Cafe Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 406 S.E.2d 162 (S.C. 1991). · Go Syfert
Cafe Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 406 S.E.2d 162 (S.C. 1991). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
196 citation events (75 in the last 25 years) across 7 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Bridgett Fowler v. Fedex (scctapp, 2023-01-18)
Treatment trajectory · 1992 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1992 2009 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 37 distinct citers.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Bridgett Fowler v. Fedex (2×) also: Cited as authority (quoted)
S.C. Ct. App. · 2023 · signal: see · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
summary judgment is appropriate when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) The Callawassie Island Members Club v. Frey (4×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
S.C. Ct. App. · 2018 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
as a general rule, written contracts are to be construed by the ourt but a contract is ambiguous or capable of more than one construction, the question of what the parties intended becomes one of fact, and the question should be submitted to the jury.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) The Callawassie Island Members Club v. Martin (4×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
S.C. Ct. App. · 2018 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
as a general rule, written contracts are to be construed by the ourt but a contract is ambiguous or capable of more than one construction, the question of what the parties intended becomes one of fact, and the question should be submitted to the jury.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) The Callawassie Island Members Club v. Quinn (4×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
S.C. Ct. App. · 2018 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
as a general rule, written contracts are to be construed by the ourt but a contract is ambiguous or capable of more than one construction, the question of what the parties intended becomes one of fact, and the question should be submitted to the jury.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc. v. Dennis (4×) also: Cited as authority (quoted)
S.C. Ct. App. · 2016 · signal: see · quote attribution · 4 verbatim quotes · confidence high
as a general rule, written contracts are to be construed by the court; but where a contract is ambiguous or capable of more than one construction, the question of what the parties intended becomes one of fact, and the question should be submitted to the jury.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Ward v. Dixie National Life
4th Cir. · 2007 · signal: see, e.g. · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
as a general rule, written contracts are to be construed by the court; but where a contract is ambiguous or capable of more than one construction, the question of what the parties intended becomes one of fact, and the question should be submitted to the jury.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Ward v. Dixie National Life Insurance (2×) also: Cited as authority (quoted)
4th Cir. · 2007 · signal: see, e.g. · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
as a general rule, written contracts are to be construed by the court; but where a contract is ambiguous or capable of more than one construction, the question of what the parties intended becomes one of fact, and the question should be submitted to the jury.
examined Cited as authority (quoted) Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc. v. Dennis (2×)
S.C. · 2018 · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence low
as a general rule, written contracts are to be construed by the court; but where a contract is ambiguous or capable of more than one construction, the question of what the parties intended becomes one of fact, and the question should be submitted to the jury.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Crenshaw v. Erskine College
S.C. · 2020 · confidence medium
The law provides—rather—that construing a contract is a question of law for the court. "[W]ritten contracts are to be construed by the Court" unless the "contract is ambiguous." Cafe Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) King v. American General Finance, Inc.
S.C. · 2009 · confidence medium
“Summary judgment is appropriate when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Cafe Assoc., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991); see Koester v. Carolina Rental Ctr., Inc., 313 S.C. 490, 493 , 443 S.E.2d 392, 394 (1994) (“In determining whether any triable issues of fact exist, the evidence and all inferences which can be reasonably drawn from the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Harris v. IDEAL SOLUTIONS, INC.
S.C. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Harris argues the three agreements made between the parties should be construed as one contract and considered as a whole to determine the parties’ intentions. 4 “The general rule is that, in the absence of anything indicating a contrary intention, where instruments are executed at the same time, by the same parties, for the same purpose, and in the course of the same transaction, the Court will consider and construe them together.” Cafe Assocs. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 10 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) EXECUTIVE RISK INDEMNITY, INC. v. Charleston Area Medical Center, Inc.
S.D.W. Va · 2009 · confidence medium
Corp. v. Signet Bank, 166 F.3d 614 (4th Cir.1999); cf., e.g., Bachmann v. Glazer & Glazer, Inc., 316 Md. 405 , 559 A.2d 365, 369 (1989) ("When a contract is comprised of more than one document, the writings are to be read and construed together as if they were one instrument.”); Café Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991) (holding that contracts executed by the same parties for the same purpose and during the course of the same transaction should be read together); Ellie, Inc. v. Miccichi, 358 S.C. 78 , 594 S.E.2d 485, 492 (S.C.Ct.App.2004) ("[T]wo contracts exe…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lampman v. Dewolff Boberg & Associates, Inc.
4th Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
Non-competition agreements are disfavored under South Carolina law and are “critically examined and construed against the employer.” Poole v. Incentives Unlimited, Inc., 345 S.C. 378 , 548 S.E.2d 207, 209 (2001); Cafe Assocs. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Nash v. Tindall Corp.
S.C. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
STANDARD OF REVIEW “Summary judgment is appropriate when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Cafe Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (S.C.1991) (citing Standard Fire Ins.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Lamar Florida v. Li'l Cricket
S.C. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
Rule 56(c), SCRCP; Cafe Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross , 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Legette v. Piggly Wiggly, Inc.
