Editor's notes.

- In light of the similarity of the provisions, decisions decided prior to Ga. L. 1981, p. 876, which changed the definition of consideration, are included in the annotations for this Code section.

Covenant of each party is sufficient consideration to support promise of other. Anderson v. Brown, 72 Ga. 713 (1884); Graham & Ward v. Macon, D. & S.R.R., 120 Ga. 757, 49 S.E. 75 (1904) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

To constitute consideration, promise must be sufficiently definite both as to time and subject matter. McMurray v. Bateman, 221 Ga. 240, 144 S.E.2d 345 (1965) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Implied promise may be sufficient consideration for express promise. Klag v. Home Ins. Co., 116 Ga. App. 678, 158 S.E.2d 444 (1967) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Promise, which may be good consideration can be either express, or implied from circumstances. Reynolds v. Nevin, 1 Ga. App. 269, 57 S.E. 918 (1907) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Contract may be supported by adequate consideration although promisor never receives any part of the consideration. Fine v. Haas, 120 Ga. App. 524, 171 S.E.2d 372 (1969) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

That promisor should receive benefit or consideration is not necessary prerequisite to validity of contract. Miller v. Oglethorpe Univ., 24 Ga. App. 388, 100 S.E. 784 (1919) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

That promisor should receive personal benefit is not necessary prerequisite to contract. Glass v. Grant, 46 Ga. App. 327, 167 S.E. 727 (1933) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Promise to buy certain goods is good consideration for promise to sell those goods. Mitchell-Huntley Cotton Co. v. Lawson, 377 F. Supp. 661 (M.D. Ga. 1973) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Contract by which one party agrees to buy and other party agrees to sell is based on valid considerations. Taunton v. Allenberg Cotton Co., 378 F. Supp. 34 (M.D. Ga. 1973) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Agreement on part of one party to sell for stipulated amount is good consideration for promise of other to buy. Mangum v. Jones, 205 Ga. 661, 54 S.E.2d 603 (1949) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Offer to sell and acceptance of that offer makes complete contract, obligation of each party furnishing sufficient consideration for that of other. Northington-Munger-Pratt Co. v. Farmers' Gin & Whse. Co., 119 Ga. 851, 47 S.E. 200, 100 Am. St. R. 210 (1904) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Consideration for contract may be promise that agreed beneficial thing shall afterwards be done for maker. Bing v. Bank of Kingston, 5 Ga. App. 578, 63 S.E. 652 (1909) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Mutual promises must be capable of enforcement against parties making promises.

- Where mutual promises are relied upon as consideration to support contract, obligations of contract must be mutually binding upon respective parties; and if one assumes under such agreement to do special act beneficial to another, and that other under terms of contract is under no obligation to perform any act of corresponding advantage to former, agreement is without such consideration as will support promise of party assuming to perform. Morrow v. Southern Express Co., 101 Ga. 810, 28 S.E. 998 (1897); Marietta Paper Mfg. Co. v. Bussey & Carswell, 104 Ga. 477, 31 S.E. 415 (1898); Cooley v. Moss, 123 Ga. 707, 51 S.E. 625 (1905); Atlanta Buggy Co. v. Hess Spring & Axle Co., 124 Ga. 338, 52 S.E. 613, 4 L.R.A. (n.s.) 431 (1905); Simpson & Harper v. Sanders & Jenkins, 130 Ga. 265, 60 S.E. 541 (1908); Mason v. Terrell, 3 Ga. App. 348, 60 S.E. 4 (1908); Kamat v. Allatoona Fed. Sav. Bank, 231 Ga. App. 259, 498 S.E.2d 152 (1998) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Promise in each instance must be of such character as to be capable of enforcement against party making the promise, as otherwise neither party will be bound. A promise must be sufficiently definite both as to time and subject matter. Pepsi-Cola Co. v. Wright, 187 Ga. 723, 2 S.E.2d 73 (1939) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

If mutual promises are relied on as consideration to support contract, obligations of contract must be mutually binding upon respective parties. Clement A. Evans & Co. v. Waggoner, 197 Ga. 857, 30 S.E.2d 915 (1944) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

While promise of another is good consideration for a promise, promise in each instance must be of such character as to be capable of enforcement against party making the promise, as otherwise neither party will be bound. McMurray v. Bateman, 221 Ga. 240, 144 S.E.2d 345 (1965) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Reliance on promise to pay.

- Trial court erred in concluding that the alleged oral agreement for attorney fees was unenforceable and, therefore, granting defendant summary judgment, because some evidence existed that plaintiff relied on defendant's promise and continued negotiating the land deal, all the while incurring legal expenses and losing the value of obtaining the return of the escrowed funds and the opportunity to seek another buyer. Cheeley Invs., L.P. v. Zambetti, 332 Ga. App. 115, 770 S.E.2d 350 (2015), cert. denied, No. S15C1298, 2015 Ga. LEXIS 615 (Ga. 2015).

Unless promises are of such character contract based thereon is unilateral and not binding. Pepsi-Cola Co. v. Wright, 187 Ga. 723, 2 S.E.2d 73 (1939) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Mutual promises must be concurrent and obligatory upon each party at same time.

- When promise of one party is relied on as consideration for other, promises must be concurrent and obligatory upon each at same time in order to render either binding. Mason v. Terrell, 3 Ga. App. 348, 60 S.E. 4 (1908); Peeples v. Citizens' Nat'l Life Ins. Co., 11 Ga. App. 177, 74 S.E. 1034 (1912), later appeal, 13 Ga. App. 788, 79 S.E. 1135 (1913). See also Chickamauga Mfg. Co. v. Augusta Grocery Co., 23 Ga. App. 163, 98 S.E. 114 (1919) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Mutual promises must be such that each party has right at once to hold other.

