Mich. Comp. Laws » Michigan Compiled Laws / Chapter 722 / Act 238 of 1975
Michigan Compiled Laws

Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622 (2026)

Definitions.

✓ current as of July 2026
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CHILD PROTECTION LAW


Act 238 of 1975


722.622 Definitions.

Sec. 2.

    As used in this act:

    (a) "Adult foster care location authorized to care for a child" means an adult foster care family home or adult foster care small group home as defined in section 3 of the adult foster care facility licensing act, 1979 PA 218, MCL 400.703, in which a child is placed in accordance with section 5 of 1973 PA 116, MCL 722.115.

    (b) "Attorney" means, if appointed to represent a child under the provisions referenced in section 10, an attorney serving as the child's legal advocate in the manner defined and described in section 13a of chapter XIIA of the probate code of 1939, 1939 PA 288, MCL 712A.13a.

    (c) "Central registry" means a repository of names of individuals who are identified as perpetrators related to a central registry case in the department's statewide electronic case management system.

    (d) "Central registry case" means the department confirmed that a person responsible for the child's health or welfare committed serious abuse or neglect, sexual abuse, or sexual exploitation of a child, or allowed a child to be exposed to or have contact with methamphetamine production.

    (e) "Centralized intake" means the department's statewide centralized processing center for reports of suspected child abuse and child neglect.

    (f) "Child" means an individual under 18 years of age.

    (g) "Child abuse" means harm or threatened harm to a child's health or welfare that occurs through nonaccidental physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, or maltreatment, by a parent, a legal guardian, any other person responsible for the child's health or welfare, a teacher, a teacher's aide, a member of the clergy, or an individual 18 years of age or older who is involved with a youth program.

    (h) "Child care organization" means that term as defined in section 1 of 1973 PA 116, MCL 722.111.

    (i) "Child care provider" means an owner, operator, employee, or volunteer of a child care organization or of an adult foster care location authorized to care for a child.

    (j) "Child care regulatory agency" means the department of licensing and regulatory affairs, the department's division of child welfare licensing, or a successor state department that is responsible for the licensing or registration of child care organizations or the licensing of adult foster care locations authorized to care for a child.

    (k) "Child neglect" means harm or threatened harm to a child's health or welfare by a parent, legal guardian, or any other person responsible for the child's health or welfare that occurs through either of the following:

    (i) Negligent treatment, including the failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care, though financially able to do so, or by the failure to seek financial or other reasonable means to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care.

    (ii) Placing a child at an unreasonable risk to the child's health or welfare by failure of the parent, legal guardian, or other person responsible for the child's health or welfare to intervene to eliminate that risk when that person is able to do so and has, or should have, knowledge of the risk.

    (l) "Children's advocacy center" means an entity accredited as a child advocacy center by the National Children's Alliance or its successor agency or an entity granted associate or developing membership status by the National Children's Alliance or its successor agency.

    (m) "Citizen review panel" means a panel established as required by section 5106a of the child abuse prevention and treatment act, 42 USC 5106a.

    (n) "Confirmed case" means the department has determined, by a preponderance of evidence, that child abuse or child neglect occurred by a person responsible for the child's health, welfare, or care.

    (o) "Confirmed case of methamphetamine production" means a confirmed case that involved a child's exposure or contact with methamphetamine production.

    (p) "Confirmed serious abuse or neglect" means a confirmed case of mental injury or physical injury or neglect to a child that involves any of the following:

    (i) Battering, torture, or other serious physical harm.

    (ii) Loss or serious impairment of an organ or limb.

    (iii) Life-threatening injury.

    (iv) Murder or attempted murder.

    (v) Serious mental harm.

    (q) "Confirmed sexual abuse" means a confirmed case that involves sexual penetration, sexual contact, attempted sexual penetration, or assault with intent to penetrate as those terms are defined in section 520a of the Michigan penal code, 1931 PA 328, MCL 750.520a.

