Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978). · Go Syfert
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Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“sec. 7.01(c) now plainly requires that we hold a party to an offense may be charged with the offense without alleging the facts which make the defendant a party to the offense and criminal responsible for the conduct of another”
218 citation events (78 in the last 25 years) across 4 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Moses Jack Popp v. the State of Texas (texapp, 2021-09-09)
Treatment trajectory · 1978 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1978 2002 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Moses Jack Popp v. the State of Texas (2×)
Tex. App. · 2021 · signal: see · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
sec. 7.01(c) now plainly requires that we hold a party to an offense may be charged with the offense without alleging the facts which make the defendant a party to the offense and criminal responsible for the conduct of another
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Tramon Devonte Mathis v. State
Tex. App. · 2016 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
if the evidence supports a charge on the law of -2- parties . . . the court may charge on the law of parties even though there is no such allegation in the indictment.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sabrina Ho v. the State of Texas
Tex. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
And when “the evidence supports a charge on the law of parties”—something Ho does not dispute—“the [trial] court may charge on the law of parties even [if] there is no such allegation in the indictment.” Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Dazrine Ruth Chagoya-Williams v. the State of Texas
Tex. App. · 2023 · confidence medium
Accordingly, a “party to an offense may be charged with the offense without alleging the facts which make the defendant a party . . . .” Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Cynthia Ann DeLuna (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2018 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Sebastian Nathanial Roys v. State
Tex. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
See Marable v. State, 85 S.W.3d 287, 287 (Tex.Crim.App.2002) (“it is well-settled that the law of parties need not be pled in the indictment”); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 899-900 (Tex.Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bradney Randall Smith v. State
Tex. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Marable v. State, 85 S.W.3d 287, 287 (Tex.Crim.App.2002) (law of parties not required to be pled in indictment): Montoya v. State, 810 S.W.2d 160, 165 (Tex.Crim.App.1989) (Section 7.02(b) not required to be pled in indictment): Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978) (Section 7.02(b) not required to be pled in indictment).
examined Cited as authority (rule) David Samaripas Jr. v. State (3×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
The law is well-settled that if the evidence presented at trial supports an instruction on the law of parties, the trial court “may charge on the law of parties even though there is no such allegation in the indictment.” Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978) (en banc); see Marable v. State, 85 S.W.3d 287, 287 (Tex.Crim.App.2002) (“[I]t is well-settled that the law of parties need not be pled in the indictment.” (citing Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 239 (Tex.Crim.App.1997); Jackson v. State, 898 S.W.2d 896, 898 (Tex.Crim.App.1995); Fisher v. State, 887 S.W.2d 49, 57 …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tony Andrew Taylor v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
App. 1993); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tony Andrew Taylor v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
App. 1993); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Carlos Guadalupe Gonzalez Cantu v. State
Tex. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
Appellant argues "[a]llowing the State to proceed on any theory of criminal responsibility not alleged in the indictment constitutes a constructive amendment of the indictment" and "[a] constructive amendment which modifies an element of the offense charged, is reversible error per se ." In Pitts v. State , the court of criminal appeals held that "if the evidence supports a charge on the law of the parties, as it does here, the court may charge on the law of the parties even though there is no such allegation in the indictment." Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Dexter Deuwan Mitchell v. State
Tex. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
App. 1989); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Kenneth Dwayne August v. State
Tex. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
App. 1999), cert. denied , 528 U.S. 1082 (2000). 8: Cathey , 992 S.W.2d at 462 . 9: Id. at 462-63. 10: See id. at 463. 11: See Solomon , 49 S.W.3d at 360 . 12: Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) McKinney v. State
Tex. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
See Marable v. State, 85 S.W.3d 287, 287 (Tex.Crim.App.2002) (rejecting challenge that “that [the appellant] did not receive adequate notice to prepare his defense because the State did not allege in the indictment that it would prove actual delivery by the law of parties.”); accord Swope v. State, 805 S.W.2d 442, 444-45 (Tex.Crim.App.1991); Crank v. State, 761 S.W.2d 328, 352 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), disapproved on other grounds by Alford v. State, 866 S.W.2d 619 , 624 n. 8 (Tex.Crim.App.1993); English v. State, 592 S.W.2d 949, 955 (Tex.Crim.App.1980); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Patrick Inthisan v. State
Tex. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
App. 1989); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Patrick Inthisan v. State
Tex. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
App. 1989); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Patrick Inthisan v. State
Tex. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
App. 1989); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Warren Andrew Confer v. State
Tex. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
App. 2002); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Warren Andrew Confer v. State
Tex. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
App. 2002); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Steve Charles McKinney v. State
Tex. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
App. 1980); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Francisco Javier Perez v. State
Tex. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Leon, Robert v. State
