31 U.S.C. § 5322
Criminal penalties
Historical and Revision Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
5322(a) | 31:1058. | Oct. 26, 1970, Pub. L. 91–508, §§ 205(b)(last sentence related to criminal penalties), 209, 210, 84 Stat. 1120, 1121. |
5322(b) | 31:1059. | |
5322(c) | 31:1054(b)(last sentence related to criminal penalties). | |
In subsections (a) and (b), the words “(except section 5315 of this title or a regulation prescribed under section 5315)” are added because 31:1141–1143 was not enacted as part of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act that is restated in the subchapter.
In subsection (a), the word “prescribed” is added for consistency.
In subsection (b), the words “or a regulation prescribed under this subchapter” are added because of the restatement. The words “committed” and “the commission of” are omitted as surplus. The words “United States” are substituted for “Federal” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
In subsection (c), the words “the purposes of both civil and criminal penalties for” are omitted because of the restatement. The word “separate” before “office” is omitted as surplus.
Section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is classified to section 1829b of Title 12, Banks and Banking.
Section 123 of Public Law 91–508, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is classified to section 1953 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.
Section 6003 of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020, referred to in subsec. (e), is section 6003 of div. F of Pub. L. 116–283, which is set out as a note under section 5311 of this title. Such section 6003 defines terms, including the Bank Secrecy Act, as used in div. F of Pub. L. 116–283.
2021—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 116–283, § 6403(b)(2), substituted “section 5315, 5324, or 5336” for “section 5315 or 5324” in two places.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 116–283, § 6312(a), added subsec. (e).
2001—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–56, § 353(b)(1), inserted “or order issued” after “willfully violating this subchapter or a regulation prescribed” and “, or willfully violating a regulation prescribed under section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or section 123 of Public Law 91–508,” after “under section 5315 or 5324)”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–56, § 353(b)(2), inserted “or order issued” after “willfully violating this subchapter or a regulation prescribed” and “or willfully violating a regulation prescribed under section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or section 123 of Public Law 91–508,” after “under section 5315 or 5324),”.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–56, § 363(b), added subsec. (d).
1994—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 103–325 inserted “or 5324” after “section 5315” wherever appearing.
1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–550 substituted “imprisoned for” for “imprisonment”.
1986—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1357(g), substituted “any illegal activity involving” for “illegal activity involving transactions of” and “10 years” for “5 years”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1356(c)(1), substituted “5318(a)(2)” for “5318(2)” in two places.
1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–473, which directed the substitution of “$250,000, or imprisonment not more than five years, or both” for “$1,000, or imprisonment not more than one year, or both”, was executed by substituting the quoted wording for “$1,000, imprisoned for not more than one year, or both” to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Amendment by section 1357(g) of Pub. L. 99–570 applicable with respect to violations committed after
Pub. L. 116–283, div. F, title LXIII, § 6312(b),
Notes of Decisions
Cited in 334
cases (21 in the last 5 years), 1983–2026 · leading case: Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135 (1994).
Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135 (1994). “Based on this endeavor, Ratzlaf was charged with "structuring transactions" to evade the banks' obligation to report cash transactions exceeding $10,000; this conduct, the indictment alleged, violated 31 U. S. C. §§ 5322 (a) and 5324(3). The trial judge instructed the jury that…”
United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321 (1998). “31 U. S. C. § 5322 (a); 18 U. S. C. § 982 (a)(1).”
United States v. Usama Sadik Ahmed Abdel Whab, 355 F.3d 155 (2d Cir. 2004). “In discussing the boundaries of criminal liability under § 1001, we noted: Arguably, to violate Section 1001, a person must know that it is unlawful to make such a false statement.”
United States v. St. Michael's Credit Union & Janice Sacharczyk, 880 F.2d 579 (1st Cir. 1989). “A failure to file a CTR may be prosecuted as a felony when the omission occurs “while [the defendant is] violating another law of the United States, or as part of a pattern of illegal activity involving transactions of more than $100,000 in a 12-month period.”
United States v. Michael David Alston, 77 F.3d 713 (3rd Cir. 1996). “At all times relevant to this appeal, 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a) provided criminal penalties only for "willful” violations of § 5313 or 5324.”
United States v. Connie Walker, Antoinette Lloyd, Ronald Jackson, Also Known as Cuzzo, Mario H. Lloyd, & Charles Lloyd, 25 F.3d 540 (7th Cir. 1994). “31 U.S.C. §§ 5322 (a), 5324(3). Two days pri- or to oral argument in this case, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Ratzlaf v.”
United States v. Steven C. Griffin, Marvin M. Rux, & Andrae Scurlock, 84 F.3d 912 (7th Cir. 1996). “§ 5313 in violation of 31 U.S.C. §§ 5322 (a), 5324. The final, unnum *917 bered count alleged the basis for criminal forfeiture under 21 U.”
United States v. Daniel F. Aversa, United States of Am. v. Vincent Mento, United States of Am. v. William J. Donovan, 984 F.2d 493 (1st Cir. 1993). “Subchapter IPs criminal penalty provision, 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a), proscribes only “willful” violations of the sub-chapter’s provisions.”
