Montana Code Annotated

Mont. Code Ann. § 31-2-106 (2026)

Exempt Property -- Bankruptcy Proceeding

✓ current as of May 2026

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TITLE 31. CREDIT TRANSACTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS

CHAPTER 2. DEBTOR AND CREDITOR RELATIONSHIPS

Part 1. General Provisions -- Definitions

Exempt Property -- Bankruptcy Proceeding

31-2-106. Exempt property -- bankruptcy proceeding. An individual may not exempt from the property of the estate in any bankruptcy proceeding the property specified in 11 U.S.C. 522(d). An individual may exempt from the property of the estate in any bankruptcy proceeding:

(1) that property exempt from execution of judgment as provided in 19-2-1004, 19-18-612, 19-19-504, 19-20-706, 19-21-212, Title 25, chapter 13, part 6, 33-7-522, 33-15-512 through 33-15-514, 39-51-3105, 39-71-743, 39-73-110, 53-2-607, 53-9-129, Title 70, chapter 32, and 80-2-245;

(2) medical care, health, and medical savings accounts as provided in 25-13-603;

(3) the individual's right to receive unemployment compensation and unemployment benefits; and

(4) the individual's right to receive benefits from or interest in a private or governmental retirement, pension, stock bonus, profit-sharing, annuity, or similar plan or contract on account of illness, disability, death, age, or length of service, excluding that portion of contributions made by the individual within 1 year before the filing of the petition in bankruptcy that exceeds 15% of the individual's gross income for that 1-year period, unless:

(a) the plan or contract was established by or under the auspices of an insider that employed the individual at the time the individual's rights under the plan or contract arose;

(b) the benefit is paid on account of age or length of service; and

(c) the plan or contract does not qualify under section 401(a), 403(a), 403(b), 408, or 409 of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. 401(a), 403(a), 403(b), 408, or 409.

History: En. Sec. 1, Ch. 161, L. 1981; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 208, L. 1987; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 45, L. 1989; amd. Sec. 1, Ch. 301, L. 1989; amd. Sec. 39, Ch. 586, L. 1991; amd. Sec. 59, Ch. 238, L. 1993; amd. Sec. 234, Ch. 265, L. 1993; amd. Sec. 71, Ch. 114, L. 2003; amd. Sec. 52, Ch. 2, L. 2009; amd. Sec. 4, Ch. 298, L. 2017.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 40 cases, 1983–2020 · leading case: In re Case No. 00-33150-7, Zimmermann, 2002 MT 90 (Mont. 2002).

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In re Case No. 00-33150-7, Zimmermann, 2002 MT 90 (Mont. 2002). · cites it 15× “¶8 Montana has chosen to opt out of the federal exemption scheme via § 31-2-106, MCA, which provides that [a]n individual may not exempt from the property of the estate in any bankruptcy proceeding the property specified in 11 U.”

In Re Conroy, 110 B.R. 492 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1990). · cites it 14× “” The applicable Montana law, as amended in 1989 (effective March 7, 1989), provides in Section 31-2-106, Mont.Code Ann.: “No individual may exempt from the property of the estate in any bankruptcy proceeding the property specified in 11 U.”

In Re Shumaker, 124 B.R. 820 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1991). · cites it 12× “Sullivan, in discussing the opt-out provision of § 522(b)(1) of the 1978 bankruptcy Code, 2 which the Montana legislature implemented in § 31-2-106, and whether Congress has the power to permit states to set their own bankruptcy exemption levels, states: “The final argument…”

In Re Zimmerman, 2002 MT 90 (Mont. 2002). · cites it 14× “¶8 Montana has chosen to opt out of the federal exemption scheme via § 31-2-106, MCA, which provides that [a]n individual may not exempt from the property of the estate in any bankruptcy proceeding the property specified in 11 U.”

In Re Maynard, 2006 MT 162 (Mont. 2006). · cites it 5× “A state may choose to opt out of the exemption plan set forth in the federal bankruptcy statute, however, and Montana has done so via § 31-2-106, MCA. Debtors who live in an “opt out” state like Montana may claim the exemptions provided under state law.”

