U.S. Code
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Title 33
» Chapter CHAPTER 26— WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER V— GENERAL PROVISIONS
33 U.S.C. § 1365
Citizen suits
(a) Authorization; jurisdictionExcept as provided in subsection (b) of this section and section 1319(g)(6) of this title, any citizen may commence a civil action on his own behalf—(1) against any person (including (i) the United States, and (ii) any other governmental instrumentality or agency to the extent permitted by the eleventh amendment to the Constitution) who is alleged to be in violation of (A) an effluent standard or limitation under this chapter or (B) an order issued by the Administrator or a State with respect to such a standard or limitation, or(2) against the Administrator where there is alleged a failure of the Administrator to perform any act or duty under this chapter which is not discretionary with the Administrator.The district courts shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce such an effluent standard or limitation, or such an order, or to order the Administrator to perform such act or duty, as the case may be, and to apply any appropriate civil penalties under section 1319(d) of this title.(b) NoticeNo action may be commenced—(1) under subsection (a)(1) of this section—(A) prior to sixty days after the plaintiff has given notice of the alleged violation (i) to the Administrator, (ii) to the State in which the alleged violation occurs, and (iii) to any alleged violator of the standard, limitation, or order, or(B) if the Administrator or State has commenced and is diligently prosecuting a civil or criminal action in a court of the United States, or a State to require compliance with the standard, limitation, or order, but in any such action in a court of the United States any citizen may intervene as a matter of right.(2) under subsection (a)(2) of this section prior to sixty days after the plaintiff has given notice of such action to the Administrator,except that such action may be brought immediately after such notification in the case of an action under this section respecting a violation of sections 1316 and 1317(a) of this title. Notice under this subsection shall be given in such manner as the Administrator shall prescribe by regulation.(c) Venue; intervention by Administrator; United States interests protected(1) Any action respecting a violation by a discharge source of an effluent standard or limitation or an order respecting such standard or limitation may be brought under this section only in the judicial district in which such source is located.(2) In such action under this section, the Administrator, if not a party, may intervene as a matter of right.(3)Protection of interests of united states.—Whenever any action is brought under this section in a court of the United States, the plaintiff shall serve a copy of the complaint on the Attorney General and the Administrator. No consent judgment shall be entered in an action in which the United States is not a party prior to 45 days following the receipt of a copy of the proposed consent judgment by the Attorney General and the Administrator.(d) Litigation costsThe court, in issuing any final order in any action brought pursuant to this section, may award costs of litigation (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees) to any prevailing or substantially prevailing party, whenever the court determines such award is appropriate. The court may, if a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction is sought, require the filing of a bond or equivalent security in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
(e) Statutory or common law rights not restrictedNothing in this section shall restrict any right which any person (or class of persons) may have under any statute or common law to seek enforcement of any effluent standard or limitation or to seek any other relief (including relief against the Administrator or a State agency).
(f) Effluent standard or limitationFor purposes of this section, the term “effluent standard or limitation under this chapter” means (1) effective July 1, 1973, an unlawful act under subsection (a) of section 1311 of this title; (2) an effluent limitation or other limitation under section 1311 or 1312 of this title; (3) standard of performance under section 1316 of this title; (4) prohibition, effluent standard or pretreatment standards under section 1317 of this title; (5) a standard of performance or requirement under section 1322(p) of this title; (6) a certification under section 1341 of this title; (7) a permit or condition of a permit issued under section 1342 of this title that is in effect under this chapter (including a requirement applicable by reason of section 1323 of this title); or (8) a regulation under section 1345(d) of this title.
(g) “Citizen” definedFor the purposes of this section the term “citizen” means a person or persons having an interest which is or may be adversely affected.
(h) Civil action by State GovernorsA Governor of a State may commence a civil action under subsection (a), without regard to the limitations of subsection (b) of this section, against the Administrator where there is alleged a failure of the Administrator to enforce an effluent standard or limitation under this chapter the violation of which is occurring in another State and is causing an adverse effect on the public health or welfare in his State, or is causing a violation of any water quality requirement in his State.