United States v. Bank of New England, N.A., 821 F.2d 844 (1st Cir. 1987). “3 The Act imposes felony liability when a bank willfully fails to file such reports “as part of a pattern of illegal activity involving transactions of more than $100,000 in a twelve-month period____” 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (b). I. THE ISSUES The Bank was found guilty of having failed…”
United States v. Est. of Schoenfeld, 344 F. Supp. 3d 1354 (M.D. Fla. 2018). “See Section 5321 ; 31 U.S.C. § 5322 . The Secretary delegated authority to the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") to impose criminal penalties, and to the Director of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN"), a bureau of the Treasury, to impose civil penalties.”
Sandra Cortez v. Trans Union, 617 F.3d 688 (3rd Cir. 2010). “§ 1906 (maximum fine of $10,000,000 for willful violation of laws governing international narcotics trafficking); see also 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (maximum fine of $250,000 for willful violation of the USA PATRIOT Act, including 31 U.”
Aversa v. United States, 99 F.3d 1200 (1st Cir. 1996). “a memorandum opinion ruling on Aversa’s and Mento’s post-conviction motions, 3 the judge noted that the government had admitted that Aversa and Mentó were “not involved in drugs and not laundering ill-gotten gains and not keeping information from the United States,” and found…”
Nir Goldeshtein v. Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 8 F.3d 645 (9th Cir. 1993). “5 The penalties for “willfully violating” this provision are set forth in 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (b) (1988). Thus, the language of these statutes does not make intent to defraud the government an essential element of the offense.”
United States v. David A. Dashney, 937 F.2d 532 (10th Cir. 1991). “§ 5324 (3), 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a), and 18 U.S.C. § 2 .”
United States v. London, 66 F.3d 1227 (1st Cir. 1995). “Jury Instructions Regarding London’s Failure to File CTRs London argues that we should vacate his convictions for failing to file CTRs because the district court erroneously informed the jury that London could be convicted of the “willful” violation proscribed by 31 U.S.C. §…”
United States v. Wells, 519 U.S. 482 (1997). “§ 1268 (g) (penalizing false statement in documents required by Federal program or Federal Lands program regarding surface mining); 31 U. S. C. § 5322 (penalizing willful violations of subchapter); 33 U.”
United States v. Murad Nersesian, 824 F.2d 1294 (2d Cir. 1987). “One count charging Maktabi with unlawful transportation of monetary instruments in violation of 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a) was dismissed. The charges for which each defendant was indicted, the dispositions of those charges, and the sentences imposed are also set forth in an appendix…”
United States v. William MacPherson, 424 F.3d 183 (2d Cir. 2005). “877,1000,1081 (codified as amended at 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a) (1994))). This court construed this willfulness ele *189 ment to require proof that a defendant, with knowledge of the reporting requirement imposed by law, structured a currency transaction “intending] to deprive the…”
United States v. Ronald Bencs, 28 F.3d 555 (6th Cir. 1994). “Finally, Bencs was charged with two instances of structuring financial transactions to avoid the cash transaction reporting requirements, 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (counts 16-17). Gross pled guilty to two counts of the indictment, and did not testify at trial.”
United States of Am., in No. 92-7174 v. Ronald P. Shirk, in No. 92-7123, 981 F.2d 1382 (3rd Cir. 1993). “” Willful violations of section 5324(3) are made criminally punishable by 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a), (b). Shirk contends that the inadequacy of the proof against him stems from the Government’s mistaken interpretation of what constitutes a structured “transaction” under the…”
United States v. Neil Roger Beidler, 110 F.3d 1064 (4th Cir. 1997). “” 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a), (b) (1988) (providing for the imposition of penalties upon “[a] person willfully violating” the antistructuring laws).”
United States v. Edgar Salinas-Ceron, 731 F.2d 1375 (9th Cir. 1984). “*1378 § 1001 and 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a) 2 for the same conduct.”
United States v. Ramon J. Vazquez, 53 F.3d 1216 (11th Cir. 1995). “31 U.S.C.A. § 5322 (West Supp.1994). 2 This anti-structuring law “aims to prevent people from either causing a bank to fail to file a required report or defeating the government’s efforts to identify large cash transactions by splitting up a cash hoard in a manner that avoids…”
United States v. James M. Gabriel, Gerard E. Vitti, 125 F.3d 89 (2d Cir. 1997). “In Ratzlaf , the Supreme Court held that the term “willfully,” as used in 31 U.S.C. § 5322 , established that the government was required to prove that a defendant knowingly violated the law.”
United States v. Sidney Francis Mourning, 914 F.2d 699 (5th Cir. 1990). “” 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a). Section 5322(b), to which Mourning pleaded guilty, provides in pertinent part that “[a] person willfully violating this subchapter or a regulation prescribed under this subchapter .”
United States v. Kwong Shing So, 755 F.2d 1350 (9th Cir. 1985). “The first two CTR counts were charged as misdemeanors under 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a), and the last five were charged as felonies under 31 U.”
United States v. Bucey, 691 F. Supp. 1077 (N.D. Ill. 1988). “In the alternative, the defendant moves to declare the offenses charged in Counts VIII and IX under 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a) rather than under 31 U.”
United States v. Rodney Rogers, A/K/A Koseem C. Sanders, 18 F.3d 265 (4th Cir. 1994). “2d 615 (1994), the Court held that 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a), that fixes punishment for persons willfully violating 31 U.”
United States v. George Retos, Jr., 25 F.3d 1220 (3rd Cir. 1994). “In Ratzlaf , the Supreme Court held that “[t]o convict Ratzlaf of the crime with which he was charged, violation of 31 U.S.C. §§ 5322 (a) and 5324(3), the jury had to find he knew the structuring in which he engaged was unlawful.”