- Promise is not good consideration for a promise unless there is absolute mutuality of engagement so that each party has right at once to hold other to positive agreement. Clement A. Evans & Co. v. Waggoner, 197 Ga. 857, 30 S.E.2d 915 (1944) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Test of mutuality is to be applied at time contract is to be enforced; and if promisee accomplishes object contemplated, then promise is rendered valid and binding. McMurray v. Bateman, 221 Ga. 240, 144 S.E.2d 345 (1965) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Test of mutuality of promise is to be applied, not as of time promise was made, but as of time when promise is to be enforced; therefore promise in subscription paper for given object may be unilateral when made, but if party intended accomplishes object as contemplated, then promise is rendered valid and binding. Owenby v. Georgia Baptist Ass'y, 137 Ga. 698, 74 S.E. 56, 1913B Ann. Cas. 238 (1912) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Mutual promises to convey real estate to each other support enforceable contract.

- Written agreement whereby A agrees to convey certain described real estate to B in consideration of B's agreement to convey certain described real estate to A is such valuable consideration as will support enforceable contract. Webb v. Smith, 220 Ga. 809, 141 S.E.2d 899 (1965) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Evidence of an agreement or promise is required to support a claim under a theory of promissory estoppel. Mooney v. Mooney, 245 Ga. App. 780, 538 S.E.2d 864 (2000) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Assignment for promise to sell property and divide proceeds among assignor's creditors is for consideration.

- Assignment based upon promise of assignee to sell property assigned and divide proceeds among assignor's creditors is not without consideration. Block v. Peter, 63 Ga. 260 (1879) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

For wills to be mutual wills, the wills must contain reference that they result from contract.

- Agreements to make wills are not established merely because two persons simultaneously make reciprocal testamentary dispositions in favor of each other, when language of such wills contains nothing to effect that instruments are result of contract. Webb v. Smith, 220 Ga. 809, 141 S.E.2d 899 (1965) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Contract or agreement between joint testators may be made out from promises made in will. Webb v. Smith, 220 Ga. 809, 141 S.E.2d 899 (1965) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Application to promise to make charitable donation.

- See Wilson v. First Presbyterian Church, 56 Ga. 554 (1876); YMCA v. Estill, 140 Ga. 291, 78 S.E. 1075, 48 L.R.A. (n.s.) 783, 1914D Ann. Cas. 136 (1913); Miller v. Oglethorpe Univ., 24 Ga. App. 388, 100 S.E. 784 (1919); Willingham v. Benton, 25 Ga. App. 412, 103 S.E. 497 (1920) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Contract for sale of real property conditioned upon purchaser's ability to obtain loan is not unenforceable for lack of mutuality of obligation. Brack v. Brownlee, 246 Ga. 818, 273 S.E.2d 390 (1980) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).

Sale of assets.

- When a facilities owner did not sign an asset sale agreement, a hospital's promissory estoppel claim failed because the parties' letter of intent coupled with the hospital's representation in a premerger notification that the parties would not execute a "binding asset sale agreement" until the Georgia Attorney General approved the agreement established as a matter of law that the hospital could not reasonably rely on the facilities owner's "promise" to purchase the hospital assets. St. Joseph Hosp., Augusta, Ga., Inc. v. Health Mgmt. Assocs., 705 F.3d 1289 (11th Cir. 2013).

Failure to show existence of promise or representation for medical services.

- Corporation and the insurance company were entitled to summary judgment on the burn center's promissory estoppel claim pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44(a); the burn center failed to identify a single promise or representation made by the corporation or the insurance company to pay for the medical services provided to the corporation's employee and could not point to a single piece of evidence showing that the corporation or the insurance company promised to pay the usual, reasonable, and customary rate under the CPT Rules. Moreover, based on the evidence presented, there was no injustice to avoid since the burn center had been paid more than what would have been required under either Mississippi's or Georgia's workers' compensation medical fee schedules. Joseph M. Still Burn Ctrs., Inc. v. AmFed Nat'l Ins. Co., 702 F. Supp. 2d 1371 (S.D. Ga. 2010).

Vague and indefinite promise.

- Trial court did not err in granting a payee's motion for summary judgment in its action to collect on a promissory note and to enforce a guaranty because the payee satisfied its burden of showing the lack of a genuine issue of fact as to the defense of estoppel; although the payee's alleged promises contemplated a loan for a certain duration, the promise was vague and indefinite as to other material terms, particularly the interest rate. Ga. Invs. Int'l, Inc. v. Branch Banking & Trust Co., 305 Ga. App. 673, 700 S.E.2d 662 (2010).

Debtors' promissory estoppel claims against a bank failed since the alleged promise to provide a loan modification was too vague. Salvador v. Bank of Am., N.A. (In re Salvador), 456 Bankr. 610 (Bankr. M.D. Ga. 2011).

In a bank's suit to recover on defaulted notes and guaranties, the borrowers and guarantors failed to establish the element of an estoppel defense because the borrowers did not show that the borrowers reasonably relied on the bank's alleged representation regarding its sale of the notes, particularly as the notes and guaranties contained integration clauses and provided only for written modification. Capital City Developers, LLC v. Bank of N. Ga., 316 Ga. App. 624, 730 S.E.2d 99 (2012).

