U.S. Code » Title 8 » Chapter CHAPTER 12— IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER III— NATIONALITY AND NATURALIZATION › Part Part I— Nationality at Birth and Collective Naturalization

8 U.S.C. § 1403

Persons born in the Canal Zone or Republic of Panama on or after February 26, 1904

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(a) Any person born in the Canal Zone on or after February 26, 1904, and whether before or after the effective date of this chapter, whose father or mother or both at the time of the birth of such person was or is a citizen of the United States, is declared to be a citizen of the United States.(b) Any person born in the Republic of Panama on or after February 26, 1904, and whether before or after the effective date of this chapter, whose father or mother or both at the time of the birth of such person was or is a citizen of the United States employed by the Government of the United States or by the Panama Railroad Company, or its successor in title, is declared to be a citizen of the United States.(June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title III, ch. 1, § 303, 66 Stat. 236.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

For definition of Canal Zone, referred to in text, see section 3602(b) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.

The effective date of this chapter, referred to in text, is the 180th day immediately following June 27, 1952. See section 407 of act June 27, 1952, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1101 of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesChange of Name

Panama Railroad Company redesignated Panama Canal Company by act Sept. 26, 1950, ch. 1049, § 2(a)(2), 64 Stat. 1038. References to Panama Canal Company in laws of the United States are deemed to refer to Panama Canal Commission pursuant to section 3602(b)(5) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 14 cases (1 in the last 5 years), 1958–2023 · leading case: United States v. Thompson-Riviere
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United States v. Thompson-Riviere (2009) ca4 · cites it 3× “Before sentencing, Thompson-Riviere moved to withdraw his guilty plea, primarily contending that newly obtained DNA evidence indicates that he may be the biological son of a United States citizen and, if so, he is also a United States citizen— rather than an alien — by virtue of…”
Hollander v. McCain (2008) nhd “558 (codified, as amended at 8 U.S.C. § 1403 (b)) (conferring citizenship on children born in the Canal Zone to one American parent on or after February 26, 1904, and born to one American parent anywhere in Panama after that date so long as the parent was employed there by the…”
Robinson v. Bowen (2008) cand “In 1937, to remove any doubt as to persons in Senator McCain’s circumstances in the Canal Zone, Congress enacted 8 U.S.C. § 1403 (a), which declared that persons in Senator McCain’s circumstances are citizens by virtue of their birth, thereby retroactively rendering Senator…”
Edward Peter Callas, an Infant Under the Age of Fourteen Years, by Helen Callas, His Guardian Ad Litem, and Edward Georg (1958) ca2 “Its people are not citizens or nationals, 8 U.S.C.A. § 1403 , and although, this country has full rights of use, occupation and control, it does not “own” the area.”
Boyd v. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (2004) nyed “Petitioner asserts that he is a United States citizen pursuant to Section 303 of the INA, codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , which confers citizen status on the children of certain United States citizens residing in Panama.”
Roberto Bobby Villalba v. U.S. Attorney General (2008) ca11 · cites it 2× “citizenship requirements under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 (b), 1 INA § 303(b), because (1) his father was a U.”
Milton Adolphus Farrell v. United States (1967) ca9 “8 U.S.C. § 1403 . 1 Farrell’s contention that his various admissions were conclusory and not based on personal knowledge went only to their weight — and diminished that but little, if at all.”
Jackson-Omier v. Gonzales (2007) ca1 “8 U.S.C. § 1403 (a) (2000). Jackson was subsequently convicted by guilty plea of passport fraud, 18 U.”
McConney v. Rogers (1961) ca9 “But under section 303 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 8 U.S.C.A. § 1403 , he might nevertheless be a citizen of the United States if one of his natural parents was an American citizen.”
Wood v. Attorney General of the United States (2009) ca3 · cites it 3× “Wood’s claim is governed by 8 U.S.C. § 1403 (a), which provides that “[a]ny person born in the Canal Zone on or after February 26, 1904, and whether before or after the effective date of this Act, whose father or mother or both at the time of the birth of such person was or is a…”
Wood v. Attorney General of the United States (2009) ca3 · cites it 3× “Wood’s claim is governed by 8 U.S.C. § 1403 (a), which provides that “[a]ny person born in the Canal Zone on or after February 26, 1904, and whether before or after the effective date of this Act, whose father or mother or both at the time of the birth of such person was or is a…”
Omar Steele v. Attorney General United States (2023) ca3 “Section 1403(a) provides that “any person born in the Canal Zone on or after February 26, 1904, and … whose father or mother or both at the time of the birth of such person was or is a citizen of the United States, is declared to be a citizen of the United States.”
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