Tex. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
App. 1991); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Leon v. State
Tex. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
Swope v. State, 805 S.W.2d 442, 444-45 (Tex.Crim.App.1991); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978).
cited Cited as authority (rule) James Ronald Gorman v. State
Tex. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
App. 1991); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
examined Cited as authority (rule) Marable v. State (4×)
Tex. Crim. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Crank v. State, 761 S.W.2d 328, 352 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), ce rt. denied, 493 U.S. 874 , 110 S.Ct. 209 , 107 L.Ed.2d 162 (1989); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978). .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Michael Ricardo Camarillo v. State
Tex. App. · 2002 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Michael Ricardo Camarillo v. State
Tex. App. · 2002 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Camarillo v. State
Tex. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978); Hanson v. State, 55 S.W.3d 681, 692 (Tex.App.-Austin 2001, pet. refd).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Barnes v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Jackson v. State, 898 S.W.2d 896, 898 (Tex.Crim.App.1995); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978); Howard v. State, 966 S.W.2d 821, 824 (Tex.App.—Austin 1998, pet. ref'd); Pesina v. State, 949 S.W.2d 374, 377 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1997, no pet.); see generally 43 George E.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Edward Bell v. State
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
App. 1989); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Edward Bell v. State
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
App. 1989); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Anthony Barnes v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
App. 1995); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 890 (Tex. Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Anthony Barnes v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
App. 1995); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 890 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hanson v. State
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Ryan Hanson v. State
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Ryan Hanson v. State
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Ganesan v. State
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Apparajan Ganesan v. State
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Apparajan Ganesan v. State (2×)
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Apparajan Ganesan v. State
Tex. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Chedrich Demond Howard v. State
Tex. App. · 1998 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Howard v. State
Tex. App. · 1998 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Pesina v. State
Tex. App. · 1997 · confidence medium
Jackson v. State, 898 S.W.2d 896, 898 (Tex.Crim.App.1995); Cordova v. State, 698 S.W.2d 107, 111 (Tex.Crim.App.1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1101 , 106 S.Ct. 1942 , 90 L.Ed.2d 352 (1986); Williams v. State, 676 S.W.2d 399, 401 (Tex.Crim.App.1984); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App. 1978).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Armando Mauro Saenz, III v. State
Tex. App. · 1996 · confidence medium
App. 1980); Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) A.A., Matter Of
Tex. App. · 1996 · confidence medium
See Jackson v. State, 898 S.W.2d 896, 898 (Tex.Crim.App.1995); Montoya v. State, 810 S.W.2d 160, 165 (Tex.Crim.App.1989), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 961 , 112 S.Ct. 426 , 116 L.Ed.2d 446 (1991); Swope v. State, 805 S.W.2d 442, 444 (Tex.Crim.App.1991); English v. State, 592 S.W.2d 949, 955 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 891 , 101 S.Ct. 254 , 66 L.Ed.2d 120 (1980); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978); Miranda v. State, 813 S.W.2d 724 , 732 n. 2 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1991, pet. ref'd); Bratcher v. State, 771 S.W.2d 175, 183 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1989, no pet.) (citing…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Matter of AA
Tex. App. · 1996 · confidence medium
See Jackson v. State, 898 S.W.2d 896, 898 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995); Montoya v. State, 810 S.W.2d 160, 165 (Tex.Crim.App.1989), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 961 , 112 S.Ct. 426 , 116 L.Ed.2d 446 (1991); Swope v. State, 805 S.W.2d 442, 444 (Tex. Crim.App.1991); English v. State, 592 S.W.2d 949, 955 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 891 , 101 S.Ct. 254 , 66 L.Ed.2d 120 (1980); Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978); Miranda v. State, 813 S.W.2d 724 , 732 n. 2 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1991, pet. ref'd); Bratcher v. State, 771 S.W.2d 175, 183 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1989, no pet.) (citing…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Childress v. State
Tex. App. · 1996 · confidence medium
In Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978), the court stated in part: V.T.C.A.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Joseph Bennard Nichols v. Wayne Scott, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, Cross-Appellee
5th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978); Crank v. State, 761 S.W.2d 328, 351 (Tex.Crim.App.1988); Montoya v. State, 810 S.W.2d 160, 165 (Tex.Crim.App.), cer t. denied, 502 U.S. 961 , 112 S.Ct. 426 , 116 L.Ed.2d 446 (1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) William R. Keen, Jr. v. State
Tex. App. · 1995 · confidence medium
Pitts v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mireles v. State
Tex. App. · 1994 · confidence medium
While an indictment need not allege the law of parties, Pitts v. State, 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.Crim.App.1978), if the State wishes to take advantage of the law of parties to secure a conviction, the jury must be instructed on the applicable law.
Larry Charles PITTS, Appellant,
v.
the STATE of Texas, Appellee
53428.
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
Jul 19, 1978.
569 S.W.2d 898
James A. Moore and Charles Herndon, Houston, for appellant., Carol S. Vance, Dist. Atty., Alvin M. Titus and Timothy P. Alexander, Asst. Dist. Attys., Houston, for the State.
Dally, Onion, Roberts, Odom, Phillips, State, Tex, App.
Cited by 163 opinions  |  Published
1 passage pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 71%
Citer courts: Court of Appeals of Texas (1)