Loan servicer's repayment agreement unenforceable, but promissory estoppel could apply.

- In a borrower's action against a loan servicer claiming that the servicer breached an agreement to allow the borrower to repay the loan and taxes with a specified payment, the agreement was unenforceable due to the statute of frauds, O.C.G.A. § 13-5-30, although the borrower had been given a payment schedule and coupon book at the specified payment. However, the borrower could pursue a promissory estoppel theory under O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44 due to the borrower's reliance on the servicer's representations. Zhong v. PNC Bank, N.A., 345 Ga. App. 135, 812 S.E.2d 514 (2018).

Lender's promise to modify mortgage.

- Although a foreclosed homeowner's wrongful foreclosure claims failed, her claim that the lender's assignee agreed to modify the mortgage if she paid a lump sum of $17,000, that she made such a payment, and that the assignee denied her modification and conducted foreclosure proceedings instead, stated a claim for promissory estoppel under Georgia law. Funderburk v. Fannie Mae, F. Supp. 2d (N.D. Ga. Mar. 28, 2014).

Jury instructions.

- Trial court did not err in not charging the jury on forbearance as consideration for promissory estoppel, and reasonable reliance and due diligence as separate elements of promissory estoppel because the court gave essentially the same charge as the defendant's proposed charge on promissory estoppel; the defendant's proposed charge on forbearance was written in terms of proving consideration for a contract, not in terms of promissory estoppel; the defendant did not file any proposed charges on reasonable reliance and due diligence; the court charged the full definition of promissory estoppel found in the Georgia Code; and the elements of forbearance, reasonable reliance, and diligence, in a general sense, were included in that language. Zambetti v. Cheeley Invs., L.P., 343 Ga. App. 637, 808 S.E.2d 41 (2017).

Statement that development of computer software was close to completion.

- Software developers were not entitled to summary judgment on joint venturers'/investors' claim for promissory estoppel because there was evidence that the investors continued to sink money into the venture based on the developers' representations that the developers were "close" to making the medical records software compliant with certain legal requirements. Healthy-IT, LLC v. Agrawal, 343 Ga. App. 660, 808 S.E.2d 876 (2017).

Cited in Jackson v. Forward Atlanta Comm'n, Inc., 39 Ga. App. 738, 148 S.E. 356 (1929); Brooke v. Kennedy, 172 Ga. 461, 158 S.E. 4 (1931); Sheldon & Co. v. Emory Univ., 52 Ga. App. 628, 184 S.E. 401 (1936); Sinclair Ref. Co. v. Reid, 60 Ga. App. 119, 3 S.E.2d 121 (1939); Stevenson v. Atlanta Mission Holding Corp., 72 Ga. App. 258, 33 S.E.2d 568 (1945); Beazley v. Allen, 61 F. Supp. 929 (M.D. Ga. 1945); Russell v. Smith, 77 Ga. App. 70, 47 S.E.2d 772 (1948); Griffin v. Vandegriff, 205 Ga. 288, 53 S.E.2d 345 (1949); Flatauer v. Goodman, 84 Ga. App. 881, 67 S.E.2d 794 (1951); Faust v. General Fin. & Loan Co., 90 Ga. App. 724, 84 S.E.2d 118 (1954); Georgia Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Hardrick, 211 Ga. 709, 88 S.E.2d 394 (1955); Bailey v. Martin, 101 Ga. App. 63, 112 S.E.2d 807 (1960); Jefferson Mills, Inc. v. United States, 259 F. Supp. 305 (N.D. Ga. 1965); Kelley v. Carson, 120 Ga. App. 450, 171 S.E.2d 150 (1969); DeKalb County v. Georgia Paperstock Co., 226 Ga. 369, 174 S.E.2d 884 (1970); R.L. Kimsey Cotton Co. v. Ferguson, 233 Ga. 962, 214 S.E.2d 360 (1975); Gage v. Tiffin Motor Homes, Inc., 153 Ga. App. 704, 266 S.E.2d 345 (1980); Atkinson v. American Agency Life Ins. Co., 165 Ga. App. 102, 299 S.E.2d 600 (1983); 20/20 Vision Ctr., Inc. v. Hudgens, 256 Ga. 130, 345 S.E.2d 330 (1986); Folks, Inc. v. Dobbs, 181 Ga. App. 311, 352 S.E.2d 212 (1986); Arthur Pew Constr. Co. v. First Nat'l Bank, 827 F.2d 1488 (11th Cir. 1987); Jackson v. Southern Pan & Shoring Co., 258 Ga. 401, 369 S.E.2d 239 (1988); Credit Alliance Corp. v. National Bank, 718 F. Supp. 954 (N.D. Ga. 1989); DeLong Equip. Co. v. Washington Mills Abrasive Co., 887 F.2d 1499 (11th Cir. 1989); American Legion v. Foote & Davies, Inc., 193 Ga. App. 225, 387 S.E.2d 380 (1989); Christensen v. Intelligent Sys. Master Ltd. Partnership, 197 Ga. App. 778, 399 S.E.2d 495 (1990); Maccabees Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Morton, 941 F.2d 1181 (11th Cir. 1991); Peterson v. First Clayton Bank & Trust Co., 214 Ga. App. 94, 447 S.E.2d 63 (1994); Dooley v. Dun & Bradstreet Software Servs., Inc., 225 Ga. App. 63, 483 S.E.2d 308 (1997); F & W Agriservices, Inc. v. UAP/Ga. Ag. Chem., Inc., 250 Ga. App. 238, 549 S.E.2d 746 (2001); Vernon Library Supplies, Inc. v. Ard, 249 Ga. App. 853, 550 S.E.2d 108 (2001).