    (r) "Confirmed sexual exploitation" means a confirmed case that involves allowing, permitting, or encouraging a child to engage in prostitution, or allowing, permitting, encouraging, or engaging in the photographing, filming, or depicting of a child engaged in a listed sexual act as that term is defined in section 145c of the Michigan penal code, 1931 PA 328, MCL 750.145c.

    (s) "Controlled substance" means that term as defined in section 7104 of the public health code, 1978 PA 368, MCL 333.7104.

    (t) "Department" means the department of health and human services.

    (u) "Director" means the director of the department.

    (v) "Electronic case management system" means the child protective service information system, that is an internal data system maintained within and by the department.

    (w) "Expunge" means to physically remove or eliminate and destroy a record or report.

    (x) "Lawyer-guardian ad litem" means an attorney appointed under section 10 who has the powers and duties referenced by section 10.

    (y) "Local office file" means the system used to keep a record of a written report, document, or photograph filed with and maintained by a county or a regionally based office of the department.

    (z) "Member of the clergy" means a priest, minister, rabbi, Christian science practitioner, spiritual leader, or other religious practitioner, or similar functionary of a church, temple, spiritual community, or recognized religious body, denomination, or organization.

    (aa) "Nonparent adult" means a person who is 18 years of age or older and who, regardless of the person's domicile, meets all of the following criteria in relation to a child:

    (i) Has substantial and regular contact with the child.

    (ii) Has a close personal relationship with the child's parent or with a person responsible for the child's health or welfare.

    (iii) Is not the child's parent or a person otherwise related to the child by blood or affinity to the third degree.

    (bb) "Online reporting system" means the electronic system established by the department for individuals identified in section 3(1) to report suspected child abuse or child neglect.

    (cc) "Person responsible for the child's health or welfare" means a parent, legal guardian, individual 18 years of age or older who resides for any length of time in the same home in which the child resides, or, except when used in section 7(1)(e) or 8(8), nonparent adult; or an owner, operator, volunteer, or employee of 1 or more of the following:

    (i) A licensed or registered child care organization.

    (ii) A licensed or unlicensed adult foster care family home or adult foster care small group home as defined in section 3 of the adult foster care facility licensing act, 1979 PA 218, MCL 400.703.

    (iii) A court-operated facility as approved under section 14 of the social welfare act, 1939 PA 280, MCL 400.14.

    (dd) "Relevant evidence" means evidence having a tendency to make the existence of a fact that is at issue more probable than it would be without the evidence.

    (ee) "Serious mental harm" and "serious physical harm" mean those terms as defined in section 136b of the Michigan penal code, 1931 PA 328, MCL 750.136b.

    (ff) "Specified information" means information in a children's protective services case record related specifically to the department's actions in responding to a complaint of child abuse or child neglect. Specified information does not include any of the following:

    (i) Except as provided in this subparagraph regarding a perpetrator of child abuse or child neglect, personal identification information for any individual identified in a child protective services record. The exclusion of personal identification information as specified information prescribed by this subparagraph does not include personal identification information identifying an individual alleged to have perpetrated child abuse or child neglect, which allegation has been classified as a central registry case.

    (ii) Information in a police agency report or other law enforcement agency report as provided in section 7(3).

    (iii) Any other information that is specifically designated as confidential under other law.

    (iv) Any information not related to the department's actions in responding to a report of child abuse or child neglect.

    (gg) "Structured decision-making tool" means the department document labeled "DSS-4752 (P3) (3-95)" or a revision of that document that better measures the risk of future harm to a child.

    (hh) "Substantiated" means a confirmed case.

    (ii) "Unsubstantiated" means a case that is not confirmed.