(June 30, 1948, ch. 758, title V, § 505, as added Pub. L. 92–500, § 2, Oct. 18, 1972, 86 Stat. 888; amended Pub. L. 100–4, title III, § 314(c), title IV, § 406(d)(2), title V, §§ 504, 505(c), Feb. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 49, 73, 75, 76; Pub. L. 115–282, title IX, § 903(c)(3), Dec. 4, 2018, 132 Stat. 4356.)Editorial NotesReferences in TextThe Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, referred to in subsec. (d), are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
Amendments2018—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–282 substituted “(5) a standard of performance or requirement under section 1322(p) of this title; (6) a certification under section 1341 of this title; (7) a permit or condition of a permit issued under section 1342 of this title that is in effect under this chapter (including a requirement applicable by reason of section 1323 of this title); or (8) a regulation under section 1345(d) of this title.” for “(5) certification under section 1341 of this title; (6) a permit or condition thereof issued under section 1342 of this title, which is in effect under this chapter (including a requirement applicable by reason of section 1323 of this title); or (7) a regulation under section 1345(d) of this title,.”
1987—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–4, § 314(c), inserted “and section 1319(g)(6) of this title” after “subsection (b) of this section” in introductory text.
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100–4, § 504, added par. (3).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–4, § 505(c), inserted “prevailing or substantially prevailing” before “party”.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–4, § 406(d)(2), added cl. (7).
Notes of Decisions
Upstate Forever v. Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. (2018)
ca4 · cites it 24×
“The district court held that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction under the CWA, because the pipeline has been repaired and the pollutants currently pass through ground water to reach navigable waters.”
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority v. National Sea Clammers Assn. (1981)
scotus · cites it 24×
“888 , 33 U. S. C. § 1365 (b) (1) (A). This provision allows suits under the Act by private citizens, but authorizes only prospective relief, and the citizen plaintiffs first must give notice to the EPA, the State, and any alleged violator.”
Gwaltney of Smithfield, Ltd. v. Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Inc. (1987)
scotus · cites it 14×
“In this case, we must decide whether § 505(a) of the Clean Water Act, also known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U. S. C. § 1365 (a), confers federal jurisdiction over citizen suits for wholly past violations.”
Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Inc. v. Severstal Sparrows Point, LLC (2011)
mdd · cites it 10×
“Procedural Background Prior to filing in federal court, Plaintiffs sent a Notice of Intent to Sue (“NOI”) letter to Defendants on May 29, 2010, as mandated by the CWA’s citizen suit provision, 33 U.S.C. § 1365 (b) (requiring that sixty days prior to the initiation of a civil…”
City of Burlington v. Dague (1992)
scotus · cites it 10×
“889 , as amended, 33 U. S. C. § 1365 (d), may enhance the fee award above the "lodestar" amount in order to reflect the fact that the party's attorneys were retained on a contingent-fee basis and thus assumed the risk of receiving no payment at all for their services.”
Saint John's Organic Farm v. Gem County Mosquito Abatement District (2009)
ca9 · cites it 16×
“FLETCHER, Circuit Judge: Plaintiffs Saint John's Organic Farm and Peter Dill (collectively, "Dill") filed suit under the citizen-suit provisions of the Clean Water Act ("CWA"), 33 U.S.C. § 1365 , against the Gem County Mosquito Abatement District and Gem County (collectively,…”
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Gaston Copper Recycling Corp. (2011)
ca4 · cites it 12×
“After reviewing these findings, we now conclude that the plaintiffs established standing to sue through FOE and CLEAN member Guy Jones. We also consider in this appeal Gaston’s argument challenging the district court’s imposition of penalties.”
Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment (1998)
scotus · cites it 4×
“33 U. S. C. § 1365 (a) (emphasis added). The italicized phrase strongly suggested (perhaps misleadingly) that the provision was addressing genuine subject-matter jurisdiction.”
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a) — 5 cases
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a)(1)(A) — 1 case
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a)(2) — 1 case
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b) — 1 case
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b)(1) — 1 case
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b)(1)(B) — 1 case
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b)(2) — 2 cases
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(c)(2) — 1 case
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(d) — 1 case
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(e) — 1 case
— 33 U.S.C. § 1365(g) — 2 cases
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