Promissory estoppel requires an enforceable promise.

- Threshold requirement of a promissory estoppel claim is that there be some enforceable promise by the adverse party. Foley Co. v. Warren Eng'g, Inc., 804 F. Supp. 1540 (N.D. Ga. 1992).

Because the plaintiff did not allege any promise made to the plaintiff by the defendant, the plaintiff's promissory estoppel claim must fail. Brooks v. Branch Banking & Trust Co., F. Supp. 2d (N.D. Ga. May 28, 2015).

Promissory estoppel requires reasonable reliance.

- Promissory estoppel cannot be applied unless the promisee reasonably relied on the promise. Fidelity & Deposit Co. v. West Point Constr. Co., 178 Ga. App. 578, 344 S.E.2d 268 (1986); Poindexter v. American Bd. of Surgery, Inc., 911 F. Supp. 1510 (N.D. Ga. 1994); Owens v. American Refuse Sys., Inc., 244 Ga. App. 780, 536 S.E.2d 782 (2000).

Because a letter of intent signed by the plaintiff specifically stated that neither party could rely on any representations made by the other party regarding whether the transaction in question would be consummated, as a matter of law, the plaintiff could not rely reasonably upon any alleged representations by the defendant. W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. v. Taco Tico Acquisition Corp., 216 Ga. App. 423, 454 S.E.2d 789 (1995).

Promissory estoppel requires only that the reliance by the injured party be reasonable, and it does not require that the injured party exhaust all other possible means of obtaining the benefit of the promise from any and all sources before being able to enforce the promise against the promisor. Mooney v. Mooney, 235 Ga. App. 117, 508 S.E.2d 766 (1998).

District court erred in granting a company summary judgment as to an investment broker's promissory estoppel claim under O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44(a) for the recovery of a commission because a jury could find that the company had promised to pay the broker a commission according to the terms of an unsigned engagement letter and that the broker had reasonably relied on that promise. Hemispherx Biopharma, Inc. v. Mid-South Capital, Inc., 690 F.3d 1216 (11th Cir. 2012).

Failure to show reliance on a promise.

- Former city employee failed to establish a promissory estoppel claim under O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44(a) based on an alleged promise by the city manager that she had a year on the job to prove herself because the employee did not show any action or forbearance she made in reliance on this promise. Goddard v. City of Albany, 285 Ga. 882, 684 S.E.2d 635 (2009).

In an action alleging multiple claims involving 33 flatbed trailers, summary judgment in favor of the trailer manufacturer was appropriate on a promissory estoppel claim because the lessee could not show that the lessee relied to the lessee's detriment upon an alleged promise that certain repairs would make the trailers safe to operate on the road; the lessee failed to present any evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of the repair protocol. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. v. Wabash Nat'l Corp., 314 Ga. App. 360, 724 S.E.2d 53 (2012).

Borrower failed to state a promissory estoppel claim based on the alleged refusal by a lender's successor to permanently modify a mortgage loan; the borrower did not allege that the successor made any promise to permanently modify the loan. Miller v. Chase Home Fin., LLC, 677 F.3d 1113 (11th Cir. 2012).

Promise performable in the future.

- Fact that a contractor's purported promise was both performable in the future and conditioned on a future event would not preclude the application of promissory estoppel. Kemire, Inc. v. Williams Investigative & Sec. Servs., Inc., 215 Ga. App. 194, 450 S.E.2d 427 (1994).

Plaintiff need not be in privity of contract with defendant to assert promissory estoppel.

- Regardless of whether or not the plaintiff was in privity of contract with the defendants, plaintiff was clearly entitled to assert a right of action against the defendants based on plaintiff alleged assurances to plaintiff, after delivery, that the metal plaintiff's contractor had purchased from the defendants was guaranteed and that its discoloration did not indicate the existence of a substantial defect. Moreover, if no consideration was given by the plaintiff in return for these assurances, the assurances were nevertheless binding based on the doctrine of promissory estoppel. Irvin v. Lowe's of Gainesville, Inc., 165 Ga. App. 828, 302 S.E.2d 734 (1983).

Compliance with expired covenants.

- Landowners, unaware that restrictive covenants had expired, relied on an agreement to extend the covenants and took no action to enact new covenants or otherwise protect their property interests, this forbearance, combined with their continued compliance with and enforcement of the covenants, bound defendant and other landowners personally to comply with the covenants. Canterbury Forest Ass'n v. Collins, 243 Ga. App. 425, 532 S.E.2d 736 (2000).

Promissory estoppel claim survived summary judgment as issue of reliance remained.

- As there was evidence that a landlord promised to pay for remediation of the tenants' property and the cost of decontaminating and storing their possessions, and questions of fact remained as to whether the landlords should have expected the tenants to rely on these promises and whether that reliance was reasonable and to the tenants' detriment, the landlords were not entitled to summary judgment on the tenants' promissory estoppel claim. Brown v. Rader, 299 Ga. App. 606, 683 S.E.2d 16 (2009).

Promise to pay for college.

- Complaint sufficiently stated a promissory estoppel claim where it alleged that a father had repeatedly promised his daughter that he would pay one-half of the costs of the daughter attending a private historically African-American college or university, that relying on this promise, the daughter applied to and was accepted into such a school, foregoing opportunities to apply to and enroll in other colleges or universities of significantly less cost, that the father nevertheless refused to honor his commitment, and that to avoid injustice, the father should have been required to honor his promise; a trial court erred in granting the father's motion to dismiss. Houston v. Houston, 267 Ga. App. 450, 600 S.E.2d 395 (2004).