S.C. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Dixon v. Dixon
S.C. · 2005 · confidence medium
Café Associates, Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 10 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991); Klutts, 268 S.C. at 89, 232 S.E.2d at 25 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hutto v. County of Aiken
S.C. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
STANDARD OF REVIEW “Summary judgment is appropriate when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Café Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross , 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991). “In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the evidence and the inferences which can be drawn therefrom should be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Id.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Tillotson v. Keith Smith Builders
S.C. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
Café Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Ellie, Inc. v. Miccichi (2×)
S.C. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
Café Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 10 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991); Moshtaghi v. Citadel, 314 S.C. 316, 321 , 443 S.E.2d 915, 918 (Ct.App.1994) (citing Klutts Resort Realty, Inc. v. Down’Round Dev.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Cunningham ex rel. Grice v. Helping Hands, Inc.
S.C. Ct. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Rule 56(c), SCRCP; Café Assocs. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jackson v. Doe (2×)
S.C. Ct. App. · 2000 · confidence medium
STANDARD OF REVIEW “Summary judgment is appropriate when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Cafe Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Miletic v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
S.C. Ct. App. · 2000 · confidence medium
Café Assocs. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) LAIDLAW ENV. SERV. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur.
S.C. Ct. App. · 1999 · confidence medium
Caf'e Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Laidlaw Environmental Services (TOC), Inc. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.
S.C. Ct. App. · 1999 · confidence medium
Café Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Harrell v. Grady
S.C. Ct. App. · 1999 · confidence medium
“Summary judgment is appropriate when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Café Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Gray v. State Farm Auto Insurance
S.C. Ct. App. · 1997 · confidence medium
Cafe Associates, Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Manji v. Blackwell
S.C. Ct. App. · 1996 · confidence medium
“Summary judgment is appropriate when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Cafe Associates, Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 9 , 406 S.E. (2d) 162, 164 (1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Roto-Die Co., Inc. v. Lesser
W.D. Va. · 1995 · confidence medium
Howard Schultz & Assocs. of the Southeast, Inc. v. Broniec, 239 Ga. 181 , 236 S.E.2d 265, 269-70 (1977); Durham v. Stand-By Labor of Ga., Inc., 230 Ga. 558 , 198 S.E.2d 145, 149 (1973) (“[A] claim for breach of covenant not to compete and one for wrongful disclosure and use of confidential information in violation of contract may be maintained separately and independently under the same or distinct provisions of the employment agreement.”); Cafe Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 165 (1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) HOPE PETTY MOTORS PF COLUMBIA, INC. v. Hyatt
S.C. Ct. App. · 1992 · confidence medium
Cafe Associates, Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6 , 406 S.E. (2d) 162 *176 (1991).
discussed Cited "see" Jerry Powers v. Rizan Properties, LLC (2)
S.C. Ct. App. · 2022 · signal: see · confidence high
See Café Assocs, Ltd.. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 10 , 405 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991) ("The general rule is that, in the absence of anything indicating a contrary intention, where instruments are executed at the same time, by the same parties, for the same purpose, and in the course of the same transaction, the Court will consider and construe them together."). 2.
discussed Cited "see" Fanczi Screw Co. v. Orix Financial Services, Inc. (2×)
4th Cir. · 2004 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cafe Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (S.C.1991) (holding that contracts executed by the same parties for the same purpose and during the course of the same transaction should be read together); Ellie, Inc. v. Miccichi, 358 S.C. 78 , 594 S.E.2d 485, 492 (S.C.Ct.App.2004) (“In South Carolina, two contracts executed at different times relating to the same subject matter, entered into by the same parties, are to be construed as one contract and considered as a whole.”).
discussed Cited "see" Lanham v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of South Carolina, Inc. (2×)
S.C. Ct. App. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See Café Associates, Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6 , 406 S.E.2d 162 (1991).
examined Cited "see" Carolina Chemical Equipment Co. v. Muckenfuss (4×)
S.C. Ct. App. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cafe Assocs., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6 , 406 S.E.2d 162 (1991) (enforcing five mile radius and five year time restraint on activities of former owner of restaurant); Sermons v. Caine & Estes Insur.
discussed Cited "see" Brooks v. Council of Co-Owners of Stones Throw Horizontal Property Regime I (2×)
S.C. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cafe Assocs., Ltd. v. Gemgross, 305 S.C. 6 , 406 S.E. (2d) 162 (1991) (in ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the evidence and the inferences which can be drawn therefrom should be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party).
discussed Cited "see" Moshtaghi v. the Citadel (2×)
S.C. Ct. App. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cafe Assoc., Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 10 , 406 S.E. (2d) 162, 164 (1991).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." J.D., Inc. v. A-Team Surface Technologies, Inc. (2×)
S.C. Ct. App. · 2010 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g. , Cafe Assocs. v. Gerngross , 305 S.C. 6, 10 , 406 S.E.2d 162, 164 (1991); Sentry Eng'g & Constr., Inc. v. Mariner's Cay Dev.
CAFE ASSOCIATES, LTD., Respondent
v.
Rainer R. GERNGROSS, Appellant, Robert H. Prophet, Intervenor
23416.
Supreme Court of South Carolina.
Jun 24, 1991.
406 S.E.2d 162
Terry A. Finger and Mark H. Lund, III, of Novit, Scarmi-nach & Johnson, P.A., Hilton Head Island, for appellant., John J. McKay, Jr., of McKay & Taylor, P.A., Hilton Head Island, for respondent.
Finney, Gregory, Harwell, Chandler, Toal.
Cited by 84 opinions  |  Published
2 passages pin-cited by 4 cases
Pinpoint authority: #33,580 of 633,719
Citer courts: Court of Appeals of South Caro… (3) · Supreme Court of South Carolina (2) · Fourth Circuit (1)
Finney, Justice:

