N.C. Gen. Stat. » Chapter 160D
NC General Statutes

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405 (2026)

Appeals of administrative decisions

✓ current as of July 2026
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(a) Appeals. - Except as provided in G.S. 160D-1403.1, appeals of administrative decisions made by the staff under this Chapter shall be made to the board of adjustment unless a different board is provided or authorized otherwise by statute or an ordinance adopted pursuant to this Chapter. If this function of the board of adjustment is assigned to any other board pursuant to G.S. 160D-302(b), that board shall comply with all of the procedures and processes applicable to a board of adjustment hearing appeals. Appeal of a decision made pursuant to an erosion and sedimentation control regulation, a stormwater control regulation, or a provision of the housing code shall not be made to the board of adjustment unless required by a local government ordinance or code provision. Appeals of administrative decisions on subdivision plats shall be made as provided in G.S. 160D-1403.

(b) Standing. - Any person who has standing under G.S. 160D-1402(c) or the local government may appeal an administrative decision to the board. An appeal is taken by filing a notice of appeal with the local government clerk or a local government official designated by ordinance. The notice of appeal shall state the grounds for the appeal.

(c) Repealed by Session Laws 2020-25, s. 10, effective June 19, 2020.

(d) Time to Appeal. - The owner or other party has 30 days from receipt of the written notice of the determination within which to file an appeal. Any other person with standing to appeal has 30 days from receipt from any source of actual or constructive notice of the determination within which to file an appeal. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, notice given pursuant to G.S. 160D-403(b) by first-class mail is deemed received on the third business day following deposit of the notice for mailing with the United States Postal Service.

(e) Record of Decision. - The official who made the decision shall transmit to the board all documents and exhibits constituting the record upon which the decision appealed from is taken. The official shall also provide a copy of the record to the appellant and to the owner of the property that is the subject of the appeal if the appellant is not the owner.

(f) Stays. - An appeal of a notice of violation or other enforcement order to the board of adjustment and any subsequent appeal in accordance with G.S. 160D-1402 stays enforcement of the action appealed from and accrual of any fines assessed during the pendency of the appeal or during the pendency of any civil proceeding authorized by law or related appeal. If, however, the official who made the decision certifies to the board after notice of appeal has been filed that, because of the facts stated in an affidavit, a stay would cause imminent peril to life or property or, because the violation is transitory in nature, a stay would seriously interfere with enforcement of the development regulation, then enforcement proceedings are not stayed except by a restraining order, which may be granted by a court. If enforcement proceedings are not stayed, the appellant may file with the official a request for an expedited hearing of the appeal, and the board shall meet to hear the appeal within 15 days after the request is filed.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, appeals of decisions granting a development approval or otherwise affirming that a proposed use of property is consistent with the development regulation does not stay the further review of an application for development approvals to use the property; in these situations, the appellant or local government may request and the board may grant a stay of a final decision of development approval applications, including building permits affected by the issue being appealed.

(g) Alternative Dispute Resolution. - The parties to an appeal that has been made under this section may agree to mediation or other forms of alternative dispute resolution. The development regulation may set standards and procedures to facilitate and manage voluntary alternative dispute resolution.

(h) No Estoppel. - G.S. 160D-1403.2, limiting a local government's use of the defense of estoppel, applies to proceedings under this section. (2019-111, s. 2.4; 2020-3, s. 4.33(a); 2020-25, ss. 10, 50(b), 51(a), (b), (d); 2022-62, s. 59(a).)

 

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 6 cases (6 in the last 5 years), 2022–2026 · leading case: Town of Midland v. Harrell (N.C. 2023).
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Town of Midland v. Harrell (N.C. 2023). · cites it 6× “The General Assembly subsequently repealed and recodified the provision as N.C.G.S. § 160D-405(f): “An appeal of a notice of violation or other enforcement order stays enforcement of the action appealed from and accrual of any fines assessed .”
Town of Midland v. Harrell (N.C. Ct. App. 2022). · cites it 3× “See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(b),(d) (2021).”
Town of Midland v. Harrell (N.C. Ct. App. 2022). · cites it 3× “See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(b),(d) (2021).”
Valentine v. Town of Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.D.N.C. 2024). · cites it 3× “1(a) provides that, “in lieu of any remedies available under G.S. 160D-405,” the statutory provision that permits appeals of zoning decisions, a plaintiff “may bring an original civil action seeking declaratory relief, injunctive relief, damages, or any other remedies provided…”
MR Entm't v. The City of Asheville (N.C. Ct. App. 2024). · cites it 2× “Petitioners do not allege the notice was appealed within the requisite thirty days prescribed in the notice, as required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(d) (2023). However, the ordinance specifically allows Petitioners “the opportunity” to cure and abate the violation within the…”
Dunckel v. City of Winston-Salem (N.C. Ct. App. 2026). “Specifically, subsection (a) provides that a civil action may be brought by an owner to challenge the constitutionality of a land development regulation: Except as otherwise provided in this section for claims involving questions of interpretation, in lieu of any remedies…”
— N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(a) — 1 case
Valentine v. Town of Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.D.N.C. 2024). “1(a) provides that, “in lieu of any remedies available under G.S. 160D-405,” the statutory provision that permits appeals of zoning decisions, a plaintiff “may bring an original civil action seeking declaratory relief, injunctive relief, damages, or any other remedies provided…”
— N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(b) — 2 cases
Town of Midland v. Harrell (N.C. Ct. App. 2022). “See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(b),(d) (2021).”
Town of Midland v. Harrell (N.C. Ct. App. 2022). “See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(b),(d) (2021).”
— N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(d) — 1 case
MR Entm't v. The City of Asheville (N.C. Ct. App. 2024). “Petitioners do not allege the notice was appealed within the requisite thirty days prescribed in the notice, as required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(d) (2023). However, the ordinance specifically allows Petitioners “the opportunity” to cure and abate the violation within the…”
— N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(f) — 3 cases
Town of Midland v. Harrell (N.C. 2023). “The General Assembly subsequently repealed and recodified the provision as N.C.G.S. § 160D-405(f): “An appeal of a notice of violation or other enforcement order stays enforcement of the action appealed from and accrual of any fines assessed .”
Town of Midland v. Harrell (N.C. Ct. App. 2022). “See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(b),(d) (2021).”
Town of Midland v. Harrell (N.C. Ct. App. 2022). “See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-405(b),(d) (2021).”
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