Real property purchase agreements.

- Trial court erred in dismissing a real property purchaser's claims of negligent misrepresentation and promissory estoppel under O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44 as there was no requirement that the real property purchase agreement be enforceable for those claims to be actionable, and the agreement was enforceable at the time that the agreement was made, such that reliance could have been had thereon; damages were properly pled, as recovery under promissory estoppel could have been had for damages that were equitable and necessary to prevent injustice, and as to negligent misrepresentation, necessary expenses consequent upon an injury were recoverable under O.C.G.A. § 51-12-7. Hendon Props. v. Cinema Dev., LLC, 275 Ga. App. 434, 620 S.E.2d 644 (2005).

Accepting reduced rent waived landlord's claim to original claim to original lease amount.

- Trial court did not err by rejecting a landlord's claim for the difference in unpaid rent for a certain time period because there was evidence to support the trial court's finding that even if the landlord orally agreed to a reduced rent for three months, the landlord waived the landlord's right to insist on the original lease payment terms when the lessee tendered and the landlord accepted reduced rent payments before the landlord gave notice of the landlord's intent to reinstate the rent payment terms of the original lease. Jaraysi v. Sebastian, 318 Ga. App. 469, 733 S.E.2d 785 (2012), overruled on other grounds by George v. Hercules Real Estate Servs., 795 S.E.2d 81 (Ga. Ct. App. 2016).

Price quotes.

- Price quoted over the telephone by equipment supplier to general contractor preparing a bid was not enforceable in the absence of evidence that the quote was intended or understood as a "firm offer." Foley Co. v. Warren Eng'g, Inc., 804 F. Supp. 1540 (N.D. Ga. 1992).

Promise for pay increase.

- County employees could not establish a promissory estoppel claim where, O.C.G.A. § 36-30-3(a), which prevents any council from preventing free legislation by binding future county authorities to approve annual salary increases, the county could not promise mandatory annual four percent pay raises. Johnson v. Fulton County, 235 Ga. App. 277, 509 S.E.2d 355 (1998).

Franchising agreements.

- Franchisee failed to state a claim of promissory estoppel under O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44(a) because the allegations against the franchiser regarding statements about initial investment expenses, food and labor costs, the franchiser's experience, knowledge, and expertise, and the franchiser's perfected system of opening and operating its franchises were not manifestations of an intention to act or refrain from action; instead, the statements were merely representations and not promises, and an actionable claim of promissory estoppel required reliance on a promise, rather than a representation of fact. Am. Casual Dining, L.P. v. Moe's Southwest Grill, L.L.C., 426 F. Supp. 2d 1356 (N.D. Ga. 2006).

Stylist's promissory-estoppel claim was properly dismissed when artist's alleged promises were, as a matter of law, nothing more than offers to "work something out" about a future television show and wig venture, and the district court did not err in finding them too vague to be enforceable. Davidson v. Maraj, F.3d (11th Cir. Apr. 24, 2015)(Unpublished).

Employee benefits.

- Because the evidence did not support a finding that an employer promised to extend a service contract with an employee benefits plan administrator, the trial court properly granted summary judgment to the employer on the administrator's promissory estoppel claim. Hewitt Assocs., LLC v. Rollins, Inc., 294 Ga. App. 600, 669 S.E.2d 551 (2008).

Consultant fees.

- In an action by one consultant for unpaid fees in connection with a project to revitalize a public housing facility, material issues of fact precluded summary judgment to another consultant and the consultant's associated holding company on claims for promissory estoppel when in light of the testimony and evidence of record, including an e-mail, a trier of fact could have concluded that the second consultant promised to pay the first consultant ten percent of that consultant's net developer's fee, an amount sufficiently definite to be enforced. Jones v. White, 311 Ga. App. 822, 717 S.E.2d 322 (2011).

Real estate developers' reliance on a supermarket's assurances regarding its desire to lease space in a shopping center was unreasonable, in the light of the supermarket's clear intention not to become obligated until a lease was drafted, approved, and signed by both parties. Doll v. Grand Union Co., 925 F.2d 1363 (11th Cir. 1991).

Unjust enrichment for improvements to real estate.

- Order of the trial court dismissing the plaintiff's complaint with prejudice was reversed, and the case was remanded for further proceedings because the plaintiff's allegations that the defendant failed to reimburse the plaintiff for improvements made to the real property was a claim for unjust enrichment and such a claim also supported a claim for promissory estoppel. Campbell v. Ailion, 338 Ga. App. 382, 790 S.E.2d 68 (2016).

An employee could not reasonably rely upon oral promises of certain payments by an employer, since an earlier agreement regarding compensation specified that the agreement could be altered only in writing and this was never done. Gerdes v. Russell Rowe Communications, Inc., 232 Ga. App. 534, 502 S.E.2d 352 (1998).

Promise of agency agreement.

- Since the evidence showed that, even if a promise of an exclusive one year agency agreement was conditional upon the working out of details, there was a material issue of fact concerning whether this condition was fulfilled and whether the defendants should have reasonably expected to induce the action taken by plaintiffs, the trial court erroneously granted summary judgment to defendants on plaintiffs' promissory estoppel claim. Pacrim Assocs. v. Turner Home Entertainment, Inc., 235 Ga. App. 761, 510 S.E.2d 52 (1998).

