Mass. Gen. Laws » Part II Title III Chapter 208
Massachusetts General Laws

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 208, § 31A (2026)

Visitation and custody orders; consideration of abuse toward parent or child; best interest of child

✓ current as of July 2026
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Section 31A. In issuing any temporary or permanent custody order, the probate and family court shall consider evidence of past or present abuse toward a parent or child as a factor contrary to the best interest of the child. For the purposes of this section, ''abuse'' shall mean the occurrence of one or more of the following acts between a parent and the other parent or between a parent and child: (a) attempting to cause or causing bodily injury; or (b) placing another in reasonable fear of imminent bodily injury. ''Serious incident of abuse'' shall mean the occurrence of one or more of the following acts between a parent and the other parent or between a parent and child: (a) attempting to cause or causing serious bodily injury; (b) placing another in reasonable fear of imminent serious bodily injury; or (c) causing another to engage involuntarily in sexual relations by force, threat or duress. For purposes of this section, ''bodily injury'' and ''serious bodily injury'' shall have the same meanings as provided in section 13K of chapter 265.

A probate and family court's finding, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a pattern or serious incident of abuse has occurred shall create a rebuttable presumption that it is not in the best interests of the child to be placed in sole custody, shared legal custody or shared physical custody with the abusive parent. Such presumption may be rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence that such custody award is in the best interests of the child. For the purposes of this section, ''an abusive parent'' shall mean a parent who has committed a pattern of abuse or a serious incident of abuse.

For the purposes of this section, the issuance of an order or orders under chapter 209A shall not in and of itself constitute a pattern or serious incident of abuse; nor shall an order or orders entered ex parte under said chapter 209A be admissible to show whether a pattern or serious incident of abuse has in fact occurred; provided, however, that an order or orders entered ex parte under said chapter 209A may be admissible for other purposes as the court may determine, other than showing whether a pattern or serious incident of abuse has in fact occurred; provided further, that the underlying facts upon which an order or orders under said chapter 209A was based may also form the basis for a finding by the probate and family court that a pattern or serious incident of abuse has occurred.

If the court finds that a pattern or serious incident of abuse has occurred and issues a temporary or permanent custody order, the court shall within 90 days enter written findings of fact as to the effects of the abuse on the child, which findings demonstrate that such order is in the furtherance of the child's best interests and provides for the safety and well-being of the child.

If ordering visitation to the abusive parent, the court shall provide for the safety and well-being of the child and the safety of the abused parent. The court may consider:

(a) ordering an exchange of the child to occur in a protected setting or in the presence of an appropriate third party;

(b) ordering visitation supervised by an appropriate third party, visitation center or agency;

(c) ordering the abusive parent to attend and complete, to the satisfaction of the court, a certified batterer's treatment program as a condition of visitation;

(d) ordering the abusive parent to abstain from possession or consumption of alcohol or controlled substances during the visitation and for 24 hours preceding visitation;

(e) ordering the abusive parent to pay the costs of supervised visitation;

(f) prohibiting overnight visitation;

(g) requiring a bond from the abusive parent for the return and safety of the child;

(h) ordering an investigation or appointment of a guardian ad litem or attorney for the child; and

(i) imposing any other condition that is deemed necessary to provide for the safety and well-being of the child and the safety of the abused parent.

Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect the right of the parties to a hearing under the rules of domestic relations procedure or to affect the discretion of the probate and family court in the conduct of such hearings.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 22 cases (7 in the last 5 years), 2001–2026 · leading case: Schechter v. Schechter, 37 N.E.3d 632 (Mass. App. Ct. 2015).
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Schechter v. Schechter, 37 N.E.3d 632 (Mass. App. Ct. 2015). · cites it 2× “) In the circumstances, this amounted to a finding of a “serious incident of abuse” under G. L. c. 208, § 31A (part [b] of definition), which triggered the presumption.”
Care & Prot. of Lillith, 807 N.E.2d 237 (Mass. App. Ct. 2004). · cites it 2× “547, 549, 551 (2002) (remand of an order granting father visitatian for findings consistent with Custody of Vaughn as codified in statutory directive of G. L. c. 208, § 31A, requiring judges to “consider evidence of past or present abuse .”
Maalouf v. Saliba, 766 N.E.2d 552 (Mass. App. Ct. 2002). · cites it 2× “” 3 G. L. c. 208, § 31A. Upon making a finding that a pattern or serious incident of abuse has occurred, the court is required to make written findings of fact within ninety days as to the effects of the abuse on the child.”
Care & Prot. of Georgette, 768 N.E.2d 549 (Mass. App. Ct. 2002). “G. L. c. 208, § 31A, which requires the judge, in considering the issue of visitation by a non-custodial parent found to be abusive, to “provide[] for the safety and well-being of the child” and authorizes the court to “impos[e] any .”
Modica v. Sheriff of Suffolk Cnty., 74 N.E.3d 1233 (Mass. 2017). “111, § 72K (abuse and neglect of patients or residents in long-term care); G. L. c. 208, § 31A (parent’s abuse a factor in determining custody of children); G.”
Commonwealth v. Rauseo, 740 N.E.2d 1053 (Mass. App. Ct. 2001). “119, § 39D (grandparent visitation); G. L. c. 208, § 31A (divorce visitation in context of abuse); G.”
S.P. v. B.D., 94 N.E.3d 880 (Mass. App. Ct. 2017). “at 549 -551 , this court addressed the requirements of G. L. c. 208, § 31A (applicable to custody determinations in divorce cases), which, for the purpose of this discussion, are identical to those of G.”
Mays v. Lee, 123 N.E.3d 802 (Mass. App. Ct. 2019). · cites it 7× “2 Because we conclude that the judge failed to make findings as required by G. L. c. 208, § 31A, we vacate the modification judgment in part and remand for further proceedings consistent with this memorandum and order.”
H.B. v. D.B. (Mass. App. Ct. 2023). · cites it 6× “, appeals, arguing that the judge erred by (1) failing to adequately consider evidence of domestic violence in the household and alleged sexual abuse of the daughter by the father; (2) declining to apply a rebuttable presumption against granting custody to the father under G. L.…”
S.N.B. v. P.K.M. (Mass. App. Ct. 2024). · cites it 6× “The wife next contends that the judge erred in granting the husband supervised parenting time (rather than no parenting time) without making required findings under G. L. c. 208, § 31A, addressing the effect of the husband's abusive behavior on the children.”
McKnight v. Fisher, 102 N.E.3d 1031 (Mass. App. Ct. 2018). · cites it 4× “" The judge acknowledged that the husband loves the child and "wants to retain the ability to participate in important decisions in the child's life"; however, the judge questioned whether the husband "has the ability to control his outbursts, rages and abusive behavior toward…”
Adoption of Jacob (Mass. App. Ct. 2021). · cites it 3× “G. L. c. 208, § 31A. See Malachi M. v. Quintina Q.”
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