United States v. Jung Joo Park, 389 F. Supp. 3d 561 (E.D. Ill. 2019). “§] 5321 ; 31 U.S.C. § 5322 . The Secretary delegated authority to .”
United States v. Barbara Mouzin, United States of Am. v. Alfonso Carvajal, 785 F.2d 682 (9th Cir. 1986). “§ 1059 (current version at 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (1982)) (Counts Eight through Twelve); the Travel Act, 18 U.”
United States v. Fnu Lnu, 653 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. 2011). “See 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (providing criminal penalties for willful violation of 31 U.”
United States v. Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213 (11th Cir. 2011). “” 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (b). Count 284 alleged that, during calendar year 1999, Bradley III had such a financial interest in a bank account that had an aggregate value of over $2,000,000 and that he willfully failed to report this while committing mail fraud, wire fraud, and money…”
United States v. W. David Marcello, 13 F.3d 752 (3rd Cir. 1994). “Marcello was convicted of structuring bank deposits in order to evade reporting requirements in violation of 31 U.S.C.A. §§ 5322 (a), 5324(a)(3) (West Supp.”
United States v. Roosevelt Winfield, A/K/A Jihad A. Muhammed, United States of Am. v. Luvenia H. Winfield, 997 F.2d 1076 (4th Cir. 1993). “§ 371 and 31 U.S.C. §§ 5322 and 5324 for conspiracy to violate the currency transaction reporting (“CTR”) requirements.”
Michael Peck v. United States, 106 F.3d 450 (2d Cir. 1997). “The district court declined Peck’s request to charge the jury that the government must prove that Peck knew that structuring was unlawful in order to satisfy the scienter requirement of willfulness contained in 31 U.S.C. § 5322 (a). The decision of Judge Nevas was in accord with…”
United States v. Walid Khalife Fred Abdenour Goldcorp, Inc., 106 F.3d 1300 (6th Cir. 1997). “The district court held that the defendants could not be charged with a conspiracy to defraud the United States when the conduct charged is prohibited by a specific statute involving structuring, 31 U.S.C. §§ 5322 and 5324. We reverse. I.”
United States v. Brown, 117 F.3d 471 (11th Cir. 1997). “By applying rules of statutory construction, and by examining relevant legislative history, the Supreme Court reached its authoritative interpretation of the willfulness requirement contained in 31 U.S.C. § 5322 , the criminal enforcement provision then applicable to 31 U.”
United States v. Jacobo Cure, 804 F.2d 625 (11th Cir. 1986). “The statute goes on to state that whoever “willfully causes an act to be done *629 which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal.”
United States v. Barnhardt, 93 F.3d 706 (10th Cir. 1996). “In Dashney , the defendant was convicted in 1990 of violating 31 U.S.C. §§ 5322 (a) and 5324(3) by structuring cash transactions in order to evade currency reporting requirements.”
United States v. Robert Pitner, United States of Am. v. David M. Hanson, 979 F.2d 156 (9th Cir. 1993).
United States v. Stanley Caming, 968 F.2d 232 (2d Cir. 1992).
United States v. Roger W. Pipkin, III, 114 F.3d 528 (5th Cir. 1997).
Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184 (1998).
United States v. Waldemar Ratzlaf, United States of Am. v. Loretta Ratzlaf, 976 F.2d 1280 (9th Cir. 1992).
United States v. Fred S. Pang, 362 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 2004).
United States v. James L. Kington & Don Earney, 875 F.2d 1091 (5th Cir. 1989).
United States v. Krikor Baghdassar Tatoyan, A/K/A Krikor Tatoyan, United States of Am. v. Zenda Bedros Tatoyan, A/K/A Zenda Tatoyan, 474 F.3d 1174 (9th Cir. 2007).
United States v. Paul G. Sczubelek, 402 F.3d 175 (3rd Cir. 2005).
United States v. David v. Cook, 745 F.2d 1311 (10th Cir. 1984).
United States v. Taylor, 816 F.3d 12 (2d Cir. 2016).
United States v. David A. Dashney, 117 F.3d 1197 (10th Cir. 1997).
State v. Izzolena, 609 N.W.2d 541 (Iowa 2000).
Butler v. Mooers, 2001 ME 56 (Me. 2001).
United States v. Alfredo Santos, 20 F.3d 280 (7th Cir. 1994).
Bates v. United States, 522 U.S. 23 (1997).
United States v. Frederick Schultz, 333 F.3d 393 (2d Cir. 2003).
UNITED STATES of Am. v. Darus H. ZEHRBACH, Appellant in No. 93-7477. Alex A. Mervis, Appellant in No. 93-7493, 47 F.3d 1252 (3rd Cir. 1995).
United States v. $1,071,251.44 of Funds Associated With Mingzheng Int'l Trading Ltd., 324 F. Supp. 3d 38 (D.C. Cir. 2018).
State v. Bishop, 753 P.2d 439 (Utah 1988).
United States v. Overholt, 307 F.3d 1231 (10th Cir. 2002).
United States v. James A. Simon, 727 F.3d 682 (7th Cir. 2013).
United States v. Konefal, 566 F. Supp. 698 (N.D.N.Y. 1983).