Stockholder in venture capital firm.

- Trial court granted summary judgment to the venture capital firm on the first stockholder's promissory estoppel claim against the venture capital firm regarding a reverse merger; the first stockholder entered into the reverse merger after the venture capital firm had investigated the publicly-traded company to be acquired in that merger, which subsequently went bankrupt and prevented the first stockholder from redeeming shares the first stockholder had in that company; the documents that the first stockholder signed regarding the reverse merger disclaimed any reliance on oral agreements that the first stockholder might have entered into regarding the reverse merger, and, thus, the first stockholder could not show reasonable reliance on any such oral agreements, such as the allegation that the venture capital firm had guaranteed the redemption of the shares of stock in order to get the first stockholder to sign the reverse merger documents. Tampa Bay Fin., Inc. v. Nordeen, 272 Ga. App. 529, 612 S.E.2d 856 (2005).

Insurance policies.

- When an insurer was advised that its insured was ordered to maintain a particular life insurance policy for the benefit of a former wife, its statement to the former wife that it would "consider" that order before taking any action under the policy did not create a promissory estoppel claim, under O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44(a), by the former wife against the insurer, when the insurer paid life insurance benefits to the insured's new wife, upon the husband's death, rather than to the former wife, because the insurer could not reasonably expect that the former wife would rely on that alleged promise, as the insurer did not commit itself to take or refrain from any particular action regarding the policy. McReynolds v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 276 Ga. App. 747, 624 S.E.2d 218 (2005).

Plaintiff insurer's O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44(a) promissory estoppel claim, contending that the defendant insurer was precluded from recovering defense and settlement costs in excess of 25%, failed because the plaintiff did not rely to plaintiff's detriment on a letter from the defendant, which proposed that the plaintiff pay 25 percent of costs, as the plaintiff never responded to that letter and that letter did not induce any action of forbearance on the plaintiff's part. Graphic Arts Mut. Ins. Co. v. Essex Ins. Co., 465 F. Supp. 2d 1290 (N.D. Ga. 2006).

Although the insured argued that because of the agent's representations that the insured would provide retroactive coverage if the insured renewed the insured's policy with the insurer rather than entering into a new insurance contract with another company at a lower rate, at the very most, the insured's reliance on the agent's promise of retroactive coverage cost the insured the difference in insurance premiums; however, this theory of detrimental reliance could not provide the insured with a basis to recover damages in relation to the insurer's refusal to cover the insured's crash. Rutland v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., F.3d (11th Cir. Aug. 12, 2010)(Unpublished).

When an insured was in a car crash after an insurer canceled the policy for failing to pay the premium and an insurance employee allegedly told the insured that the insurer would provide retroactive coverage for the crash if the insured paid the past-due amount, the insurer had no duty to defend the insured because, inter alia, promissory estoppel did not apply since the representations made by the employee occurred after the car accident and after the policy had been canceled for non-payment. Rutland v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., F.3d (11th Cir. May 12, 2011)(Unpublished).

Claim a bank filed against a corporate debtor's Chapter 7 bankruptcy estate was not barred by the doctrine of promissory estoppel under O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44 or the doctrine of judicial estoppel and was not satisfied under O.C.G.A. § 13-4-101 because the bank sued a company that insured property the debtor owned after the debtor's property was damaged in a fire, in an attempt to recover a debt the bank was owed by a business that was affiliated with the debtor, and settled that case; the bank held a valid claim for money the bank was owed that the bank did not recover from the insurance company and the settlement the bank reached with the insurance company did not affect the bank's right to seek payment of the bank's claim from the debtor's bankruptcy estate. In re PMF Enters. v. SouthCrest Bank (In re PMF Enters.), 517 Bankr. 350 (Bankr. M.D. Ga. 2014), aff'd, 531 Bankr. 881 (M.D. Ga. 2015).

Breach of contract.

- In a cottonseed buyer's suit for breach of contract against a cottonseed seller, the trial court properly granted summary judgment to the seller as no mutuality as to the contract terms existed since the buyer never obtained credit approval. Further, the buyer's reliance on the purported promise was unreasonable as a matter of law; thus, promissory estoppel did not apply as the buyer never received credit approval, which was an essential element of the cottonseed business. AgriCommodities, Inc. v. J. D. Heiskell & Co., 297 Ga. App. 210, 676 S.E.2d 847 (2009).

Applicant's claim of promissory estoppel, based on the applicant's acts, including declining a job offer, in reliance on a promise of a job and substantial company stock, failed because a reasonable person would not rely on such a promise that was not reduced to writing. Reindel v. Mobile Content Network Co., LLC, 652 F. Supp. 2d 1278 (N.D. Ga. 2009).

Trial court erred by dismissing the mortgagor's complaint for failure to state a claim because the mortgagee did not show that the mortgagor could not possibly introduce evidence within the framework of the complaint sufficient to warrant a grant of the relief on the claim for promissory estoppel as the prayer for relief included a request for both damages and that the mortgagor be allowed to complete the loan modification process. Mbigi v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., 336 Ga. App. 316, 785 S.E.2d 8 (2016).

Summary judgment improper.

- Complaint alleging that an agreement had been reached between plaintiff's neighbor and a representative of an animal control facility for the safekeeping of plaintiff's dogs while plaintiff was hospitalized, set forth a claim for promissory estoppel, O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44(a), and plaintiff, as a principal, would be entitled to damages suffered as a result of representations made to the plaintiff's neighbor, the plaintiff's authorized agent acting on the plaintiff's behalf, to protect the well-being of the plaintiff's dogs. Thus, a grant of summary judgment in favor of the operator of the animal control facility was reversed. Greenway v. Northside Hosp., 317 Ga. App. 371, 730 S.E.2d 742 (2012).

