Michigan Compiled Laws

Mich. Comp. Laws § 450.832 (2026)

Definitions.

✓ current as of July 2026

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UNIFORM ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ACT

Act 305 of 2000

450.832 Definitions.

Sec. 2.

As used in this act:

(a) "Agreement" means the bargain of the parties in fact, as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances and from rules, regulations, and procedures given the effect of agreements under laws otherwise applicable to a particular transaction.

(b) "Automated transaction" means a transaction conducted or performed, in whole or in part, by electronic means or electronic records, in which the acts or records of 1 or both parties are not reviewed by an individual in the ordinary course in forming a contract, performing under an existing contract, or fulfilling an obligation required by the transaction.

(c) "Computer program" means a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in an information processing system in order to bring about a certain result.

(d) "Contract" means the total legal obligation resulting from the parties' agreement as affected by this act and other applicable law.

(e) "Electronic" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.

(f) "Electronic agent" means a computer program or an electronic or other automated means used independently to initiate an action or respond to electronic records or performances in whole or in part, without review or action by an individual.

(g) "Electronic record" means a record created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored by electronic means.

(h) "Electronic signature" means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

(i) "Governmental agency" means an executive, legislative, or judicial agency, department, board, commission, authority, institution, or instrumentality of the federal, state, or local government.

(j) "Information" means, but is not limited to, data, text, images, sounds, codes, computer programs, software and databases.

(k) "Information processing system" means an electronic system for creating, generating, sending, receiving, storing, displaying, or processing information.

(l) "Person" means an individual, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, association, governmental entity, or any other legal entity.

(m) "Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.

(n) "Security procedure" means a procedure employed for the purpose of verifying that an electronic signature, record, or performance is that of a specific person or for detecting changes or errors in the information in an electronic record. The term includes a procedure that requires the use of algorithms or other codes, identifying words or numbers, encryption, or callback or other acknowledgment procedures.

(o) "State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The term includes an Indian tribe or band, or Alaskan native village, which is recognized by federal law or formally acknowledged by a state.

(p) "Transaction" means an action or set of actions occurring between 2 or more persons relating to the conduct of business, commercial, or governmental affairs.

History: 2000, Act 305, Imd. Eff. Oct. 16, 2000

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 14 cases (7 in the last 5 years), 2007–2026 · leading case: Kloian v. Domino's Pizza, LLC, 733 N.W.2d 766 (Mich. Ct. App. 2007).

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Kloian v. Domino's Pizza, LLC, 733 N.W.2d 766 (Mich. Ct. App. 2007). “” MCL 450.832(h). However, MCR 2.507(H) does not require a “signature”; it requires a “writing, subscribed” by the party against whom enforcement is sought.”

Gillis v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 875 F. Supp. 2d 728 (E.D. Mich. 2012). · cites it 2× “” Mich. Comp. Laws § 450.832 (h). . In its reply brief, Wells Fargo also argues that Ms.”

Bronson Health Care Grp. Inc v. Esurance Prop. & Cas. Ins (Mich. Ct. App. 2023). · cites it 4× “[1] MCL 450.832(h) of the UETA provides, “ ‘Electronic signature’ means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.”

Halabu Holdings, LLC v. Old Nat'l Bancorp (E.D. Mich. 2020). · cites it 4× “” Mich. Comp. Laws § 450.832 (h). Here, a factfinder would be exceedingly unlikely to find that the 2/4/2020 9:21 a.”

20250130_C366152_33_366152.Opn.Pdf (Mich. Ct. App. 2025). · cites it 3× “MCL 450.832(h) defines an electronic signature as “an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.”

Boykin v. Fam. Dollar Stores of Michigan, Inc. (E.D. Mich. 2020). · cites it 2× “1095 (citing Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 450.832 (h)). The Court determined that the instant matter was similar to the circumstances present in Hall v.”

Tiffany Carroll v. Progressive Michigan Ins. Co. (Mich. Ct. App. 2025). · cites it 2× “4 MCL 450.832(h) provides, “ ‘Electronic signature’ means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.”

Theodore L Harpham II v. Big Moose Home Inspections Inc (Mich. Ct. App. 2015). · cites it 2× “” MCL 450.832(h). (1) An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it is the act of the person.”

Raymond L Frick Trust v. Bradley Spice (Mich. Ct. App. 2018). “” MCL 450.832(h). However, MCR 2.507(H) does not require a “signature”; it requires a “writing, subscribed” by the party against whom enforcement is sought.”

Int'l Union Spfpa v. Steve Angelo Maritas (Mich. Ct. App. 2023). “” MCL 450.832(h) (emphasis added). The trial court did not err when it determined that the signatures on the stipulated order satisfied the statute of frauds with respect to the 2013 settlement agreement.”

Brody v. CultureSource (E.D. Mich. 2020). “§ 450.832(h) (defining electronic signature as “an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record”).”

Borsand Fam. Found. Inc v. Woodward Avenue Grp. LLC (Mich. Ct. App. 2025). “” MCL 450.832(h). Plaintiffs note that the emails from their attorney included boilerplate at the bottom stating that “[n]either .”

Show all 14 citing cases →

— Mich. Comp. Laws § 450.832(h) — 11 cases

Bronson Health Care Grp. Inc v. Esurance Prop. & Cas. Ins (Mich. Ct. App. 2023). “[1] MCL 450.832(h) of the UETA provides, “ ‘Electronic signature’ means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.”

20250130_C366152_33_366152.Opn.Pdf (Mich. Ct. App. 2025). “MCL 450.832(h) defines an electronic signature as “an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.”

Halabu Holdings, LLC v. Old Nat'l Bancorp (E.D. Mich. 2020). “” Mich. Comp. Laws § 450.832 (h). Here, a factfinder would be exceedingly unlikely to find that the 2/4/2020 9:21 a.”

Theodore L Harpham II v. Big Moose Home Inspections Inc (Mich. Ct. App. 2015). “” MCL 450.832(h). (1) An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it is the act of the person.”

— Mich. Comp. Laws § 450.832(n) — 2 cases

Tiffany Carroll v. Progressive Michigan Ins. Co. (Mich. Ct. App. 2025). “4 MCL 450.832(h) provides, “ ‘Electronic signature’ means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.”

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