    

    

History: 1975, Act 238, Eff. Oct. 1, 1975 ;-- Am. 1978, Act 252, Eff. Mar. 30, 1979 ;-- Am. 1980, Act 511, Imd. Eff. Jan. 26, 1981 ;-- Am. 1984, Act 418, Eff. Mar. 29, 1985 ;-- Am. 1988, Act 372, Eff. Mar. 30, 1989 ;-- Am. 1990, Act 212, Imd. Eff. Sept. 27, 1990 ;-- Am. 1993, Act 251, Imd. Eff. Nov. 24, 1993 ;-- Am. 1996, Act 581, Eff. Mar. 31, 1997 ;-- Am. 1998, Act 428, Eff. Apr. 1, 1999 ;-- Am. 1998, Act 483, Eff. Mar. 1, 1999 ;-- Am. 1998, Act 484, Eff. July 1, 1999 ;-- Am. 1998, Act 531, Eff. July 1, 1999 ;-- Am. 2000, Act 45, Imd. Eff. Mar. 27, 2000 ;-- Am. 2002, Act 661, Imd. Eff. Dec. 23, 2002 ;-- Am. 2002, Act 693, Eff. Mar. 1, 2003 ;-- Am. 2004, Act 563, Imd. Eff. Jan. 3, 2005 ;-- Am. 2014, Act 30, Eff. Mar. 31, 2015 ;-- Am. 2016, Act 35, Imd. Eff. Mar. 8, 2016 ;-- Am. 2016, Act 491, Eff. Apr. 6, 2017 ;-- Am. 2018, Act 59, Eff. June 12, 2018 ;-- Am. 2022, Act 67, Eff. Nov. 1, 2022