In Re Syrtveit, 105 B.R. 599 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1989). · cites it 8× “*604 The 1989 Montana legislature again amended Section 31-2-106, effective March 24, 1989, by striking the exemption set forth in 522(d)(10), supra, and inserting in lieu thereof, the following: “522(d)(10) and An individual may exempt from the property of the estate in any…”

MacDonald v. Mercill, 714 P.2d 132 (Mont. 1986). · cites it 3× “Section 522 (d) by enacting Section 31-2-106, MCA, which provides: “31-2-106.”

Matter of Golz, 2015 MT 318 (Mont. 2015). · cites it 6× “Section 31-2-106, MCA; In re Archer, 2006 MT 82, ¶ 7 , 332 Mont.”

Marriage of Winters v. Winters, 2004 MT 82 (Mont. 2004). · cites it 4× “19 and costs pursuant to their original settlement agreement? ¶57 The District Court determined neither party was entitled to attorney fees because Terri did not prove Mike had an increased ability to pay and because Mike was less than forthcoming about his finances.”

In Re Bell, 119 B.R. 783 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1988). · cites it 4× “Section 31-2-106, M.C.A., sets forth the exemptions that are available to Montana debtors: “Exempt property — bankruptcy proceeding.”

In Re Siegle, 257 B.R. 591 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2001). · cites it 6× “The debtors’ responses to the objections raises the issue of whether this Court’s abolishment of the wildcard exemption applies to cases filed prior to December 6, 2000, or whether abolishment of the wildcard exemption applies solely to cases filed and/or exemptions claimed…”

In Re Urban, 361 B.R. 910 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2007). · cites it 2× “(“MCA”) § 31-2-106. Pursuant to MCA § 31-2-106(1), an individual debt- or is entitled to exempt from execution of judgment certain property, including that property as identified in MCA § 25-13-609.”

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— Mont. Code Ann. § 31-2-106(1) — 5 cases

Matter of Golz, 2015 MT 318 (Mont. 2015). “Section 31-2-106, MCA; In re Archer, 2006 MT 82, ¶ 7 , 332 Mont.”

In Re Snyder, 2006 MT 308 (Mont. 2006).

In Re Urban, 361 B.R. 910 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2007). “(“MCA”) § 31-2-106. Pursuant to MCA § 31-2-106(1), an individual debt- or is entitled to exempt from execution of judgment certain property, including that property as identified in MCA § 25-13-609.”

In Re Siegle, 257 B.R. 591 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2001). “The debtors’ responses to the objections raises the issue of whether this Court’s abolishment of the wildcard exemption applies to cases filed prior to December 6, 2000, or whether abolishment of the wildcard exemption applies solely to cases filed and/or exemptions claimed…”

In re Nichols, 523 B.R. 838 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2015).

— Mont. Code Ann. § 31-2-106(3) — 5 cases

In Re Conroy, 110 B.R. 492 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1990). “” The applicable Montana law, as amended in 1989 (effective March 7, 1989), provides in Section 31-2-106, Mont.Code Ann.: “No individual may exempt from the property of the estate in any bankruptcy proceeding the property specified in 11 U.”

In Re Shumaker, 124 B.R. 820 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1991). “Sullivan, in discussing the opt-out provision of § 522(b)(1) of the 1978 bankruptcy Code, 2 which the Montana legislature implemented in § 31-2-106, and whether Congress has the power to permit states to set their own bankruptcy exemption levels, states: “The final argument…”

In Re Locke, 120 B.R. 563 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1990).

Zrubek v. Zrubek (In Re Zrubek), 149 B.R. 631 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1993).

In Re Ullman, 116 B.R. 228 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1990).

— Mont. Code Ann. § 31-2-106(3)(c) — 1 case

Gladwell v. Reinhart, 267 P.3d 895 (Utah 2011).

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