15 U.S.C. § 1692k

Civil liability

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(a) Amount of damagesExcept as otherwise provided by this section, any debt collector who fails to comply with any provision of this subchapter with respect to any person is liable to such person in an amount equal to the sum of—(1) any actual damage sustained by such person as a result of such failure;(2)(A) in the case of any action by an individual, such additional damages as the court may allow, but not exceeding $1,000; or(B) in the case of a class action, (i) such amount for each named plaintiff as could be recovered under subparagraph (A), and (ii) such amount as the court may allow for all other class members, without regard to a minimum individual recovery, not to exceed the lesser of $500,000 or 1 per centum of the net worth of the debt collector; and(3) in the case of any successful action to enforce the foregoing liability, the costs of the action, together with a reasonable attorney’s fee as determined by the court. On a finding by the court that an action under this section was brought in bad faith and for the purpose of harassment, the court may award to the defendant attorney’s fees reasonable in relation to the work expended and costs.(b) Factors considered by courtIn determining the amount of liability in any action under subsection (a), the court shall consider, among other relevant factors—(1) in any individual action under subsection (a)(2)(A), the frequency and persistence of noncompliance by the debt collector, the nature of such noncompliance, and the extent to which such noncompliance was intentional; or(2) in any class action under subsection (a)(2)(B), the frequency and persistence of noncompliance by the debt collector, the nature of such noncompliance, the resources of the debt collector, the number of persons adversely affected, and the extent to which the debt collector’s noncompliance was intentional.(c) Intent

A debt collector may not be held liable in any action brought under this subchapter if the debt collector shows by a preponderance of evidence that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error.

(d) Jurisdiction

An action to enforce any liability created by this subchapter may be brought in any appropriate United States district court without regard to the amount in controversy, or in any other court of competent jurisdiction, within one year from the date on which the violation occurs.

(e) Advisory opinions of Bureau

No provision of this section imposing any liability shall apply to any act done or omitted in good faith in conformity with any advisory opinion of the Bureau, notwithstanding that after such act or omission has occurred, such opinion is amended, rescinded, or determined by judicial or other authority to be invalid for any reason.

(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 813, as added Pub. L. 95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 881; amended Pub. L. 111–203, title X, § 1089(1), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2092.)Editorial NotesAmendments

2010—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 111–203 substituted “Bureau” for “Commission”.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date

Section effective upon the expiration of six months after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section 1692 of this title.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 2,690 cases (757 in the last 5 years), 1978–2026 · leading case: Karun N. Jackson v. Specialized Loan Servicing LLC, 898 F.3d 1348 (11th Cir. 2018).

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Karun N. Jackson v. Specialized Loan Servicing LLC, 898 F.3d 1348 (11th Cir. 2018). · cites it 6× “As a result of Defendants' violations of the FDCPA, the Jacksons are entitled to actual damages pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(1) ; statutory damages in an amount up to $1,000.”

Demetra Baylor v. Mitchell Rubenstein & Associat, 857 F.3d 939 (D.C. Cir. 2017). · cites it 10× “§§ 1988 (b), 6972(e), whereas the FDCPA provides that a defendant “is liable” for a fee, 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a). But at least two courts of appeals have suggested the FDCPA permits outright denial in “unusual circumstances.”

Rotkiske v. Klemm, 140 S. Ct. 355 (2019). · cites it 5× “881 , 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a). An action under the FDCPA may be brought "within one year from the date on which the violation occurs.”

Mangum v. Action Collection Serv., Inc., 575 F.3d 935 (9th Cir. 2009). · cites it 14× “" 15 U.S.C. § 1692k (emphasis added). This language is not ambiguous.”

Gonzales v. Arrow Fin. Servs., LLC, 660 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir. 2011). · cites it 8× “15 U.S.C. § 1692k. This limit is intended to ensure that "punishment [is] meted out according to a business's ability to absorb the penalty.”

Owen v. I.C. Sys., Inc., 629 F.3d 1263 (11th Cir. 2011). · cites it 8× “Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1692k, Owen sought to recover up to $1,000 in statutory damages and approximately $804 in costs.”

Richard Weiss, on Behalf of Himself & All Others Similarly Situated v. Regal Collections Lancer Investments, Inc, 385 F.3d 337 (3rd Cir. 2004). · cites it 7× “See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k (listing damages and counsel fees as remedies, but not declaratory or injunctive relief).”