United States v. One (1) Lot of Twenty-Four Thousand Nine Hundred Dollars ($24,900.00) in U.S. Currency, Robert Chemaly, Claimant-Defendant-Appellee, 770 F.2d 1530 (11th Cir. 1985).
United States v. Four Million, Two Hundred Fifty-Five Thousand, Etc., United States of Am. v. Three Million, Six Hundred Eighty-Six Thousand, Etc., 762 F.2d 895 (11th Cir. 1985).
United States v. Lawrence Snider, 957 F.2d 703 (9th Cir. 1992).
United States v. Kevin J. Daughtry, 48 F.3d 829 (4th Cir. 1995).
In re Sealed, 932 F.3d 915 (D.C. Cir. 2019).
United States v. Hurley, 63 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 1995).
United States v. Mark A. Simon, 85 F.3d 906 (2d Cir. 1996).
United States v. Sanchez Vazquez, 585 F. Supp. 990 (N.D. Ga. 1984).
United States v. Isac Schwarzbaum, 24 F.4th 1355 (11th Cir. 2022).
United States v. John A. Voss, United States of Am. v. Mitchell S. Beals, United States of Am. v. Brent L. Beals, 82 F.3d 1521 (10th Cir. 1996).
United States v. Brad Eugene Branch, Kevin Whitecliff, Jaime Castillo, Renos Lenny Avraam, Paul Fatta & Graeme Leonard Craddock, 91 F.3d 699 (5th Cir. 1996).
United States of Am.,plaintiff-Appellee v. Gerald A. Henderson, 243 F.3d 1168 (9th Cir. 2001).
United States v. Woodward, 469 U.S. 105 (1985).
United States v. Carolyn Brown, Richard Brown, Dorothy Lewis Brown, Rosa Brown, Shenita Jackson Brown, 954 F.2d 1563 (11th Cir. 1992).
United States v. Michael E. Gaudin, 28 F.3d 943 (9th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Maria C. Duran, United States of Am. v. Lilia Vazquez, 41 F.3d 540 (9th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Warren Harding McNamara Jr., 74 F.3d 514 (4th Cir. 1996).
United States v. Constance Haas Meester, Jeanne Sanfratello Tumulty, Robert Haas, Edward Conrad Sawyer, 762 F.2d 867 (11th Cir. 1985).
United States v. Nippon Paper Indus. Co., Ltd., 109 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 1997).
United States v. Connie C. Armstrong, 951 F.2d 626 (5th Cir. 1992).
United States v. Morales-Rodríguez, 467 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2006).
United States v. Baytank (Houston), Inc., United States of Am. v. Baytank (Houston), Inc., 934 F.2d 599 (5th Cir. 1991).
United States v. Theodore v. Anzalone, 766 F.2d 676 (1st Cir. 1985).
United States v. Grandmaison, 77 F.3d 555 (1st Cir. 1996).
United States v. Varrone, 554 F.3d 327 (2d Cir. 2009).
United States v. Toth, 33 F.4th 1 (1st Cir. 2022).
United States v. Castello, 611 F.3d 116 (2d Cir. 2010).
Michael Peck v. United States, 73 F.3d 1220 (2d Cir. 1995).
United States v. Pamela Sue Hollis, United States of Am. v. William T. \Tom\" Hollis", 971 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir. 1992).
State Ex Rel. Couns. for Dis. of Neb. Supreme Court v. Wintroub, 765 N.W.2d 482 (Neb. 2009).
United States of Am., Plaintiff--Appellee/cross v. Swaran Kumar Jain Ctr. for Mental Health Servs., Inc., Defendants--Appellants/cross, 93 F.3d 436 (8th Cir. 1996).
Sarausad v. Porter, 503 F.3d 822 (9th Cir. 2007).
United States v. Richard E. Hove, 52 F.3d 233 (9th Cir. 1995).
United States v. Arnold L. Hollingsworth, Jr. & William A. Pickard, III, 27 F.3d 1196 (7th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Bornfield, 145 F.3d 1123 (10th Cir. 1998).
United States v. Jose, 499 F.3d 105 (1st Cir. 2007).
AER Advisors Inc. v. Fid. Brokerage Svcs., LLC, 921 F.3d 282 (1st Cir. 2019).
United States v. Casamento, 887 F.2d 1141 (2d Cir. 1989).
United States v. Charles D. Scanio, 900 F.2d 485 (2d Cir. 1990).
United States v. Rodriguez-Rios, 14 F.3d 1040 (5th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Oscar Fernando Cuevas, 847 F.2d 1417 (9th Cir. 1988).
Bd. of Prof'l Responsibility of the Supreme Court of Tennessee v. Thomas Ewing Cowan, 388 S.W.3d 264 (Tenn. 2012).
United States v. Edgar Salinas-Ceron, 755 F.2d 726 (9th Cir. 1985).
United States v. Arthur L. Mitchell, 31 F.3d 628 (8th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Merritt G. Stansfield, Jr., 101 F.3d 909 (3rd Cir. 1996).
United States v. Patrick, 965 F.2d 1390 (6th Cir. 1992).
United States v. Mohammad S. Mohammad, Also Known as Sean Saleh, & Asad Saleh, 53 F.3d 1426 (7th Cir. 1995).
United States v. Galen G. Kelly, 35 F.3d 929 (4th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Marder, 48 F.3d 564 (1st Cir. 1995).
United States v. Jimmie Jones, 21 F.3d 165 (7th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Abelardo Valdes-Guerra, 758 F.2d 1411 (11th Cir. 1985).
