17 U.S.C. § 204

Execution of transfers of copyright ownership

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(a) A transfer of copyright ownership, other than by operation of law, is not valid unless an instrument of conveyance, or a note or memorandum of the transfer, is in writing and signed by the owner of the rights conveyed or such owner’s duly authorized agent.(b) A certificate of acknowledgement is not required for the validity of a transfer, but is prima facie evidence of the execution of the transfer if—(1) in the case of a transfer executed in the United States, the certificate is issued by a person authorized to administer oaths within the United States; or(2) in the case of a transfer executed in a foreign country, the certificate is issued by a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States, or by a person authorized to administer oaths whose authority is proved by a certificate of such an officer.(Pub. L. 94–553, title I, § 101, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2570.)Historical and Revision Noteshouse report no. 94–1476

Section 204 is a somewhat broadened and liberalized counterpart of sections 28 and 29 of the present statute [sections 28 and 29 of former title 17]. Under subsection (a), a transfer of copyright ownership (other than one brought about by operation of law) is valid only if there exists an instrument of conveyance, or alternatively a “note or memorandum of the transfer,” which is in writing and signed by the copyright owner “or such owner’s duly authorized agent.” Subsection (b) makes clear that a notarial or consular acknowledgment is not essential to the validity of any transfer, whether executed in the United States or abroad. However, the subsection would liberalize the conditions under which certificates of acknowledgment of documents executed abroad are to be accorded prima facie weight, and would give the same weight to domestic acknowledgments under appropriate circumstances.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 307 cases (42 in the last 5 years), 1972–2026 · leading case: TD Bank NA v. Vernon Hill, II
TD Bank NA v. Vernon Hill, II (2019) ca3 · cites it 4× “” 17 U.S.C. § 204 (a); see Barefoot Architect, Inc.”
Small Justice LLC v. Xcentric Ventures LLC (2017) ca1 · cites it 6× “The footnote first explained that insofar as 17 U.S.C. § 204 required “a written and signed conveyance” for DuPont to transfer a copyright to Xcentric, then DuPont’s checking of the box on the “Submit your Report” page did not suffice to effect the transfer of the copyright in…”
DRK Photo v. McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC (2017) ca9 · cites it 2× “Although a third party may not raise noncompliance with 17 U.S.C. § 204 (a)’s writing requirement as a defense to a copyright transfer where the parties to the transfer do not dispute its existence, Jules Jordan Video, Inc.”
Davis v. Blige (2007) ca2 · cites it 3× “In a memorandum and order filed November 22, 2005, it declined to determine whether the written ratification of a prior oral transfer could satisfy the Copyright Act’s requirement that transfers of copyright ownership be in writing, 17 U.S.C. § 204 (a), or whether the transfer…”
SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc. (2009) ca10 · cites it 4× “2 did not sufficiently identify which copyrights were to change hands, and therefore failed to satisfy the requirements necessary to transfer ownership of a copyright under Section 204(a) of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 204 (a). Having found that SCO’s assertions of copyright…”
Michael Baisden v. I'm Ready Productions, Inc., et (2012) ca5 · cites it 2× “These include that the oral agreement allegedly made in 2005 was not a work-for-hire agreement and was thus invalid, was contrary to the parties’ intentions, had to be in writing pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 204 (a), and was in violation of the statute of frauds.”
Bangkok Broadcasting & T v. Co. v. IPTV Corp. (2010) cacd · cites it 6× “) Further, Plaintiff argues that in light of 17 U.S.C. § 204 (a) (“ § 204(a)”), IPTV’s counterclaims, “which merely restate as claims IPTV’s defense of an oral license agreement,” are rendered infirm.”
X-IT Products, L.L.C. v. Walter Kidde Portable Equipment, Inc. (2001) vaed · cites it 4× “See 17 U.S.C. § 204 (a). That section provides that “[a] transfer of copyright ownership, other than by operation of law, is not valid unless an instrument of conveyance, or a note or memorandum of the transfer, is in writing and signed by the owner of the rights conveyed or…”
Accusoft Corporation, Appellant\\cross-Appellee v. James L. Palo Simon Weiczner Individually and D/B/A Snowbound Softwar (2001) ca1 · cites it 2× “Although the settlement agreement clearly did transfer AccuSoft’s copyright in the IFL to Snowbound, the master accepted AccuSoft’s contention that a non-exclusive license issued by AccuSoft before the settlement agreement was signed would continue in effect under 17 U.S.C. §…”
Xu Liu v. Price Waterhouse LLP and Computer Language Research, Inc., Defendants/third-Party v. Xiaomei Yang, Third-Party (2002) ca3 · cites it 3× “They assert that even if the parties intended that Price Waterhouse would own the copyrights in the derivative work, Price Waterhouse by law cannot own these copyrights because the derivative work’s authors did not execute a written document assigning ownership of the derivative…”
Roddenberry v. Roddenberry (1996) calctapp · cites it 2× “[20] Moreover, to the extent that current copyright law aids in interpretation of this 1969 transaction, current law requires a writing signed by the transferor *662 to effect a copyright transfer.”
Vance v. Latimer (2009) mied · cites it 4× “§ 204 (b)(1), which provides that “[a] certifícate of acknowledgment is not required for the validity of a transfer, but is prima facie evidence of the execution of the transfer if — (1) in the ease of a transfer executed in the United States, the certificate is issued by a…”
— 17 U.S.C. § 204(a) — 7 cases
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