Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d 656 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1994). · Go Syfert
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Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d 656 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1994). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
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cited 4× by 3 distinct cases, 2009–2018 · …cain's sentence is technically illegal because the court imposed a flat one year of imprisonment without specifying any minimum sentence. at p. 658 ✓
47 citation events (41 in the last 25 years) across 3 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Com. v. Jones, R. (pasuperct, 2018-10-18)
Treatment trajectory · 1997 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1997 2011 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 20 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Com. v. Jones, R.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2018 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
cain's sentence is technically illegal because the court imposed a flat one year of imprisonment without specifying any minimum sentence.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Commonwealth v. Basinger (3×) also: Cited as authority (quoted), Cited as authority (rule)
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2009 · signal: see · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
cain's sentence is technically illegal because the court imposed a flat one year of imprisonment without specifying any minimum sentence.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Com. v. Crawford, R.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2016 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
cain's sentence is technically illegal because the court imposed a flat one year of imprisonment without specifying any minimum sentence.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Larsen, L.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2023 · confidence medium
Finally, we note that this Court has also determined that “[i]n cases where the sentencing court clearly intended to impose the maximum sentence, we may amend the sentence by including a minimum term equal to one-half the maximum.” Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d 656, 659 (Pa. Super. 1994).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Brown, D.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2018 · confidence medium
However, under circumstances “where the sentencing court clearly intended to impose the maximum sentence[,] this Court can amend the sentence to include a minimum term equal to one-half of the maximum.” Id. (amending flat sentence to include minimum term of incarceration where court imposed maximum possible sentence for summary offense) (citing Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d 656, 659 (Pa. Super. 1994) (amending flat sentence to include minimum term of incarceration equal to one-half maximum under circumstances where sentencing court clearly intended to impose maximum sentence)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Stultz, J.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2015 · confidence medium
However, flat sentences are generally illegal, Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 986 A.2d 1241, 1244 (Pa.Super. 2009); Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d 656, 658 (Pa.Super. 1994), and Pennsylvania law requires a definite minimum and definite maximum term of incarceration for most crimes, with the minimum sentence being at most one-half the maximum. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9756; 42 Pa.C.S. § 9755(b); 42 Pa.C.S. § 9757.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Smith, C.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2015 · confidence medium
Commonwealth v. Williams, 753 A.2d 856, 865 (Pa.Super. 2000), appeal denied, 567 Pa. 713 , 785 A.2d 89 (2000) (quoting Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d 656, 658 (Pa.Super. 1994)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Postie
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2015 · confidence medium
See Commonwealth v. Milhomme, 35 A.3d 1219, 1221-22 (Pa.Super.2011) (holding flat sentence of four months for delivery of a controlled substance was illegal under 42 Pa. C.S. § 9756); Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 986 A.2d 1241, 1244 (Pa.Super.2009) (holding flat sentence of six months for violation of protection from abuse order was valid but flat sentence of ninety days for harassment was illegal); Basinger, 982 A.2d at 123, 127 ; Barzyk, 692 A.2d at 215-16 ; Commonwealth v. Cain, 432 Pa.Super. 47 , 637 A.2d 656, 658-59 (1994) (finding flat sentence of one year imprisonment for criminal contemp…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Strama, Jr., J.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2015 · confidence medium
However, under circumstances “where the sentencing court clearly intended to impose the maximum sentence this Court can amend the sentence to include a minimum term equal to one-half of the maximum.” Id. (amending flat sentence to include minimum term of incarceration where court imposed maximum possible sentence for summary offense) (citing Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d 656, 659 (Pa. Super. 1994) (amending flat sentence to include minimum term of incarceration equal to one-half maximum under circumstances where sentencing court clearly intended to impose maximum sentence)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Kerr, D.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2015 · confidence medium