United States v. Neufeld, 908 F. Supp. 491 (S.D. Ohio 1995).
United States of Am., (97-6308/6309) v. David Tex Hill, (97-6051/6286), 167 F.3d 1055 (6th Cir. 1999).
United States v. Ahmad, 213 F.3d 805 (4th Cir. 2000).
UNITED STATES of Am., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Morris D. ENGLISH, Jr., Defendant-Appellant, 92 F.3d 909 (9th Cir. 1996).
United States v. Gimbel, 632 F. Supp. 713 (E.D. Wis. 1985).
United States v. Charles L. Wynn, Jr., 61 F.3d 921 (D.C. Cir. 1995).
United States v. Kenneth Smukler, 991 F.3d 472 (3rd Cir. 2021).
United States v. Sergio Eduardo Oreira & Carlos Humberto Postizzi, 29 F.3d 185 (5th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Brett C. Kimberlin, 781 F.2d 1247 (7th Cir. 1985).
United States of Am., (87-5477), (87-5750, 87-5751) v. Bob Minarik & Aline K. Campbell, (87-5477), (87-5750, 87-5751), 875 F.2d 1186 (6th Cir. 1989).
United States v. Augustine Chikadili Okayfor (92-1706), & Tim Okosi (92-1812), 996 F.2d 116 (6th Cir. 1993).
United States v. Benjamin Sisti & Jonathan N. Googel, 91 F.3d 305 (2d Cir. 1996).
United States v. Doe, 741 F.3d 339 (2d Cir. 2013).
United States v. Lucille Ann Des Jardins, 747 F.2d 499 (9th Cir. 1984).
United States v. Vernon O. Holland & James Davis Drane Mauldin, Jr., 956 F.2d 990 (10th Cir. 1992).
United States v. Alessandro Moncini, Aka: Sandro Moncini, 882 F.2d 401 (9th Cir. 1989).
United States v. Robert H. Hopkins, 53 F.3d 533 (2d Cir. 1995).
United States v. David A. Dashney, 52 F.3d 298 (10th Cir. 1995).
United States v. Christine Yvette Rodriguez, 132 F.3d 208 (5th Cir. 1997).
United States v. Alan Heyman, 794 F.2d 788 (2d Cir. 1986).
United States v. Noel Ibarra-Alcarez & Jose Adeodato Ibarra-Alcarez, 830 F.2d 968 (9th Cir. 1987).
United States v. Phillip L. Segal, 852 F.2d 1152 (9th Cir. 1988).
United States v. James Ralph Hoyland, 914 F.2d 1125 (9th Cir. 1990).
United States v. John J. Hilliard, 31 F.3d 1509 (10th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Peter Larson, 110 F.3d 620 (8th Cir. 1997).
United States v. Aversa, 762 F. Supp. 441 (D.N.H. 1991).
United States v. Keller, 730 F. Supp. 151 (N.D. Ill. 1990).
United States v. Robert Mason Gray, (Two Cases), 47 F.3d 1359 (4th Cir. 1995).
Est. of Gentry E. McKinney by & Through Its Pers. Rep., Virginia McKinney Virginia McKinney Personally v. United States, 71 F.3d 779 (9th Cir. 1995).
State v. Grocery Mfrs. Ass'n, 502 P.3d 806 (Wash. 2022).
United States v. $359,500 in United States Currency, Benedetto Romano, Claimant-Appellee, 828 F.2d 930 (2d Cir. 1987).
The United States v. Arthur G. Besmajian, Jr., William J. Amwake. Appeal of United States of Am., 910 F.2d 1153 (3rd Cir. 1990).
United States v. Pascal Ballistrea, 101 F.3d 827 (2d Cir. 1996).
United States v. Victor Eisenstein, Beno Ghitis, 731 F.2d 1540 (11th Cir. 1984).
United States v. Cassandra L. Jackson & Willie Mason, 33 F.3d 866 (7th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Beras, 183 F.3d 22 (1st Cir. 1999).
United States v. Joseph D. Obiechie, 38 F.3d 309 (7th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Cody Jeremiah Hutzell, 217 F.3d 966 (8th Cir. 2000).
Quinones-Ruiz v. United States, 873 F. Supp. 359 (S.D. Cal. 1995).
United States of Am., Plaintiff/appellant/cross-Appellee v. Robert Nall, Defendant/appellee/ Cross-Appellant, & Robert McIntosh, 949 F.2d 301 (10th Cir. 1991).
United States v. Jose Armando Rodriguez, 925 F.2d 107 (5th Cir. 1991).
United States v. Richard Cruz Breque, 964 F.2d 381 (5th Cir. 1992).
United States of Am., Appellee-Cross-Appellant v. Elias Farah, Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appellee, 991 F.2d 1065 (2d Cir. 1993).
United States v. Edwin Seda, 978 F.2d 779 (2d Cir. 1992).
United States v. Lucille Ann Des Jardins, 772 F.2d 578 (9th Cir. 1985).
United States v. Shearson Lehman Bros., Inc., 650 F. Supp. 490 (E.D. Pa. 1986).
United States v. All Funds Presently on Deposit or Attempted to Be Deposited in Any Accounts Maintained at Am. Express Bank, 832 F. Supp. 542 (E.D.N.Y 1993).
Fenno v. Mountain West Bank, 2008 MT 267 (Mont. 2008).