Appellant Rainer R. Gerngross appeals an order granting Respondent Cafe Associates’ motion for summary judgment. We affirm.

This action commenced when respondent filed an action against appellant seeking damages and an injunction prohibit[*8] ing appellant from any further breach of a Covenant Not to Compete. On December 30, 1986, the parties executed an Asset Purchase Agreement whereby respondent agreed to purchase Cafe Europa, a restaurant, from the appellant. The purchase price was $700,000, of which $650,000 was allocated for assets and $50,000 for a Covenant Not to Compete. The transaction was consummated and on January 30, 1987, the appellant executed a Covenant Not to Compete.

The Asset Purchase Agreement contained a non-competitive clause which prohibited the seller from engaging in the restaurant business within a five-mile radius of Cafe Europa for a period of five years, commencing on the date of closing. The agreement provided further that, except for Olga Picard, the seller would not, without the express written consent of the purchaser, directly or indirectly hire, or cause to be hired in any capacity during the five-year period, any staff or personnel employed by Cafe Europa during the 1986 season, or hired thereafter, during the five-year term. The Covenant Not to Compete recites the same language, includes a consideration of $50,000, but omits the five-year time designation.

On November 14, 1989, the respondent brought suit alleging breaches of the Asset Purchase Agreement and Covenant Not to Compete by the appellant. At the time, appellant was in the process of opening “Big Rocco’s,” a restaurant located within five miles of Cafe Europa. Both parties moved for summary judgment. [1] During oral argument on the summary judgment motions, the master indicated his feeling, based upon reading the Covenant alone, that the Covenant was void. Subsequently, the master reversed his initial determination after concluding that the Asset Purchase Agreement and Covenant Not to Compete should be read together. The master’s written order granted respondent a permanent injunction prohibiting appellant from opening the restaurant prior to January 30,1992.