See generally Commonwealth v. Robinson, 7 A.3d 868 (Pa.Super. 2010) (reiterating that issue concerning court’s power to impose given sentence implicates legality of sentence; sentencing code requires court to impose maximum and minimum sentence of confinement per 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9756); Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d 656, 658-59 (Pa.Super. 1994) (stating, unless otherwise specified in the Sentencing Code, flat sentence of confinement or one that fails to set -8- J-S01032-15 minimum term violates Section 9756 of sentencing code).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Milhomme
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2011 · confidence medium
Commonwealth v. Cain, 432 Pa.Super. 47 , 637 A.2d 656, 658-659 (1994); see 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9756(b). “[W]e have long concluded that where the trial court violates the Sentencing Code by failing to impose both a minimum and maximum sentence pursuant to 42 Pa. C.S.A. § 9756(b), the sentence is illegal and must be vacated.” Commonwealth v. Robinson, 7 A.3d 868, 870 (Pa.Super.2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Robinson
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2010 · confidence medium
See Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 986 A.2d 1241, 1244 (Pa.Super.2009) (holding that imposition of flat sentence, without minimum sentence, is illegal); Commonwealth v. Barzyk, 692 A.2d 211, 215 (Pa.Super.1997) (observing that Sentencing Code requires the trial court to impose both a maximum and minimum sentence, and where a trial court neglects to include a minimum sentence, the appropriate remedy is to vacate the judgment of sentence and remand for re-sentencing); and Commonwealth v. Cain, 432 Pa.Super. 47 , 637 A.2d 656, 658 (1994) (holding that challenge to a sentence, which fails to impose sta…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Arturo Reyes v. State
Tex. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
Ct. 1997); Commonwealth v. Cain , 637 A.2d 656, 659 (Pa. Super.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Duda
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2003 · confidence medium
Commonwealth v. Barzyk, 692 A.2d 211, 215 (Pa.Super.1997). ¶ 19 While the standard remedy for a trial court’s omission of a minimum sentence is to vacate the judgment and remand for resentencing, Commonwealth v. Cain, 432 Pa.Super. 47 , 637 A.2d 656, 658-659 (1994), where the sentencing court clearly intended to impose the maximum sentence this Court can amend the sentence to include a minimum term equal to one-half of the maximum.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Dunn v. Colleran (2×)
3rd Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
Unlike the federal sentencing scheme under which a defendant is sentenced to a fixed number of months in prison, in Pennsylvania, a defendant sentenced to confinement must be sentenced to both a minimum and maximum sentence. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9756(a) and (b); Stewart v. Pennsylvo- nia Bd. of Probation and Parole, 714 A.2d 502, 505-506 (Pa.Cmwlth.1998) (describing the sentencing scheme as doling out indefinite/indeterminate sentences with a minimum and maximum term); Commonwealth v. Barzyk, 692 A.2d 211, 215 (Pa.Super.1997); Commonwealth v. Cain, 432 Pa.Super. 47 , 637 A.2d 656, 659 (1994).
cited Cited as authority (rule) John William Dunn v. Raymond J. Colleran
3rd Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
Ct. 1997); Commonwealth v. Cain, 432 Pa. Super. 47 , 637 A.2d 656, 659 (Pa. Super.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Williams
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2000 · confidence medium
Commonwealth v. Cain, 432 Pa.Super. 47 , 637 A.2d 656, 658 (1994).
discussed Cited "see" Commonwealth v. Stein (2×)
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
The usual practice in this Commonwealth is that the minimum sentence cannot exceed one-half of the maximum sentence, and a flat sentence is an illegal sentence. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9756(b); see Commonwealth v. Cain, 432 Pa.Super. 47 , 637 A.2d 656, 658-59 (1994).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Com. v. Masood, S.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2021 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Commonwealth v. Williams, 753 A.2d 856, 865 (Pa. Super. 2000) (vacating appellant’s flat sentence of five months and twenty-nine days for direct criminal contempt where no minimum sentence was imposed); see also Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d 656, 658 (Pa. Super. 1994) (vacating a flat sentence of one year imprisonment for direct criminal contempt where no minimum sentence was imposed).6 Here, the trial court imposed a thirty-day aggregate prison sentence for two counts of direct criminal contempt, but failed to provide a minimum term of incarceration.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Commonwealth v. Edwards (2×)
Pa. Super. Ct. · 1997 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare Commonwealth v. Cain, 432 Pa.Super. 47 , 637 A.2d 656 (1994) and Wagner v. Wagner, 387 Pa.Super. 246 , 564 A.2d 162 (1989).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania
v.
Blaine CAIN, Appellant
405.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Mar 1, 1994.
637 A.2d 656
James R. Protasio, Williamsport, for appellant., Thomas A. Marino, Asst. Dist. Atty., Williamsport, for Com., appellee.
Cirillo, Olszewski, Hester.
Cited by 24 opinions  |  Published
1 passages pin-cited by 2 cases
Pinpoint authority: bottom 91%
Citer courts: Superior Court of Pennsylvania (2)
OLSZEWSKI, Judge.