In Re Sealed Case, 825 F.2d 494 (D.C. Cir. 1987).
United States v. Enrique Melguizo, 824 F.2d 370 (5th Cir. 1987).
United States v. Timothy B. Gibbons, 968 F.2d 639 (8th Cir. 1992).
United States v. 316 Units of Mun. Sec. in the Name of Efrain Gonzalez, 725 F. Supp. 172 (S.D.N.Y. 1989).
United States v. Adriana Maria Burgos, 276 F.3d 1284 (11th Cir. 2001).
Commonwealth v. Life Care Centers of Am., Inc., 926 N.E.2d 206 (Mass. 2010).
United States v. $132,245.00 in U.S. Currency, 764 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir. 2014).
McNamara v. United States, 867 F. Supp. 369 (E.D. Va. 1994).
United States v. Haim Yuzary, 55 F.3d 47 (2d Cir. 1995).
United States v. Six Negotiable Checks in Various Denominations Totaling One Hundred Ninety One Thousand Six Hundred Seventy One Dollars & Sixty Nine Cents ($191,671.69), 207 F. Supp. 2d 677 (E.D. Mich. 2002).
United States v. Masiarczyk, 1 F. App'x 199 (4th Cir. 2001).
United States v. Manafort, 313 F. Supp. 3d 213 (D.C. Cir. 2018).
United States v. Peter Park, 947 F.2d 130 (5th Cir. 1992).
United States v. Saccoccia, 823 F. Supp. 994 (D.R.I. 1993).
United States v. Isac Schwarzbaum, 114 F.4th 1319 (11th Cir. 2024).
LaChance v. Drug Enf't Admin., 672 F. Supp. 76 (E.D.N.Y 1987).
United States v. Edgar Hernandez-Salazar, 813 F.2d 1126 (11th Cir. 1987).
United States v. Scott Obiuwevbi, 962 F.2d 1236 (7th Cir. 1992).
United States v. Ismail, 97 F.3d 50 (4th Cir. 1996). “The evidence the Government presented in this case—e.g., bank official Jenny Fadoul’s explanations to the brothers that she would have to file reports with the IRS for cash deposits of $10,000 or more, Ahmed’s “no report” remark, and the brothers’ frequent cash deposits of…”
United States v. C. Wayne Phipps, 81 F.3d 1056 (11th Cir. 1996).
United States v. Lloyd, 983 F. Supp. 738 (N.D. Ill. 1997).
95 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 6657, 95 Daily Journal D.A.R. 11,397 United States of Am. v. Young Ho Kim, United States of Am. v. Jeong Suk Kim, 65 F.3d 123 (9th Cir. 1995).
Foster v. McGrail, 844 F. Supp. 16 (D. Mass. 1994).
United States v. Richie Abner, 825 F.2d 835 (5th Cir. 1987).
United States v. Dominick Lopreato, 83 F.3d 571 (2d Cir. 1996).
United States v. Donahue, Joseph P., 885 F.2d 45 (3rd Cir. 1989).
United States v. 92 Buena Vista Ave., Rumson, Nj, 738 F. Supp. 854 (D.N.J. 1990).
Lamberti v. United States, 22 F. Supp. 2d 60 (S.D.N.Y. 1998).
United States v. $1,399,313.74 in United States Currency, 591 F. Supp. 2d 365 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).
United States v. Ortiz, 738 F. Supp. 1394 (S.D. Fla. 1990).
United States v. Lucas, 932 F.2d 1210 (8th Cir. 1991).
United States v. United States Currency in the Amount of One Hundred Forty-Five Thousand, One Hundred Thirty-Nine Dollars, 803 F. Supp. 592 (E.D.N.Y 1992).
L-v-c, 22 I. & N. Dec. 594 (BIA 1999).
United States v. Gary C. Rosenberger, 872 F.2d 240 (8th Cir. 1989).
United States v. Ronald J. Hendron, 43 F.3d 24 (2d Cir. 1994).
United States v. Fletcher, 919 F. Supp. 384 (D. Kan. 1996).
United States v. Isac Schwarzbaum, 127 F.4th 259 (11th Cir. 2025).
718 Arch Street Assocs., Ltd. v. Blatstein, 192 F.3d 88 (3rd Cir. 1999).
United States v. $359,500 in United States Currency, 645 F. Supp. 638 (W.D.N.Y. 1986).
United States v. Miguel Morales-Vasquez A/K/A Reymundo Gonzalez-Morales, 919 F.2d 258 (5th Cir. 1990).
United States v. Thakkar, 721 F. Supp. 1030 (S.D. Ind. 1989).
United States v. William J. Donovan, 984 F.2d 507 (1st Cir. 1993).
United States v. Cucci, 892 F. Supp. 775 (W.D. Va. 1995).
United States v. $134,972.34 Seized from FNB Bank, 94 F. Supp. 3d 1224 (N.D. Ala. 2015).
United States v. Meros, 866 F.2d 1304 (11th Cir. 1989).
United States v. Dela Espriella, 781 F.2d 1432 (9th Cir. 1986).
United States v. Lawrence Snider, 945 F.2d 1108 (9th Cir. 1991).
United States v. Wiener, 96 F.3d 35 (2d Cir. 1996).
United States v. Seth Ira Booky, 733 F.2d 1335 (9th Cir. 1984).