Huebner v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., 897 F.3d 42 (2d Cir. 2018). · cites it 5× “Concluding that Huebner and Poltorak had misrepresented Huebner's call, which had "all the earmarks of a setup," the court ordered Huebner and Poltorak to show cause why the "action should not be dismissed, with fees [and] costs awarded under 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(3), and…”

John Daubert v. NRA Grp. LLC, 861 F.3d 382 (3rd Cir. 2017). · cites it 4× “We’ll reverse judgment as a matter of law for NRA on Daubert’s FDCPA claim and remand with instructions to enter judgment for Daubert and to calculate damages under 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a). The court “shall” weigh the factors in subsection (b)(1) in so doing, including the…”

Luis Tejero v. Portfolio Recovery Assoc, LL, 955 F.3d 453 (5th Cir. 2020). · cites it 8× “” See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(3) (using both “attorney’s fee” and “attorney’s fees”).”

David Tourgeman v. Collins Fin. Servs., 755 F.3d 1109 (9th Cir. 2014). · cites it 8× “” 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a). Nelson & Kennard further maintains that even if the FDCPA does purport to endow such consumers with a cause of action, Article III would forbid it, because consumers who never receive the offending communication have suffered no injury in fact.”

McDermott v. Marcus, Errico, Emmer & Brooks, P.C., 911 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D. Mass. 2012). · cites it 14× “See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(1) (allowing award of “actual damage[s] sustained by [the plaintiff] as a result of’ the debt collector’s failure “to comply with any provision” of the FDCPA) (emphasis added); see also Johnson v.”

Show all 2,690 citing cases →

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(1) — 3 cases

Annunziato v. Collecto, Inc., 207 F. Supp. 3d 249 (E.D.N.Y 2016).

Saccameno v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC (N.D. Ill. 2018).

Russell v. GC Servs. Ltd. P'ship (E.D. Wash. 2020).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(1)(2)(B) — 1 case

Annunziato v. Collecto, Inc., 296 F.R.D. 112 (E.D.N.Y 2013).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(2) — 3 cases

Cook v. Green Tree Servicing, LLC, 154 F. Supp. 3d 742 (S.D. Ill. 2016).

Norton v. LVNV Funding, LLC (N.D. Cal. 2022).

Eilert v. Turner, 81 F. Supp. 3d 529 (S.D. Tex. 2015).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(2)(A) — 4 cases

Riley v. Giguiere, 631 F. Supp. 2d 1295 (E.D. Cal. 2009).

Shirley Infante v. Samara Portfolio Mgmt, L.L.C. (5th Cir. 2018).

Waldrop v. LTS Collections Inc. (D. Ariz. 2020).

Twitty v. United Collection Bureau, Inc. (D.S.C. 2023).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(2)(B) — 9 cases

Bustillos v. Bd. of Cnty. Commissioners, 310 F.R.D. 631 (D.N.M. 2016).

Abraham v. WPX Prod. Prods., LLC, 317 F.R.D. 169 (D.N.M. 2016).

Anderson Living Trust v. WPX Energy Prod., LLC, 306 F.R.D. 312 (D.N.M. 2015).

Daye v. Cmty. Fin. Serv. Centers, LLC, 313 F.R.D. 147 (D.N.M. 2016).

Hartley v. Suburban Radiologic Consultants, Ltd., 295 F.R.D. 357 (D. Minnesota 2013).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(3) — 6 cases

Mann v. Acclaim Fin. Servs., Inc., 348 F. Supp. 2d 923 (S.D. Ohio 2004).

Llera v. Sec. Credit Sys., Inc., 93 F. Supp. 2d 674 (W.D.N.C. 2000).

Petralia v. 145 Marston St., Inc. (In re Petralia), 559 B.R. 275 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2016).

PNC Bank, Nat'l Ass'n v. Ballrhodes Trucking, LLC (E.D. Mich. 2024).

Greer, Robert v. All Wheels Recovery Inc. (W.D. Wis. 2020).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(4) — 1 case

Feinschriber v. OCWEN Loan Servicing, LLC (S.D. Fla. 2019).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(A)(2)(B) — 2 cases

Perez v. McCreary, Veselka, Bragg & Allen, P.C. (W.D. Tex. 2021).

Baum, Bonita v. Mayo Clinic Ambulance (W.D. Wis. 2022).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(A)(2)(B)(ii) — 1 case

Cope v. Duggins, 203 F. Supp. 2d 650 (E.D. La. 2002).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(A)(3) — 2 cases

Silva v. Nat’l Telewire Corp., 2000 DNH 197 (D.N.H. 2000).

