-Perez , 870 F.2d at 1234. . . . See Pino-Perez , 870 F.2d at 1233. . . . Pino-Perez , 870 F.2d at 1234. None describe the facts here. . . . Pino-Perez , 870 F.2d at 1234. . . .

G. MCDONOUGH, v. SMITH,, 139 S. Ct. 2149 (U.S. 2019)

. . . Owen, Prosser and Keeton on Law of Torts § 119, p. 870 (5th ed. 1984) (Prosser & Keeton) ("[O]ne who . . .

MARTINEZ, v. L. RYAN,, 926 F.3d 1215 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Ryan , 870 F.3d 1033, 1060 (9th Cir. 2017). . . .

VIRGINIA URANIUM, INC. v. WARREN,, 139 S. Ct. 1894 (U.S. 2019)

. . . No. 870, 86th Cong., 1st Sess., 8 (1959). . . . No. 870, 86th Cong., 1st Sess., at 12; accord H. R. Rep. . . .

UNITED STATES v. WINDER,, 926 F.3d 1251 (10th Cir. 2019)

. . . United States , 870 F.3d 750, 753 (8th Cir. 2017) ; United States v. . . . See Jones , 870 F.3d at 753-54 ; Jennings , 860 F.3d at 460 ; Yates , 842 F.3d at 1053. . . .

PEREZ CRUZ, v. P. BARR,, 926 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir. 2019)

. . . Landeros , 913 F.3d 862, 870 (9th Cir. 2019) (emphasis added); cf. Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. . . .

DEROGATIS, v. BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF WELFARE FUND OF INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OPERATING ENGINEERS LOCAL AFL- CIO T. A., 385 F. Supp. 3d 308 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Id. at 870. Similarly, in McCravy v. Metropolitan Life Ins. . . .

A. SMALL, v. WELLDYNE, INC. a a a, 927 F.3d 169 (4th Cir. 2019)

. . . Id . at 870. . . .

UNITED STATES v. PHYFIER, 385 F. Supp. 3d 1198 (M.D. Ala. 2019)

. . . Baron-Mantilla , 743 F.2d 868, 870 (11th Cir. 1984) (quoting United States v. . . .

NATIONAL NAIL CORP. Co. v. UNITED STATES,, 390 F. Supp. 3d 1356 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2019)

. . . . § 1677e(b) (1994) ; see also SAA at 870, 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4199 ("[N]ew section 776(b) permits Commerce . . . See SAA at 870, 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4199 ("Where a party has not cooperated, Commerce ... may employ . . .

L. ROSS, v. CITY OF JACKSONVILLE,, 274 So. 3d 1180 (Fla. App. Ct. 2019)

. . . Servs., Inc. , 271 So.3d 870, 880, 2018 WL 5660595, *6 (Fla. Nov. 1, 2018). . . .

UNCOMMON, LLC, v. SPIGEN, INC., 926 F.3d 409 (7th Cir. 2019)

. . . Stanley Works , 59 F.3d 384, 392-93 & n.6 (2d Cir. 1995) ; Aromatique, Inc. , 28 F.3d at 870. . . .

D. WILLIAMS, v. UNITED STATES, 927 F.3d 427 (6th Cir. 2019)

. . . Geozos , 870 F.3d 890, 896 (9th Cir. 2017) (concluding that the movant may proceed with his claim under . . .

PATTERSON, v. RW DIRECT, INC., 382 F. Supp. 3d 938 (N.D. Cal. 2019)

. . . App. 5th 870, 878, 222 Cal.Rptr.3d 397 (2017). . . .

UNITED STATES v. GIOVINCO,, 382 F. Supp. 3d 299 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

. . . Towne, 870 F.2d 880, 886 (2d Cir. 1989) ). . . .

CABLE NEWS NETWORK, INC. v. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION,, 384 F. Supp. 3d 19 (D.D.C. 2019)

. . . Dep't of Justice, 870 F. Supp. 2d 61, 66 (D.D.C. 2012) (citing King v. . . .