United States v. Am. Investors of Pittsburgh, Inc., 879 F.2d 1087 (3rd Cir. 1989).
United States v. Youssef Saleh (88-1200), Hassan Serhan (88-1230), 875 F.2d 535 (6th Cir. 1989).
Reisch v. State, 668 A.2d 970 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1995).
United States v. Maroun, 739 F. Supp. 684 (D. Mass. 1990).
United States v. Forty-Eight Thousand, Five Hundred Ninety-Five Dollars, 705 F.2d 909 (7th Cir. 1983).
Melendez-Perez v. United States, 467 F. Supp. 2d 169 (D.P.R. 2006).
United States v. U.S. Currency in the Amount of $119,984, 129 F. Supp. 2d 471 (E.D.N.Y 2001).
United States v. Timberly Hughes, 113 F.4th 1158 (9th Cir. 2024).
United States v. Fifty Nine Thousand Dollars ($59,000.00), 282 F. App'x 785 (11th Cir. 2008).
Zi Qiang Chen v. State, 784 A.2d 641 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2001).
United States v. James Ralph Hoyland, 903 F.2d 1288 (9th Cir. 1990).
United States v. Perlmutter, 656 F. Supp. 782 (S.D.N.Y. 1987).
United States v. a Certain Parcel of Land, Moultonboro, 781 F. Supp. 830 (D.N.H. 1992).
United States v. $359,500 in United States Currency, 25 F. Supp. 2d 140 (W.D.N.Y. 1998).
United States v. Contents of Accounts Nos. 3034504504 & 144-07143 at Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 971 F.2d 974 (3rd Cir. 1992).
United States v. Greer, 285 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. 2000).
Borchardt v. United States, 469 U.S. 937 (1984).
United States v. Thomson, 752 F. Supp. 75 (W.D.N.Y. 1990).
United States v. Schmitz, 153 F.R.D. 136 (E.D. Wis. 1994).
United States v. Reguer, 901 F. Supp. 515 (E.D.N.Y 1995).
United States v. Goldberg, 587 F. Supp. 302 (S.D.N.Y. 1984).
United States v. Jenkins, 689 F. Supp. 342 (S.D.N.Y. 1988).
United States v. Risk, 672 F. Supp. 346 (S.D. Ind. 1987).
United States v. Pleier, 849 F. Supp. 1321 (D. Alaska 1994).
United States v. Casey Lee Paul, 23 F.3d 365 (11th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Tota, 672 F. Supp. 716 (S.D.N.Y. 1987).
United States v. $94,000.00 in United States Currency, Along With Any Interest Earned Thereon in First Fin. Sav. Ass'n Account 79-70063411, 2 F.3d 778 (7th Cir. 1993).
Caming v. United States, 889 F. Supp. 736 (S.D.N.Y. 1995).
United States v. Drive, 66 F. App'x 617 (6th Cir. 2003).
United States v. Juan Angulo Mora, 644 F. App'x 316 (5th Cir. 2016).
United States v. Kenneth Smukler, 986 F.3d 229 (3rd Cir. 2021).
United States v. Rafael, 282 F. Supp. 3d 407 (D.D.C. 2017).
United States v. Stephen Bannon, 101 F.4th 16 (D.C. Cir. 2024).
United States v. Matthew Zayas, 141 F.4th 1217 (11th Cir. 2025).
United States v. Alamo Bank of Texas, 880 F.2d 828 (5th Cir. 1989).
State v. Howard, 544 N.W.2d 626 (Wis. Ct. App. 1996).
Mickens v. United States, 53 F. Supp. 2d 326 (E.D.N.Y 1999).
United States v. One Hundred Twenty-two Thousand Forty-three Dollars ($122,043.00) In United States Currency, 792 F.2d 1470 (9th Cir. 1986).
United States v. Dollar Bank Money Mkt. Account No. 1591768456, 980 F.2d 233 (3rd Cir. 1992).
United States v. Bruce Emil Aitken, 898 F.2d 104 (9th Cir. 1990).
United States v. Bank of New England, N.A., 640 F. Supp. 36 (D. Mass. 1986).
United States v. LaFrance, 729 F. Supp. 7 (D. Mass. 1989).
United States v. Foster, 835 F. Supp. 360 (E.D. Mich. 1993).
Scarano v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. 775 (Fed. Cl. 1996).
United States v. $47,980 in Canadian Currency, 804 F.2d 1085 (9th Cir. 1986).
United States v. Bernard Bagdis, 488 F. App'x 593 (3rd Cir. 2012).
United States v. Corey Bernard, 537 F. App'x 72 (3rd Cir. 2013).
United States v. Contents of Four Bank Accounts Located in the Bank of Dadeville, 330 F. Supp. 2d 1299 (M.D. Ala. 2004).
United States v. Robins, 673 F. App'x 13 (2d Cir. 2016).
Soliman v. United States, 630 F. Supp. 2d 667 (E.D. Va. 2009).
United States v. Anna Cacioppo, 460 F.3d 1012 (8th Cir. 2006).
United States v. Averi, 715 F. Supp. 1508 (M.D. Ala. 1989).
United States v. Delgado, 959 F. Supp. 1523 (S.D. Fla. 1997).
United States v. Marion Michael O'Steen, 133 F.4th 1200 (11th Cir. 2025).
United States v. Alston (3rd Cir. 1996).
Pagnucco v. Pan Am. World Airways, Inc., 37 F.3d 804 (2d Cir. 1994).