Clanton v. Midland Funding, LLC (N.D. Ill. 2019).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(C) — 2 cases

Foster v. D.B.S. Collection Agency, 463 F. Supp. 2d 783 (S.D. Ohio 2006).

Piper v. Portnoff Law Assocs., 274 F. Supp. 2d 681 (E.D. Pa. 2003).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a) — 463 cases

Demetra Baylor v. Mitchell Rubenstein & Associat, 857 F.3d 939 (D.C. Cir. 2017). “§§ 1988 (b), 6972(e), whereas the FDCPA provides that a defendant “is liable” for a fee, 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a). But at least two courts of appeals have suggested the FDCPA permits outright denial in “unusual circumstances.”

David Tourgeman v. Collins Fin. Servs., 755 F.3d 1109 (9th Cir. 2014). “” 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a). Nelson & Kennard further maintains that even if the FDCPA does purport to endow such consumers with a cause of action, Article III would forbid it, because consumers who never receive the offending communication have suffered no injury in fact.”

Richard Weiss, on Behalf of Himself & All Others Similarly Situated v. Regal Collections Lancer Investments, Inc, 385 F.3d 337 (3rd Cir. 2004). “See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k (listing damages and counsel fees as remedies, but not declaratory or injunctive relief).”

Marek v. Chesny, 473 U.S. 1 (1985).

Rotkiske v. Klemm, 140 S. Ct. 355 (2019). “881 , 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a). An action under the FDCPA may be brought "within one year from the date on which the violation occurs.”

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(1) — 107 cases

Karun N. Jackson v. Specialized Loan Servicing LLC, 898 F.3d 1348 (11th Cir. 2018). “As a result of Defendants' violations of the FDCPA, the Jacksons are entitled to actual damages pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(1) ; statutory damages in an amount up to $1,000.”

Gustav Buchholz v. Meyer Njus Tanick, PA, 946 F.3d 855 (6th Cir. 2020).

Alston v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 585 F.3d 753 (3rd Cir. 2009).

LeBlanc v. Unifund CCR Partners, 601 F.3d 1185 (11th Cir. 2010).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(1)(B)(3) — 1 case

Fullmer (D. Utah 2025).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2) — 52 cases

Gonzales v. Arrow Fin. Servs., LLC, 660 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir. 2011). “15 U.S.C. § 1692k. This limit is intended to ensure that "punishment [is] meted out according to a business's ability to absorb the penalty.”

Jamie Huber v. Simons Agency Inc, 84 F.4th 132 (3rd Cir. 2023).

Reese v. Ellis, Painter, Ratterree & Adams, LLP, 678 F.3d 1211 (11th Cir. 2012).

Schlacher v. Law Offices of Phillip J. Rotche & Assocs., P.C., 574 F.3d 852 (7th Cir. 2009).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2)(3) — 1 case

Bezner v. Poehler (N.D. Tex. 2020).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2)(A) — 230 cases

Portalatin v. Blatt, Hasenmiller, Leibsker & Moore, LLC, 900 F.3d 377 (7th Cir. 2018).

Betty Wright, Cross-Appellee v. Fin. Serv. of Norwalk, Inc., 22 F.3d 647 (6th Cir. 1994).

Lesher v. Law Offices of Mitchell N. Kay, PC, 650 F.3d 993 (3rd Cir. 2011).

Sykes v. Mel S. Harris & Assocs. LLC, 780 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 2015).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2)(B) — 107 cases

Agan v. Katzman & Korr, P.A., 222 F.R.D. 692 (S.D. Fla. 2004).

Gallego v. Northland Grp. Inc., 814 F.3d 123 (2d Cir. 2016).

Hunt v. Check Recovery Sys., Inc., 241 F.R.D. 505 (N.D. Cal. 2007).

Gammon v. GC Servs. Ltd. P'ship, 162 F.R.D. 313 (N.D. Ill. 1995).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2)(B)(i) — 13 cases

Schuchardt v. Law Off. of Clark, 314 F.R.D. 673 (N.D. Cal. 2016).

Hecht v. United Collection Bureau, Inc., 691 F.3d 218 (2d Cir. 2012).

Hunt v. Check Recovery Sys., Inc., 241 F.R.D. 505 (N.D. Cal. 2007).

Sonmore v. Checkrite Recovery Servs., Inc., 206 F.R.D. 257 (D. Minnesota 2001).