Blaine Cain appeals a one-year sentence for criminal contempt of court. The genesis of Cain’s saga lies not in his own misdeeds, but in his refusal to testify in a Lycoming County drug case. Cain was serving a three and one-half to ten-year sentence for robbery at Camp Hill when he was brought back to Lycoming County to testify in the prosecution of William A. Smith. Cain had received a lenient sentence on his robbery conviction in exchange for his promise to aid the Commonwealth in other prosecutions; he had bought drugs from Smith as part of a sting operation, and now the Commonwealth needed Cain’s testimony to put Smith away.

To allay Cain’s self-incrimination concerns, the district attorney and court offered Cain use immunity, so that his testimony could only be used against him if he perjured himself. Despite the grant of immunity, Cain still refused to testify. The court threatened to try Cain for criminal contempt, but still Cain refused to divulge what he knew; he would remain Smith’s confidence keeper. After the briefest of jury waiver and guilty plea colloquies, the court smote Cain with a criminal contempt conviction. N.T. 5/19/93 at 2-16. [1]

[*50] Cain argues on appeal that his contempt conviction is invalid because the court did not properly comply with the letter of 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5947, governing immunity. This statute requires the court to issue an order granting immunity before a defendant can be held in contempt for refusing to testify. Cain contends that only the district attorney offered him immunity, and he refused to testify because of the lack of a court order confirming the offer.

The record reveals that the district attorney offered and the court explicitly granted Cain immunity. The court did in fact issue an immunity order, but Cain made it abundantly clear that he would not testify under any circumstances. [2] The court thus did not err in directly convicting Cain of criminal contempt, having ordered Cain to testify under a properly issued grant of immunity, and having witnessed Cain’s steadfast refusal.

Cain also argues: My punishment is greater than I can bear. Specifically, Cain contends that his sentence to a full[*51] year for contempt is excessive, and constitutes an abuse of discretion. We agree that a full year of additional imprisonment, with its potential negative effect on Cain’s eligibility for parole, is a stiff sentence indeed. [3] Cain’s claim is nonetheless meritless, since he specifically asked for this very sentence. To fully appreciate how unusual this claim is, we must review Cain’s sentencing hearing.

After steadfastly refusing to testify, waiving a jury trial, and acknowledging his contempt, Cain appeared in the Lycoming County court the next morning for sentencing. The district attorney argued that Cain had promised to testify in this particular case, for which he was given a light sentence on his robbery conviction; hence, the court should punish Cain with a long contempt sentence. Cain’s counsel countered that Cain had promised to cooperate with Lycoming County police generally, which he had done; Cain never promised to testify in the trial at hand. N.T. 5/20/93 at 6-16.

To settle the argument, the court asked that the untranscribed record of Cain’s original sentencing be located and read by a court reporter. When it became evident that this might take some time, and possibly require Cain to spend another night in the Lycoming County jail, Cain’s counsel surprised the district attorney and the court by volunteering to accept a full year sentence:

THE COURT: [TJake a moment to check with her [to] see when she would be available either for readback or, you know, whatever. If she’s not going to be able to do it today we’ll do it another time, but just see what her availability is if she’s in a proceeding now.
MR. PROTASIO [defense counsel]: Your Honor, we can resolve this matter. Go ahead and impose the one year sentence that’s acceptable with my client.
THE COURT: What do you mean one year?
MR. PROTASIO: I believe that would be the maximum under the contempt sentence.
[*52] MR. OSOKOW [D.A.]: I don’t know quite frankly, Your Honor, I haven’t cheeked.
MR. PROTASIO: Rather than continue to be held in Lycoming County Prison it’s his desire to resolve this matter. He’s willing to let the court go ahead and impose the maximum.
THE COURT: The Court does view that the one year sentence under all the circumstances, Mr. Osokow, is the maximum that—
MR. OSOKOW: I believe that’s probably correct, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Very well. We’ll proceed on the following basis.
(Whereupon, the Order was dictated.)

Id. at 16-17. [4] And Cain went out of the presence of the court, and dwelt in the state correctional facility at Camp Hill, in the west of Harrisburg.