Restrictions on vacant property.

- When the plaintiffs produced evidence that agents and principals of a development company promised that adjoining vacant property would be at least as restricted as the plaintiffs' lots, and that these promises induced the appellees to purchase lots and homes in a subdivision, under subsection (a) of O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44 the plaintiffs have produced sufficient evidence to create an issue of fact as to whether the defendants should be bound by promissory estoppel. Knotts Landing Corp. v. Lathem, 256 Ga. 321, 348 S.E.2d 651 (1986).

Restrictive covenants.

- Doctrine of promissory estoppel did not apply to bind landowners to uphold legally insufficient restrictive covenants to which the landowners never agreed. Duffy v. Landings Ass'n, 245 Ga. App. 104, 536 S.E.2d 758 (2000).

Homeowners' association's failure to enforce stormwater covenant.

- Genuine issues of material fact remained as to whether a homeowners' association (HOA) was estopped under O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44(a) from enforcing a stormwater facilities maintenance covenant against owners whose home had flooded because the HOA had repeatedly taken the position that the county, not the owners, was responsible for the repairs. Polo Golf & Country Club Homeowners' Ass'n v. Rymer, 294 Ga. 489, 754 S.E.2d 42 (2014).

Termination of oral distributorship.

- Promissory estoppel was inapplicable to situation where manufacturer terminated oral distributorship. Loy's Office Supplies, Inc. v. Steelcase, Inc., 174 Ga. App. 701, 331 S.E.2d 75 (1985).

Estoppel not invoked by hospital agent's statement regarding insurance coverage.

- There could be no detrimental reliance on a hospital agent's erroneous statement that a patient's treatment would be covered by insurance since the agent did not tell the patient something the patient did not already believe or know, and the patient had an opportunity to inquire of the patient's insurer whether the patient's care would be covered. LaVeau v. Republic Health Corp., 181 Ga. App. 106, 351 S.E.2d 506 (1986).

Hospital's promise to protect a patient's dogs.

- Trial court erred by granting the motion for summary judgment of a private entity operating a county animal control shelter because genuine issues of material fact existed as to whether the shelter could be held liable for the euthanization of a hospitalized patient's dogs based upon the theory of promissory estoppel since while the releases may have authorized the shelter to euthanize the dogs, the shelter was also authorized to subsequently enter into a promise not to do so; thus, the patient, as a principal, would be entitled to damages suffered as a result of representations made to the patient's authorized agent acting on the patient's behalf to protect the well-being of the patient's dogs. Greenway v. Northside Hosp., 317 Ga. App. 371, 730 S.E.2d 742 (2012).

After employer undertook to have renovation work done in a portion of the plant, and contracted with another to do the floor refinishing, an employee was not a party to the contract but was, at best, an incidental beneficiary. Church v. SMS Enters., 186 Ga. App. 791, 368 S.E.2d 554 (1988).

Promise of employment for indefinite period.

- Principle of promissory estoppel, codified in subsection (a) of O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44, has no application where the promise relied on was for employment for an indefinite period. Barker v. CTC Sales Corp., 199 Ga. App. 742, 406 S.E.2d 88, cert. denied, 199 Ga. App. 905, 406 S.E.2d 88 (1991).

Employee whose employment was for an indefinite term, and for that reason was terminable at the will of the employer, had no cause of action for the employer's alleged failure to honor the terms of the employee's employment contract under the doctrine of promissory estoppel. The doctrine of promissory estoppel codified at subsection (a) of O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44 has no application to enforce executory promises pertaining to employment for an indefinite term. Also, any promises upon which the employee could rely to show misrepresentation were unenforceable because the employee's underlying employment contract, being terminable at will, was unenforceable. Johnson v. Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Auth., 207 Ga. App. 869, 429 S.E.2d 285, cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1016, 114 S. Ct. 612, 126 L. Ed. 2d 577 (1993).

Trial court did not err in finding that the terminated employees did not state a claim upon which relief could be granted related to their claim that the doctrine of promissory estoppel applied to the alleged promise of the businesses not to fire the employees for participating in a government inspection of the businesses' facilities, and was an exception to the employee's at-will employment, as the doctrine of promissory estoppel did not allow for enforcement of executory promises pertaining to employment for an indefinite term. Balmer v. Elan Corp., 261 Ga. App. 543, 583 S.E.2d 131 (2003), aff'd, 278 Ga. 227, 599 S.E.2d 158 (2004).

Promise of child support.

- When defendant in a support proceeding who was not the natural or formally adoptive father of the child had voluntarily assumed a duty to support and continued to support the child for a period of 10 years, the duty remained enforceable. Wright v. Newman, 266 Ga. 519, 467 S.E.2d 533 (1996).

Former wife's allegations that she detrimentally relied on the former husband's repeated promises to financially support the parties' grandchild, of which they had custody, stated a claim for promissory estoppel in her action seeking child support. Mooney v. Mooney, 235 Ga. App. 117, 508 S.E.2d 766 (1998).