[*9] Appellant claims the master erred in granting summary judgment because the Covenant is invalid or, at the very least, ambiguous. We disagree.

Summary judgment is appropriate when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. See Standard Fire Insurance Co. v. Marine Contracting and Towing Co., — S.C., —, 392 S.E. (2d) 460 (1990). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the evidence and the inferences which can be drawn therefrom should be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Tom Jenkins Realty, Inc. v. Hilton, 278 S.C. 624, 300 S.E. (2d) 594 (1983).

As a general rule, written contracts are to be construed by the Court; but where a contract is ambiguous or capable of more than one construction, the question of what the parties intended becomes one of fact, and the question should be submitted to the jury. Black v. Freeman, 274 S.C. 272, 262 S.E. (2d) 879 (1980); Wheeler v. Globe & Rutgers Fire Insurance Co., 125 S.C. 320, 118 S.E. 609 (1923).

We hold that the master’s finding that summary judgment was appropriate is supported by the record.

A restrictive covenant not to compete is generally looked upon with disfavor, examined critically and construed against the employer. Nevertheless, such a covenant will ordinarily be upheld if necessary for protection of the legitimate interest of the employer, is reasonably limited with respect to time and place, is not unduly harsh and oppressive, is reasonable, and supported by valuable consideration. Rental Uniform Service of Florence, Inc. v. Dudley, 278 S.C. 674, 301 S.E. (2d) 142 (1983).

First, the master found that a five-mile radius is reasonable as to distance. See South Carolina Finance Corp. of Anderson v. West Side Finance Co., 236 S.C. 109, 113 S.E. (2d) 329 (1960) (25 miles upheld). Second, he determined that five years is within a reasonable time frame. See Metts v. Wenberg, 158 S.C. 411, 155 S.E. 734 (1930) (5 years upheld). Third, the master concluded that the Covenant was no more restrictive than reasonably necessary to protect respondent’s legitimate interest and that it was supported by valuable consideration. Thus, we uphold the Covenant Not to Compete as valid and enforceable.

[*10] The appellant also claims the Covenant could not be enforced because no time limitation was recited and it was continuing beyond a reasonable term. We disagree.

The general rule is that, in the absence of anything indicating a contrary intention, where instruments are executed at the same time, by the same parties, for the same purpose, and in the course of the same transaction, the Court will consider and construe them together. Klutts Resort Realty, Inc. v. Down ’round Development Corp., 268 S.C. 80, 232 S.E. (2d) 20 (1977).

We hold that the master did not err in reading the Asset Purchase Agreement and the Covenant Not to Compete together. The two agreements are substantially the same, cover the same subject matter, and both were executed during the course of the same transaction by the same parties for the same purpose. We find no indicia of an intention contrary to the five-year restriction.

Additionally, appellant argues that the specific portion of the Covenant which precludes appellant from hiring certain of respondent’s employees is contrary to public policy and renders the Covenant invalid in its entirety. Appellant claims the absence of geographical limitations, time restrictions, or a proviso releasing employees who voluntarily leave employment at Cafe Europa is a fatal defect prohibiting enforcement of any part of the Covenant. We disagree.

We find it unnecessary to determine the validity of the challenged restriction in order to reach a disposition of this case. Where there are several different restrictive agreements in a covenant, the Court has invalidated one and upheld another in the same document. Oxman v. Sherman, 239 S.C. 218, 122 S.E. (2d) 559 (1961).

Affirmed.

Gregory, C.J., and Harwell, Chandler and Toal, JJ., concur.
1

Robert Prophet, a Chef at Cafe Europa, became interested in working at “Big Rocco’s.” Respondent withheld written consent to Prophet’s employment by the appellant. Prophet filed a motion to intervene, alleging that the covenant violated public policy. After his motion was filed, Prophet was discharged by respondent. Prophet did not appeal the master’s order and is not a party to this appeal.