We need not even consider our well-developed standards for challenging the discretionary aspects of a sentence; a defendant cannot ask for a particular sentence, and then complain that the court abused its discretion for imposing it. Though it cost him an extra year, Cain got precisely what he asked for: a speedy end to his stay in Lycoming County.

The problem with Cain’s sentence lies not with its discretionary aspects, but with its legality: Cain’s sentence is technically illegal because the court imposed a flat one year of imprisonment without specifying any minimum sentence. See R.2, Sentencing Order. Although Cain does not challenge the legality of his sentence, we may consider the issue sua sponte. Commonwealth v. Aeschbacher, 276 Pa.Super. 554, 419 A.2d 596 (1980). Criminal contempt is a crime punishable by imprisonment, so sentences must be imposed according to the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9701 et seq. See Commonwealth v. Falkenhan, 306 Pa.Super. 330, 345, 452 A.2d 750, 758[*53] (1982) , cert. denied, 464 U.S. 803, 104 S.Ct. 49, 78 L.Ed.2d 69 (1983) . The Code mandates that the sentencing court impose not only a maximum sentence, but also a minimum sentence which shall not exceed one-half the maximum. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9756(b). A flat one-year sentence does not satisfy this requirement. Commonwealth v. Pastorkovic, 390 Pa.Super. 1, 567 A.2d 1089 (1989).

Where a court neglects to mention a minimum sentence, appellate courts ordinarily will not fill in the missing element, but will vacate the sentence and remand for resentencing. Aeschbacher, supra, 276 Pa.Super. at 556, 419 A.2d at 598. In cases where the sentencing court clearly intended to impose the maximum sentence, we may amend the sentence by including a minimum term equal to one-half the maximum. Commonwealth v. Britton, 334 Pa.Super. 203, 221, 482 A.2d 1294, 1304 (1984), appeal dismissed, 509 Pa. 620, 506 A.2d 895 (1986).

In the present case, we are confident that the sentencing court would have imposed a minimum sentence of six months, and we therefore amend Cain’s sentence accordingly. We also note that Cain asked for the maximum sentence in order to get out of Lycoming County as soon as possible; were we to vacate and remand for resentencing, Cain would have to return there for another sentencing hearing. See Rules of Criminal Procedure 1117, 1405(C), 42 Pa.C.S.A. (requiring the presence of defendant at sentencing hearing). We would not condemn Cain to such an ironic fate, lest vengeance be taken upon us sevenfold.

Judgment of sentence is affirmed as amended.

1

. The record reveals that Cain had made up his mind not to testify, and simply wanted to get the procedure over with and get out of Lycoming County as soon as possible. Hence Cain waived his jury trial rights and[*50] acknowledged his contempt in order to speed things along. See N.T. 5/19/93 at 11, 14.

2

. The court said unto Cain, "I would direct and do direct you at this time that under the grant of use immunity, that you are required to give testimony in this case against William A. Smith. Do you understand my Order?” And Cain replied, "Yeah, I understand your order.” N.T. 5/19/93 at 9 (emphasis added). But Cain, eager to end his involvement with the Lycoming County criminal justice system, maintained his silence, even at the cost of prolonging his sentence with a criminal contempt conviction. "I got ten years, what do it matter. That’s all I’ve got to say. I refuse to testify.” Id. at 10.

Before actually finding Cain guilty of contempt, the court went through the routine one more time:

[The Court:] Now, I have given an Order, and so that the record is clear, I hereby ORDER and DIRECT Mr. Cain that you are to proceed with giving testimony in this case.
[Cain:] And, my answer is still no.
[The Court:] Are you stating if you were called to the witness stand and place[d] under oath to testify that you would refuse to testify?
[Cain:] I'd still refuse.

Id. at 11-12. Here the court did not mention immunity, but it was more than clear that the extensive promises of immunity had not suddenly evaporated. These exchanges leave us with no doubt that Cain did not refuse to testify because he feared the immunity offer might not stand up; rather, Cain’s refusal was categorical.

3

. One year is the maximum permissible criminal contempt sentence for refusal to testify despite a grant of immunity. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5947(f).

4

. We cannot help but wonder why Cain was so keen to get out of Lycoming County as soon as possible. Did he fear that whosoever findeth him in Lycoming County should harm him?