U.S. Code » Title 20 » Chapter CHAPTER 39— EQUAL EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES AND TRANSPORTATION OF STUDENTS › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER I— EQUAL EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES › Part Part 2— Unlawful Practices

20 U.S.C. § 1703

Denial of equal educational opportunity prohibited

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No State shall deny equal educational opportunity to an individual on account of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, by—(a) the deliberate segregation by an educational agency of students on the basis of race, color, or national origin among or within schools;(b) the failure of an educational agency which has formerly practiced such deliberate segregation to take affirmative steps, consistent with part 4 of this subchapter, to remove the vestiges of a dual school system;(c) the assignment by an educational agency of a student to a school, other than the one closest to his or her place of residence within the school district in which he or she resides, if the assignment results in a greater degree of segregation of students on the basis of race, color, sex, or national origin among the schools of such agency than would result if such student were assigned to the school closest to his or her place of residence within the school district of such agency providing the appropriate grade level and type of education for such student;(d) discrimination by an educational agency on the basis of race, color, or national origin in the employment, employment conditions, or assignment to schools of its faculty or staff, except to fulfill the purposes of subsection (f) below;(e) the transfer by an educational agency, whether voluntary or otherwise, of a student from one school to another if the purpose and effect of such transfer is to increase segregation of students on the basis of race, color, or national origin among the schools of such agency; or(f) the failure by an educational agency to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs.(Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 204, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 515.)Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date

Section effective on and after sixtieth day after Aug. 21, 1974, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 93–380, set out as a note under section 1221–1 of this title.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 133 cases (16 in the last 5 years), 1975–2025 · leading case: Horne v. Flores, 557 U.S. 433 (2009).
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Horne v. Flores, 557 U.S. 433 (2009). · cites it 15× “s action, alleging that Arizona, its State Board of Education, and the Superintendent of Public Instruction (defen dants) were providing inadequate ELL instruction in the Nogales Unified School District (Nogales), in violation of the Equal Educa tional Opportunities Act of 1974…”
Khadidja Issa v. Lancaster Sch. Dist., 847 F.3d 121 (3rd Cir. 2017). · cites it 5× “District Court granted that request, finding likely violations of Pennsylvania law and a provision of a federal statute we’ve never addressed — the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 (EEOA), 20 U.S.C. § 1703 (f). The School District appeals, asking us to vacate that…”
Bostock v. Clayton Cnty., 140 S. Ct. 1731 (2020). · cites it 2× “§1702 (a)(1) (Equal Educational Op- portunities; Congressional Findings)  20 U. S. C. §1703 (Denial of Equal Educational Opportunity Prohibited)  20 U.”
Bd. of Educ., Joliet Tp. v. Bd. of Educ., 897 N.E.2d 756 (Ill. 2008). · cites it 10× “” 20 U.S.C. §1703 (2000). The EEOA delineates a number of activities that constitute discrimination.”
Monell v. New York City Dept. of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978). · cites it 2× “20 U. S. C. §§ 1703 , 1706, 1708, 1710, 1718 (1976 ed.”
Jorge Gomez v. Illinois State Bd. of Educ. & Ted Sanders, in His Off. Capacity as Illinois State Superintendent of Educ., 811 F.2d 1030 (7th Cir. 1987). · cites it 4× “The primary question presented in this appeal is whether the district court erred in dismissing the plaintiffs’ complaint on the ground that it failed to state a claim under § 204(f) of the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 (codified at 20 U.S.C. § 1703 (f)), the…”
Keitt v. New York City, 882 F. Supp. 2d 412 (S.D.N.Y. 2011). · cites it 2× “” 20 U.S.C. § 1703 . This statute was “intended to ‘specify appropriate remedies for the orderly removal of the vestiges of the dual school system.”
Martin Luther King Junior Elementary Sch. Child. v. Michigan Bd. of Educ., 451 F. Supp. 1324 (E.D. Mich. 1978). · cites it 10× “§§ 1983 and 1985(3), (II) their right to the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, (III) their right to equal educational opportunity protected by 20 U.S.C. §§ 1703 (f) and 1706, (IV) their right to the benefits of…”
Mumid v. Abraham Lincoln High Sch., 618 F.3d 789 (8th Cir. 2010). · cites it 3× “” 20 U.S.C. § 1703 (f). The students claim that the District violated this law by failing to meet its obligation “to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers.”
United States of Am., & Mexican Am. Legal Def. Fund, Lulac & G. I. Forum, Plaintiffs-Intervenors-Appellees v. State of Texas, 680 F.2d 356 (5th Cir. 1982). · cites it 5× “§ 2000d, or 20 U.S.C. § 1703 (f), or to section G of the court’s seminal order.”
Debra P. v. Turlington, 474 F. Supp. 244 (M.D. Fla. 1979). · cites it 7× “§ 2000d and 20 U.S.C. § 1703 . The Court on March 21, 1979, certified three classes of Plaintiffs: Class A are all present and future twelfth grade public school students in the State of Florida who have failed or who hereafter fail the SSAT II.”
Lopez v. Bay Shore Union Free Sch. Dist., 668 F. Supp. 2d 406 (E.D.N.Y 2009). · cites it 4× “§ 2000d, and 20 U.S.C. § 1703 et seq. The defendant has moved for judgment on the pleadings in its favor on all of the plaintiffs’ claims.”
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