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 111 cases (56 in the last 5 years), 1990–2026 · leading case: In re Keillor, 923 N.W.2d 617 (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
Sort: Relevance Newest Treatment
In re Keillor, 923 N.W.2d 617 (Mich. Ct. App. 2018). · cites it 9× “Indeed, § 19b twice refers to and adopts the definition of "sexual abuse" "as that term is defined in section 2 of the child protection law, 1975 PA 238 , MCL 722.622." MCL 712A.19b(3)(k)( ix ) and ( l )(ix).”
People v. Beardsley, 688 N.W.2d 304 (Mich. Ct. App. 2004). · cites it 12× “Because “child” is defined as any person under eighteen years of age, MCL 722.622(d), plaintiff also admits that his construction of the statute would require that all sexual contact involving persons under eighteen be reported to the FIA, despite the fact that the statutes…”
Murdock v. Higgins, 559 N.W.2d 639 (Mich. 1997). · cites it 6× “§ 722.622; M.S.A. § 25.248(2); and, third, whether the Court of Appeals erred in finding that, as a matter of law, there was insufficient evidence to find that Higgin's conduct was the proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries.”
Phillips v. Deihm, 541 N.W.2d 566 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995). · cites it 4× “MCL 722.622(d)(ii); MSA 25.248(2)(d)(ii).”
Spikes v. Banks, 586 N.W.2d 106 (Mich. Ct. App. 1998). · cites it 8× “As plaintiff’s foster parent, Banks was an adult who had responsibility for plaintiff within the definition of MCL 722.622®; MSA 25.248®. She therefore had “a duty to act reasonably to prevent the sexual abuse” of plaintiff.”
In re Brown, 853 N.W.2d 459 (Mich. Ct. App. 2014). · cites it 2× “regarding an act of child abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse, or sexual exploitation, as defined in MCL 722.622(f), (j), (w), or (x), performed with or on the child by another person may be admitted into evidence through the testimony of a person who heard the child make the…”
Rebecca Jasinski v. Sheri Tyler, 729 F.3d 531 (6th Cir. 2013). · cites it 2× “” Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622 (defining certain terms for the purposes of the child protection law).”
Lee v. Detroit Med. Ctr., 775 N.W.2d 326 (Mich. Ct. App. 2009). · cites it 2× “MCL 722.622 defines child abuse and child neglect as follows: (f) "Child abuse" means harm or threatened harm to a child's health or welfare that occurs through nonaccidental physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, or maltreatment, by a parent, a legal…”
In Re Amb, 640 N.W.2d 262 (Mich. Ct. App. 2002). “In fact, the Child Protection Law, MCL 722.622(a), defines an “attorney” by referring to the obligations of an attorney as described in the Juvenile Code, MCL 712A.”
People v. Wood, 523 N.W.2d 477 (Mich. 1994). · cites it 2× “" MCL 722.622(d)(ii); MSA 25.248(2)(d)(ii).”
Detroit Free Press, Inc v. Fam. Indep. Agency, 672 N.W.2d 513 (Mich. Ct. App. 2003). · cites it 8× “While defendant may have information relating to Owens’s death, it is not required to release information that is not contained in the central registry case record (“ ‘Specified information’ means information in a central registry case record that relates specifically to…”
Suzanne Langdon v. Patricia Skelding, 524 F. App'x 172 (6th Cir. 2013). “It merely defines “child abuse,” generally, as “harm or threatened harm to a child’s health or welfare that occurs through nonaccidental physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, or maltreatment.”
Show all 111 citing cases →
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(1) — 1 case
People v. Pitts, 548 N.W.2d 688 (Mich. Ct. App. 1996).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(5) — 1 case
People of Michigan v. Shae Lynn Mullins (Mich. Ct. App. 2017).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(a) — 1 case
In Re Amb, 640 N.W.2d 262 (Mich. Ct. App. 2002). “In fact, the Child Protection Law, MCL 722.622(a), defines an “attorney” by referring to the obligations of an attorney as described in the Juvenile Code, MCL 712A.”
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(c) — 9 cases
Murdock v. Higgins, 559 N.W.2d 639 (Mich. 1997). “§ 722.622; M.S.A. § 25.248(2); and, third, whether the Court of Appeals erred in finding that, as a matter of law, there was insufficient evidence to find that Higgin's conduct was the proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries.”
In Re Pardee, 475 N.W.2d 870 (Mich. Ct. App. 1991).
In Re Snyder, 566 N.W.2d 18 (Mich. Ct. App. 1997).
People v. Pitts, 548 N.W.2d 688 (Mich. Ct. App. 1996).
In Re Brimer, 478 N.W.2d 689 (Mich. Ct. App. 1991).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(cc) — 1 case
In Re Trout Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2024).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(d) — 4 cases