OPINION

DALLY, Judge.

This is an appeal from a conviction for attempted capital murder; punishment was[*899] assessed at imprisonment for twenty-seven years.

Appellant asserts that: (1) the charge submitted to the jury authorized the appellant’s conviction under a theory not alleged in the indictment; (2) the charge failed to apply the law of parties to the facts of the case; and (3) there is a fatal variance between the allegations of the indictment and the evidence.

The indictment alleges that the appellant:

“. . . did then and there unlawfully attempt to intentionally and knowingly cause the death of S. L. Serres, by shooting him with a gun, the said S. L. Serres being a peace officer acting in the lawful discharge of an official duty and the said LARRY CHARLES PITTS then and there knew the said Complainant was a peace officer.”

This allegation is sufficient to charge the offense of attempted capital murder. Do-valina v. State, 564 S.W.2d 378 (Tex.Cr.App.1978); Telfair v. State, 565 S.W.2d 522 (Tex.Cr.App.1978); Y.T.C.A. Penal Code, Secs. 15.01(a) and 19.03(a)(1).

The charge that was submitted to the jury included instructions on the law of capital murder and definitions of attempt, intent, and knowledge. The court also instructed the jury on the law of parties or criminal responsibility for the acts of another, criminal conspiracy, and renunciation of a conspiracy.

The court then in applying the law to the facts instructed the jury:

“Now, therefore, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 12th day of October, A.D., 1974, in the County of Harris and State of Texas, as alleged in the indictment, that the defendant, Larry Charles Pitts, had entered into and was attempting to carry out a conspiracy with Rudolph Glenn Roark to commit the offense of robbery, and you further find that either the defendant Larry Charles Pitts, or Rudolph Glenn Roark did then and there with a gun intentionally or knowingly attempt to cause the death of S. L. Serres, by shooting him with a gun, knowing at the time that S. L. Serres was a peace officer acting in the lawful discharge of an official duty, as alleged in the indictment, and you further find that such attempt was committed, if it was, in furtherance of the original unlawful purpose of the defendant, Larry Charles Pitts, and Rudolph Glenn Roark, to commit the offense of robbery and was such an offense as should have been anticipated as a result of carrying out the conspiracy to commit the offense of robbery and you further find that Larry Charles Pitts had not voluntarily and completely renounced the criminal objective, as here-inbefore defined, then you will find the defendant, Larry Charles Pitts, guilty of attempted capital murder.”

This charge allowed the jury to find the appellant guilty either if he fired the shot which struck the officer or as a party to the offense if Roark fired the shot which struck the officer.