Palmer v. Stassinos, 233 F.R.D. 546 (N.D. Cal. 2006).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2)(B)(ii) — 27 cases

Schuchardt v. Law Off. of Clark, 314 F.R.D. 673 (N.D. Cal. 2016).

Nancy R. Murray, Plaintiff-Petitioner v. Gmac Mortg. Corp., Doing Bus. as ditech.com, Defendant-Respondent, 434 F.3d 948 (7th Cir. 2006).

Bateman v. Am. Multi-Cinema, Inc., 623 F.3d 708 (9th Cir. 2010).

Hecht v. United Collection Bureau, Inc., 691 F.3d 218 (2d Cir. 2012).

Laura Powers v. Credit Mgmt. Servs., In, 776 F.3d 567 (8th Cir. 2015).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2)(a) — 3 cases

Owens v. Howe, 365 F. Supp. 2d 942 (N.D. Ind. 2005).

In Re Panek, 402 B.R. 71 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2009).

Keating v. Frederick Debt Mgmt., LLC (D. Minnesota 2025).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2)(b) — 1 case

Felix v. Northstar Location Servs., LLC, 290 F.R.D. 397 (W.D.N.Y. 2013).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(3) — 501 cases

Huebner v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., 897 F.3d 42 (2d Cir. 2018). “Concluding that Huebner and Poltorak had misrepresented Huebner's call, which had "all the earmarks of a setup," the court ordered Huebner and Poltorak to show cause why the "action should not be dismissed, with fees [and] costs awarded under 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(3), and…”

Luis Tejero v. Portfolio Recovery Assoc, LL, 955 F.3d 453 (5th Cir. 2020). “” See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(3) (using both “attorney’s fee” and “attorney’s fees”).”

Marx v. Gen. Revenue Corp., 133 S. Ct. 1166 (2013).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(8) — 2 cases

PurCo Fleet Servs., Inc. v. Koenig, 240 P.3d 435 (Colo. Ct. App. 2010).

Zundel v. Magana, 2015 UT App 69 (Utah Ct. App. 2015).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(B)(ii) — 2 cases

Muha v. Encore Receivable Mgmt., Inc., 236 F.R.D. 429 (E.D. Wis. 2006).

Harlan v. Transworld Sys., Inc., 302 F.R.D. 319 (E.D. Pa. 2014).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(Z) — 1 case

Carn v. Med. Data Sys., Inc. (In Re Cambron), 379 B.R. 371 (M.D. Ala. 2007).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(l) — 91 cases

McCollough v. Johnson, Rodenburg & Lauinger, LLC, 637 F.3d 939 (9th Cir. 2011).

Villanueva v. Account Discovery Sys., LLC, 77 F. Supp. 3d 1058 (D. Colo. 2015).

Davis v. Creditors Interchange Receivable Mgmt., LLC, 585 F. Supp. 2d 968 (N.D. Ohio 2008).

Diane Russell v. Absolute Collection Servs., 763 F.3d 385 (4th Cir. 2014).

Nelson v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 522 F. Supp. 2d 1222 (C.D. Cal. 2007).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(l)(A) — 1 case

Macy v. GC Servs. Ltd. P'ship, 318 F.R.D. 335 (W.D. Ky. 2017).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(l)(B) — 2 cases

Campos v. W. Dental Servs., Inc., 404 F. Supp. 2d 1164 (N.D. Cal. 2005).

In re Martinez, 561 B.R. 132 (Bankr. D. Nev. 2016).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(b) — 53 cases

Courtney Douglass v. Convergent Outsourcing, 765 F.3d 299 (3rd Cir. 2014).

Ellis v. Solomon & Solomon, PC, 591 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2010).

Christ Clomon v. Philip D. Jackson, 988 F.2d 1314 (2d Cir. 1993).

McDermott v. Marcus, Errico, Emmer & Brooks, P.C., 911 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D. Mass. 2012). “See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(1) (allowing award of “actual damage[s] sustained by [the plaintiff] as a result of’ the debt collector’s failure “to comply with any provision” of the FDCPA) (emphasis added); see also Johnson v.”

Diane W. Bentley v. Great Lakes Collection Bureau, 6 F.3d 60 (2d Cir. 1993).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(b)(1) — 91 cases

Portalatin v. Blatt, Hasenmiller, Leibsker & Moore, LLC, 900 F.3d 377 (7th Cir. 2018).

Martin v. Trott Law, P.C., 265 F. Supp. 3d 731 (E.D. Mich. 2017).