People v. Beardsley, 688 N.W.2d 304 (Mich. Ct. App. 2004). “Because “child” is defined as any person under eighteen years of age, MCL 722.622(d), plaintiff also admits that his construction of the statute would require that all sexual contact involving persons under eighteen be reported to the FIA, despite the fact that the statutes…”
In Re Turpening Est., 671 N.W.2d 567 (Mich. Ct. App. 2003).
Spikes v. Banks, 586 N.W.2d 106 (Mich. Ct. App. 1998). “As plaintiff’s foster parent, Banks was an adult who had responsibility for plaintiff within the definition of MCL 722.622®; MSA 25.248®. She therefore had “a duty to act reasonably to prevent the sexual abuse” of plaintiff.”
In Re stasker/meekhof/smith Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2026).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(d)(ii) — 3 cases
Phillips v. Deihm, 541 N.W.2d 566 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995). “MCL 722.622(d)(ii); MSA 25.248(2)(d)(ii).”
Spikes v. Banks, 586 N.W.2d 106 (Mich. Ct. App. 1998). “As plaintiff’s foster parent, Banks was an adult who had responsibility for plaintiff within the definition of MCL 722.622®; MSA 25.248®. She therefore had “a duty to act reasonably to prevent the sexual abuse” of plaintiff.”
People v. Wood, 523 N.W.2d 477 (Mich. 1994). “" MCL 722.622(d)(ii); MSA 25.248(2)(d)(ii).”
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(d)(ü) — 1 case
Spikes v. Banks, 586 N.W.2d 106 (Mich. Ct. App. 1998). “As plaintiff’s foster parent, Banks was an adult who had responsibility for plaintiff within the definition of MCL 722.622®; MSA 25.248®. She therefore had “a duty to act reasonably to prevent the sexual abuse” of plaintiff.”
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(e) — 2 cases
People v. Beardsley, 688 N.W.2d 304 (Mich. Ct. App. 2004). “Because “child” is defined as any person under eighteen years of age, MCL 722.622(d), plaintiff also admits that his construction of the statute would require that all sexual contact involving persons under eighteen be reported to the FIA, despite the fact that the statutes…”
People of Michigan v. Andrew Charles Pruitt (Mich. Ct. App. 2015).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(ee) — 2 cases
In Re M Clark Minor (Mich. Ct. App. 2025).
In Re berryman/hurd/morgan/morgan-hurd Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2026).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(f) — 13 cases
In re Brown, 853 N.W.2d 459 (Mich. Ct. App. 2014). “regarding an act of child abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse, or sexual exploitation, as defined in MCL 722.622(f), (j), (w), or (x), performed with or on the child by another person may be admitted into evidence through the testimony of a person who heard the child make the…”
Phillips v. Deihm, 541 N.W.2d 566 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995). “MCL 722.622(d)(ii); MSA 25.248(2)(d)(ii).”
People v. Beardsley, 688 N.W.2d 304 (Mich. Ct. App. 2004). “Because “child” is defined as any person under eighteen years of age, MCL 722.622(d), plaintiff also admits that his construction of the statute would require that all sexual contact involving persons under eighteen be reported to the FIA, despite the fact that the statutes…”
Brown v. Hatch, 984 F. Supp. 2d 700 (E.D. Mich. 2013).
Doe v. Doe, 780 N.W.2d 300 (Mich. 2010).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(g) — 25 cases
In Re berryman/hurd/morgan/morgan-hurd Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2026).
In Re barber/espinoza Minors (Mich. 2025).
In Re L D Leaster Jr Minor (Mich. Ct. App. 2026).
Jayden Gohl v. Sharon Turbiak (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
Jayden Gohl v. Sharon Turbiak (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(h) — 2 cases
Murdock v. Higgins, 559 N.W.2d 639 (Mich. 1997). “§ 722.622; M.S.A. § 25.248(2); and, third, whether the Court of Appeals erred in finding that, as a matter of law, there was insufficient evidence to find that Higgin's conduct was the proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries.”
William Francis Walsh v. Dep't of Health & Human Servs. (Mich. Ct. App. 2020).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(h)(i) — 1 case
Spikes v. Banks, 586 N.W.2d 106 (Mich. Ct. App. 1998). “As plaintiff’s foster parent, Banks was an adult who had responsibility for plaintiff within the definition of MCL 722.622®; MSA 25.248®. She therefore had “a duty to act reasonably to prevent the sexual abuse” of plaintiff.”
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(i) — 2 cases
Phillips v. Deihm, 541 N.W.2d 566 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995). “MCL 722.622(d)(ii); MSA 25.248(2)(d)(ii).”
Spikes v. Banks, 586 N.W.2d 106 (Mich. Ct. App. 1998). “As plaintiff’s foster parent, Banks was an adult who had responsibility for plaintiff within the definition of MCL 722.622®; MSA 25.248®. She therefore had “a duty to act reasonably to prevent the sexual abuse” of plaintiff.”
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(k) — 8 cases