The appellant asserts that since the indictment failed to allege he was a party to the offense and criminally responsible for the conduct of another, the court erred in submitting the charge to the jury which allowed his conviction on that theory. The law of parties is stated in V.T.C.A. Penal Code, Sec. 7.01, which provides:

“(a) A person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is committed by his own conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or by both.
“(b) Each party to an offense may be charged with commission of the offense.
“(c) All traditional distinctions between accomplices and principals are abolished by this section, and each party to an offense may be charged and convicted without alleging that he acted as a principal or accomplice.”

And Sec. 7.02(b) provides:

“(a) . . .
“(b) If, in the attempt to carry out a conspiracy to commit one felony, another felony is committed by one of the conspir[*900] ators, all conspirators are guilty of the felony actually committed, though having no intent to commit it, if the offense was committed in furtherance of the unlawful purpose and was one that should have been anticipated as a result of the carrying out of the conspiracy.”

In the new penal code, the legislature eliminated the distinction between principals and accomplices and the attendant complexities in drafting indictments. Under the former code it was not necessary to allege the facts to show that a defendant was a principal; a principal offender could be charged directly with the commission of the offense although it was not actually committed by him; e. g., Baker v. State, 131 Tex.Cr.R. 626, 101 S.W.2d 816 (1937); Coots v. State, 110 Tex.Cr.R. 105, 7 S.W.2d 539 (1928); Quillin v. State, 79 Tex.Cr.R. 497, 187 S.W. 199 (1916); Madrid v. State, 71 Tex.Cr.R. 420, 161 S.W. 93 (1913); and V.T.C.A. Penal Code, Sec. 7.01(c) now plainly requires that we hold a party to an offense may be charged with the offense without alleging the facts which make the defendant a party to the offense and criminally responsible for the conduct of another. If the evidence supports a charge on the law of parties, as it does here, the court may charge on the law of parties even though there is no such allegation in the indictment.

The appellant also complains that the law of parties was not applied to the facts of the ease. Since this is not a fundamental error and since there was no objection to the court’s charge nothing is presented for review. Romo v. State, 568 S.W.2d 298, Tex.Cr.App. (No. 52,806, delivered July 19, 1978); Mott v. State, 543 S.W.2d 623 (Tex.Cr.App.1976). Moreover, the evidence supports and the charge authorizes the jury to find that the appellant himself shot the officer; there is no need to rely on the theory of parties to support the conviction. Durham v. State, 112 Tex.Cr.R. 395, 16 S.W.2d 1092 (1929); McCuin v. State, 505 S.W.2d 827 (Tex.Cr.App.1974).

The appellant’s remaining contention is that:

“The trial court committed reversible error in failing to grant Defendant’s First Amended Motion for New Trial based on the grounds that the verdict of the jury is contrary to the law and to the evidence in that there existed a fatal variance between the allegations in the indictment and the State’s evidence in that the State alleged the Defendant did unlawfully attempt to intentionally and knowingly cause the death of S. L. Serres, by shooting him with a gun, while the State’s evidence showed only that if there was an attempt to cause the death of S. L. Serres, it was committed in an attempt to carry out a conspiracy to commit robbery by one of two conspirators and that this Defendant was allegedly one of the conspirators.”

In the late evening on October 12, 1974, appellant and Rudolph Roark disguised themselves with makeup and Afro wigs to give the appearance that they were black men; armed with several weapons, they went to the Delman Theater in Houston in furtherance of a conspiracy to rob the manager of the theater. The robbery attempt was aborted when appellant and Roark were observed and the police were called. A shoot-out ensued during which Police Sgt. S. L. Serres was shot. When Sgt. Serres arrived at the theater and took charge, he ordered the two men to drop their weapons and come out of the place where they were concealed. There were two shots fired in quick succession, one of which struck Serres. The appellant testified that he did not shoot at the officer. Since the jury need not believe appellant’s testimony, the evidence would permit the jury to believe that either the appellant or Roark fired the shot which struck Serres.

We do not find a fatal variance between the allegations of the indictment and the evidence; and we find the evidence sufficient to support the conviction.

The judgment is affirmed.

ONION, P. J., and ROBERTS, ODOM and PHILLIPS, JJ., dissent for the reasons[*901] stated in the dissenting opinion in Romo v. State, 568 S.W.2d 298, Tex.Cr.App. (No. 52,-806) decided this day.