Trial court erred by requiring an ex-spouse to pay child support for a child of whom the ex-spouse was not the biological parent of, despite allegedly promising to pay, because the trial court incorrectly applied the doctrine of promissory estoppel to the agreement as there was no evidence that the promise to pay support caused the actual parent/ex-spouse of the child to forego a valuable legal right to the actual parent's/ex-spouse's detriment. Garcia v. Garcia, 284 Ga. 152, 663 S.E.2d 709 (2008).

Not applicable to O.C.G.A.

§ 11-8-319. - The circumstances set out in paragraphs (b) through (d) of O.C.G.A. § 11-8-319 do not include promissory estoppel. Promissory estoppel is thus unavailable to plaintiffs in plaintiffs' effort to be relieved of the burden of proving an enforceable written agreement. Anderson Chem. Co. v. Portals Water Treatment, Inc., 768 F. Supp. 1568 (M.D. Ga. 1991), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 971 F.2d 756 (11th Cir. 1992).

Sale of business.

- Evidence that, in reliance on the promise of the first purchaser and the second purchaser to buy the corporation's store and pay the purchase price over time by paying the corporation to process all clothes brought to the store, the corporation closed the corporate store, transferred the store's inventory and customer base to the first purchaser and the second purchaser at their nearby new location, actively referred all the store's customers to the new store location, refrained from competing against the store, and agreed to allow the store to use the store's trade name, was sufficient to support the jury's verdict against the first purchaser and the second purchaser under the principles of promissory estoppel. DeCelles v. Morgan Cleaners & Laundry, Inc., 261 Ga. App. 690, 583 S.E.2d 462 (2003).

Extension on closing date.

- Because a buyer under a real estate contract failed to present evidence of any efforts it took to get the property rezoned after an extension of the closing date was signed, or evidence of any forebearance resulting from the buyer's reliance upon the extension, there was no detrimental reliance, and the buyer's claim that the extension was enforceable by means of promissory estoppel was meritless. Lotus Prop. Dev., LLC v. Greer, 278 Ga. App. 773, 630 S.E.2d 112 (2006).

No promise to consummate sale.

- Defendant may have promised that the defendant was interested in acquiring the hospital, that the defendant planned to pursue negotiations, and that the defendant had every intention of finalizing and executing the Asset Sales Agreement, but the plaintiffs could not point to a single instance in which the defendant promised to consummate the sale; moreover, even if the evidence showed that a promise sufficient to support a promissory estoppel claim had been made, the express language that appears in the letter of intent was fatal to the plaintiffs' claim of reasonable reliance. St. Joseph Hosp. v. Health Mgmt. Assocs., F. Supp. 2d (S.D. Ga. Mar. 30, 2011).

Ultra vires action of public official does not support promissory estoppel claim.

- County administrator incorrectly advised a former county employee that the employee would start receiving retirement benefits in nine years. As the administrator disregarded and deviated from the terms of the county retirement plan, rather than simply making a mistake during an otherwise authorized action under the plan, the administrator engaged in an ultra vires action that could not support the employee's promissory estoppel claim under O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44(a). Mullis v. Bibb County, 294 Ga. App. 721, 669 S.E.2d 716 (2008).

Homeowners' association member's promise to resident.

- Trial court did not err in granting a homeowners' association summary judgment on a resident's promissory estoppel claim because the resident failed to come forward with any evidence creating an issue of fact on the resident's claim; the resident stated that a member of the association promised the resident that the association would store the resident's airboat but that claim rested on statements allegedly made to the resident by the member, which were hearsay. Campbell v. Landings Ass'n, 311 Ga. App. 476, 716 S.E.2d 543 (2011).

No pre-lease promise.

- There existed no pre-lease promise to finish construction of an office building because the lease agreement contained a merger clause and an amendment was signed by the lessee with full knowledge that the landlord's promise of completion by a certain date had not occurred; thus, the lessee could not establish that the lessee was induced to sign the lease in reliance on the promise. Jaraysi v. Sebastian, 318 Ga. App. 469, 733 S.E.2d 785 (2012), overruled on other grounds by George v. Hercules Real Estate Servs., 795 S.E.2d 81 (Ga. Ct. App. 2016).

Bank entitled to collect upon indebtedness of defaulted loan.

- Bank was entitled to collect upon the indebtedness of a defaulted loan because the evidence did not support the defense of promissory estoppel as the alleged promise supporting the promissory estoppel claim was vague and indefinite. Griffin v. State Bank, 312 Ga. App. 87, 718 S.E.2d 35 (2011).

Promises arose from underlying contracts.

- Because "promises" which the borrower sought to enforce arose from underlying contracts (note, security deed and settlement agreement), promissory estoppel did not apply. Phillips v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, F. Supp. 2d (N.D. Ga. Sept. 10, 2013).

Promissory note.

- Trial court did not err by finding a lack of a genuine issue of fact as to whether makers and guarantors reasonably relied on any promises made by a trust company to extend the original loan because nothing in their testimony established evidence of anything beyond negotiations to extend a promissory note; assumptions that the company would extend the original loan at the same terms without any definite statement by the company about the terms of the proposed loan did not create an issue of fact for the jury. 685 Penn, LLC v. Stabilis Fund I, L.P., 316 Ga. App. 210, 728 S.E.2d 840 (2012).

Application to written but not oral mutual subscriptions.

- Application to mutual subscriptions, which means written promises mutually entered into by subscribers, but statute is not sufficiently broad to include oral promises and cannot be so extended. YMCA v. Estill, 140 Ga. 291, 78 S.E. 1075, 48 L.R.A. (n.s.) 783, 1914D Ann. Cas. 136 (1913) (decided prior to the passage of Ga. L. 1981, p. 876).