North Dakota Century Code

N.D. Cent. Code § 61-01-01 (2026)

Waters of the state - Public waters

✓ current as of May 2026
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All waters within the limits of the state from the following sources of water supply belong to the public and are subject to appropriation for beneficial use and the right to the use of these waters for such use must be acquired pursuant to chapter 61-04: 1. Waters on the surface of the earth, excluding diffused surface waters but including surface waters whether flowing in well-defined channels or flowing through lakes, ponds, or marshes which constitute integral parts of a stream system, or waters in lakes; 2. Waters under the surface of the earth whether such waters flow in defined subterranean channels or are diffused percolating underground water; 3. All residual waters resulting from beneficial use, and all waters artificially drained; and 4. All waters, excluding privately owned waters, in areas determined by the department of water resources to be noncontributing drainage areas. A noncontributing drainage area is any area that does not contribute natural flowing surface water to a natural stream or watercourse at an average frequency more often than once in three years over the latest thirty-year period.

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Notes of Decisions
Cited in 11 cases (1 in the last 5 years), 1963–2023 · leading case: Baeth v. Hoisveen, 157 N.W.2d 728 (N.D. 1968).
Baeth v. Hoisveen, 157 N.W.2d 728 (N.D. 1968). · cites it 28× “), asking that the plaintiffs' rights as owners of the land overlying underground water in a well-defined stream be adjudicated, and that Section 61-01-01, N.D.C.C., and Section 47-01-13, N.”
United Plainsmen Ass'n v. North Dakota State Water Conservation Comm'n, 247 N.W.2d 457 (N.D. 1976). · cites it 5× “” Section 61-01-01, NDCC, further defines the public waters of this State: “All waters within the limits of the state from the following sources of water supply, namely: 1.”
Mougey Farms v. Kaspari, 579 N.W.2d 583 (N.D. 1998). · cites it 6× “1968) (upholding constitutionality of N.D.C.C. § 61-01-01, but recognizing vested riparian rights which were contingent upon application of water to a beneficial use).”
Sorum v. State, 2020 ND 175 (N.D. 2020). · cites it 2× “In United Plainsmen, this Court stated N.D.C.C. § 61-01-01 expresses the public trust doctrine.”
Parks v. Cooper, 2004 SD 27 (S.D. 2004). “” ND Cent Code § 61-01-01. This section, the North Dakota Supreme Court ruled, expresses the public trust doctrine, which “permits alienation and allocation of such precious state [water] resources only after an analysis of the present supply and future need.”
North Dakota State Water Comm'n v. Bd. of Managers, 332 N.W.2d 254 (N.D. 1983). · cites it 2× “[is vested in] the state water conservation commission .”
Undlin v. City of Surrey, 262 N.W.2d 742 (N.D. 1978). · cites it 3× “In Baeth, supra, this Court upheld the constitutionality of § 61-01-01, NDCC, 2 which asserts public ownership of much of North Dakota’s water resources, against a claim that this statute works a deprivation of property without due process of law.”
Sorum v. State, 2020 ND 175 (N.D. 2020). · cites it 2× “In United Plainsmen, this Court stated N.D.C.C. § 61-01-01 expresses the public trust doctrine.”
Volkmann v. City of Crosby, 120 N.W.2d 18 (N.D. 1963). · cites it 2× “1943. It is under this chapter that the City of Crosby applied to and received from the State Engineer Water License No.”
Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Benson Cnty. Water Resource Dist., 2000 ND 182 (N.D. 2000). · cites it 2× “[¶ 12] Under N.D.C.C. § 61-01-01, surface waters, except diffused surface waters, “belong to the public and are subject to appropriation.”
West Virginia, State of v. U.S. Env't Prot. Agency (D.N.D. 2023). · cites it 2× “XI, § 3; see N.D. Cent. Code § 61-01-01 (surface and ground waters “belong to the public and are subject to appropriation for beneficial use”).”
Annotations are extracted automatically from the opinions in the Syfert caselaw corpus and ranked by authority, recency, and treatment. Dots show Syfertize treatment of the citing case itself.