In re Piland, 920 N.W.2d 403 (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
In Re Guardianship of Bam-L (Mich. Ct. App. 2024).
In Re Guardianship of Lucas Moreales Velasquez (Mich. Ct. App. 2022).
In Re Guardianship of Mc (Mich. Ct. App. 2023).
In Re Guardianship of Rh (Mich. Ct. App. 2025).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(k)(i) — 6 cases
In re Piland, 920 N.W.2d 403 (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
in Re Piland Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
in Re Piland Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
in Re Piland Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
in Re Piland Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(n) — 1 case
In Re barber/espinoza Minors (Mich. 2025).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(p) — 1 case
People v. Beardsley, 688 N.W.2d 304 (Mich. Ct. App. 2004). “Because “child” is defined as any person under eighteen years of age, MCL 722.622(d), plaintiff also admits that his construction of the statute would require that all sexual contact involving persons under eighteen be reported to the FIA, despite the fact that the statutes…”
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(q) — 6 cases
In Re Secreto Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2026).
Daniel Edward Callahan v. State of Mi Legal Servs. Admin (Mich. Ct. App. 2023).
20250127_C369874_51_369874.Opn.Pdf (Mich. Ct. App. 2025).
20250218_C371992_27_371992.Opn.Pdf (Mich. Ct. App. 2025).
In Re Zervos Minor (Mich. Ct. App. 2026).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(r) — 2 cases
People v. Beardsley, 688 N.W.2d 304 (Mich. Ct. App. 2004). “Because “child” is defined as any person under eighteen years of age, MCL 722.622(d), plaintiff also admits that his construction of the statute would require that all sexual contact involving persons under eighteen be reported to the FIA, despite the fact that the statutes…”
In Re barber/espinoza Minors (Mich. 2025).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(s) — 1 case
People v. Beardsley, 688 N.W.2d 304 (Mich. Ct. App. 2004). “Because “child” is defined as any person under eighteen years of age, MCL 722.622(d), plaintiff also admits that his construction of the statute would require that all sexual contact involving persons under eighteen be reported to the FIA, despite the fact that the statutes…”
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(t) — 1 case
Doe v. Doe, 809 N.W.2d 163 (Mich. Ct. App. 2010).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(u) — 1 case
Doe v. Doe, 809 N.W.2d 163 (Mich. Ct. App. 2010).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(v) — 4 cases
In re Keillor, 923 N.W.2d 617 (Mich. Ct. App. 2018). “Indeed, § 19b twice refers to and adopts the definition of "sexual abuse" "as that term is defined in section 2 of the child protection law, 1975 PA 238 , MCL 722.622." MCL 712A.19b(3)(k)( ix ) and ( l )(ix).”
In Re mcgee/hill/tidwell Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2022).
in Re Keillor Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
in Re Keillor Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(v)(i) — 1 case
In Re R L Berninger Minor (Mich. Ct. App. 2022).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(y) — 6 cases
In re Keillor, 923 N.W.2d 617 (Mich. Ct. App. 2018). “Indeed, § 19b twice refers to and adopts the definition of "sexual abuse" "as that term is defined in section 2 of the child protection law, 1975 PA 238 , MCL 722.622." MCL 712A.19b(3)(k)( ix ) and ( l )(ix).”
Detroit Free Press, Inc v. Fam. Indep. Agency, 672 N.W.2d 513 (Mich. Ct. App. 2003). “While defendant may have information relating to Owens’s death, it is not required to release information that is not contained in the central registry case record (“ ‘Specified information’ means information in a central registry case record that relates specifically to…”
in Re Keillor Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
in Re Keillor Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
in Re Keillor Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2018).
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(y)(i) — 1 case
Detroit Free Press, Inc v. Fam. Indep. Agency, 672 N.W.2d 513 (Mich. Ct. App. 2003). “While defendant may have information relating to Owens’s death, it is not required to release information that is not contained in the central registry case record (“ ‘Specified information’ means information in a central registry case record that relates specifically to…”
— Mich. Comp. Laws § 722.622(z) — 3 cases
In Re Bork Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2022).
In Re S L Jordan Minor (Mich. Ct. App. 2022).
In Re epps/robinson Minors (Mich. Ct. App. 2022).
Annotations are extracted automatically from the opinions in the Syfert caselaw corpus and ranked by authority, recency, and treatment. Dots show Syfertize treatment of the citing case itself.