Villanueva v. Account Discovery Sys., LLC, 77 F. Supp. 3d 1058 (D. Colo. 2015).

Campbell v. Carruthers (In re Campbell), 553 B.R. 448 (Bankr. M.D. Ala. 2016).

McMahon v. LVNV Funding, LLC, 301 F. Supp. 3d 866 (E.D. Ill. 2018).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(b)(2) — 25 cases

Courtney Douglass v. Convergent Outsourcing, 765 F.3d 299 (3rd Cir. 2014).

Sykes v. Mel S. Harris & Assocs. LLC, 780 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 2015).

Schwarm v. Craighead, 552 F. Supp. 2d 1056 (E.D. Cal. 2008).

Hallmark v. Cohen & Slamowitz, LLP, 378 F. Supp. 3d 222 (W.D.N.Y. 2019).

Annunziato v. Collecto, Inc., 207 F. Supp. 3d 249 (E.D.N.Y 2016).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(b)(l) — 43 cases

Villanueva v. Account Discovery Sys., LLC, 77 F. Supp. 3d 1058 (D. Colo. 2015).

Dickens v. GC Servs. Ltd. P'ship, 706 F. App'x 529 (11th Cir. 2017).

McCollough v. Johnson, Rodenburg & Lauinger, LLC, 637 F.3d 939 (9th Cir. 2011).

Heritage Pac. Fin. v. Monroy CA1/2, 215 Cal. App. 4th 972 (Cal. Ct. App. 2013).

Peter v. GC Servs. L.P., 310 F.3d 344 (5th Cir. 2002).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(bXl) — 1 case

Harvey v. United Adjusters, 509 F. Supp. 1218 (D. Or. 1981).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c) — 559 cases

Gary Smith v. Transworld Sys., Inc., 953 F.2d 1025 (6th Cir. 1992).

John Daubert v. NRA Grp. LLC, 861 F.3d 382 (3rd Cir. 2017). “We’ll reverse judgment as a matter of law for NRA on Daubert’s FDCPA claim and remand with instructions to enter judgment for Daubert and to calculate damages under 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a). The court “shall” weigh the factors in subsection (b)(1) in so doing, including the…”

Foster v. D.B.S. Collection Agency, 463 F. Supp. 2d 783 (S.D. Ohio 2006).

Balon v. Enhanced Recovery Co., 316 F.R.D. 96 (M.D. Penn. 2016).

Owen v. I.C. Sys., Inc., 629 F.3d 1263 (11th Cir. 2011). “Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1692k, Owen sought to recover up to $1,000 in statutory damages and approximately $804 in costs.”

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c)(a)(3) — 1 case

Rosen v. MLO Acquisitions LLC (N.D. Ind. 2022).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(d) — 717 cases

Rotkiske v. Klemm, 140 S. Ct. 355 (2019). “881 , 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a). An action under the FDCPA may be brought "within one year from the date on which the violation occurs.”

Mangum v. Action Collection Serv., Inc., 575 F.3d 935 (9th Cir. 2009). “" 15 U.S.C. § 1692k (emphasis added). This language is not ambiguous.”

Rotkiske v. Paul Klemm, Esq., Dba Nudelman, Klemm & Golub, P.C., 890 F.3d 422 (3rd Cir. 2018).

Osure Brown v. Transworld Sys., Inc., 73 F.4th 1030 (9th Cir. 2023).

Benzemann v. Houslanger & Assocs., PLLC, 924 F.3d 73 (2d Cir. 2019).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(e) — 64 cases

Owen v. I.C. Sys., Inc., 629 F.3d 1263 (11th Cir. 2011). “Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1692k, Owen sought to recover up to $1,000 in statutory damages and approximately $804 in costs.”

Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA, 538 F.3d 469 (6th Cir. 2008).

Heritage Pac. Fin. v. Monroy CA1/2, 215 Cal. App. 4th 972 (Cal. Ct. App. 2013).

Ruth v. Triumph Partnerships, 577 F.3d 790 (7th Cir. 2009).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(i)(2)(A) — 1 case

In re Trans Union Corp. Privacy Litig., 211 F.R.D. 328 (N.D. Ill. 2002).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(l) — 3 cases

In re Martinez, 561 B.R. 132 (Bankr. D. Nev. 2016).

Diesi v. Shapiro, 330 F. Supp. 2d 1002 (C.D. Ill. 2004).

Schendzielos v. Silverman, 139 F. Supp. 3d 1239 (D. Colo. 2015).

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