United States v. Twenty Thousand Seven Hundred Fifty-seven Dollars & Eighty-three Cents ($20,757.83) Canadian Currency, 769 F.2d 479 (8th Cir. 1985).
United States v. $69,292.00 in U.S. Currency, 62 F.3d 1161 (9th Cir. 1995).
United States v. $100,348.00 in U.S. Currency, 354 F.3d 1110 (9th Cir. 2004).
United States v. COLLINS (W.D. Pa. 2021).
United States v. McCord, 904 F. Supp. 1029 (D. Neb. 1995).
United States v. One Hundred Thirty-Three (133) United States Postal Serv. Money Orders, 780 F. Supp. 2d 1084 (D. Haw. 2011).
In re Khoudary, 291 A.D.2d 152 (N.Y. App. Div. 2002).
In re Khoudary, 303 A.D.2d 124 (N.Y. App. Div. 2003).
United States v. Roca-Suarez, 30 F. App'x 723 (9th Cir. 2002).
Landa v. United States (Fed. Cl. 2021).
United States v. Park (N.D. Ill. 2019).
United States v. Bittner (E.D. Tex. 2020).
United States v. Marion Michael O'Steen (11th Cir. 2025).
United States v. Speer, 824 F. Supp. 111 (W.D. Ky. 1993).
United States v. Pickard, 787 F. Supp. 155 (S.D. Ind. 1992).
United States v. $273,969.04 U.S. Currency, 164 F.3d 462 (9th Cir. 1999).
United States v. Hayes, 800 F. Supp. 1575 (S.D. Ohio 1992).
United States v. Tatoyan (9th Cir. 2007).
In re Special February 2011-1 Grand Jury Subpoena Dated September 12, 2011, 852 F. Supp. 2d 1020 (N.D. Ill. 2011).
United States v. Gomez-Garcia (4th Cir. 1997).
United States v. Romano, 711 F. Supp. 78 (E.D.N.Y 1989).
United States v. Manafort (D.D.C. 2018).
Sealed Case (Pub. Redacted Opinion) (D.C. Cir. 2019).
Harrison v. Internal Revenue Serv. (D.D.C. 2021).
United States v. Bittner (5th Cir. 2021).
United States v. Doe, 252 F. Supp. 3d 170 (E.D.N.Y 2017).
Karupaiyan v. Wipro Ltd. (D.N.J. 2023).
United States v. Rund (E.D. Va. 2024).
United States v. Freeman (1st Cir. 2025).
United States v. Mark Gyetvay (11th Cir. 2025).
Natallia P. Voinea v. Td Bank, N.A. (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2026).
Soliman v. United States, 630 F. Supp. 2d 667 (E.D. Va. 2009).
United States v. Oreira (5th Cir. 1994).
United States v. Dashney (10th Cir. 1997).
United States v. Rockson (4th Cir. 1996).
United States v. Messer (4th Cir. 1998).
United States v. McMahon (4th Cir. 1998).
United States v. McNamara (4th Cir. 1996).
United States v. Beidler (4th Cir. 1997).
United States v. Retos (3rd Cir. 1994).
USA v. Lot 3, Marcus Est. (D.N.H. 1996).
United States v. Castello (2d Cir. 2009).
Lonnie L. Griffin v. Warden R. Wiley, 141 F. App'x 843 (11th Cir. 2005).
United States v. El-Samad, 147 F. App'x 19 (10th Cir. 2005).
United States v. Retherford, 208 F. App'x 611 (10th Cir. 2006).
United States v. Jarrett, 803 F. Supp. 2d 938 (N.D. Ind. 2011).
United States v. Sapyta, 390 F. Supp. 2d 563 (W.D. Tex. 2005).
United States v. Cassano, Angelo (7th Cir. 2004).
United States v. Martin J. Bradley, Jr. (11th Cir. 2011).
Sarausad v. Porter (9th Cir. 2007).
United States v. Denker, 94 F. App'x 872 (2d Cir. 2004).
United States v. Phipps (11th Cir. 1996).
United States v. Zehrbach (3rd Cir. 1995).
United States v. Stansfield (3rd Cir. 1996).
United States v. Swaran Kumar Jain (8th Cir. 1996).
United States v. Peter Larson (8th Cir. 1997).
United States v. Cody J. Hutzell (8th Cir. 2000).
In re Anonymous No. 65 D.B. 93, 25 Pa. D. & C.4th 375 (Pa. 1994).
Florida Bar v. Stoskopf, 513 So. 2d 141 (Fla. 1987).
The Florida Bar, 529 So. 2d 1116 (Fla. 1988).
In re Levy, 619 So. 2d 1061 (La. 1993).
United States v. Fajardo, 607 F. Supp. 1006 (E.D. La. 1985).
United States v. Russell, 622 F. Supp. 940 (S.D. Fla. 1985).
Laroche v. Vose (D.N.H. 1998).
In re Hodge, 116 A.D.2d 558 (N.Y. App. Div. 1986).
— 31 U.S.C. § 5322(a) — 1 case
United States v. Ismail, 97 F.3d 50 (4th Cir. 1996). “The evidence the Government presented in this case—e.g., bank official Jenny Fadoul’s explanations to the brothers that she would have to file reports with the IRS for cash deposits of $10,000 or more, Ahmed’s “no report” remark, and the brothers’ frequent cash deposits of…”
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