McDowell v. Dynamics Corp. of Am., 488 U.S. 1030 (1989). · Go Syfert
McDowell v. Dynamics Corp. of Am., 488 U.S. 1030 (1989). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“those cases that have sustained mail fraud convictions have done so where the 'bottom line' of the scheme or artifice had the inevitable result of effecting monetary or property losses to the employer or to the state.”
178 citation events (7 in the last 25 years) across 55 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: United States v. Alex Dandy (ca6, 1993-09-15) · Strongest negative: Andrulonis v. United States (nynd, 1989-12-15)
Treatment trajectory · 1989 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1989 2007 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 42 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited "but see" Andrulonis v. United States (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
N.D.N.Y. · 1989 · signal: but see · confidence high
Most courts have interpreted the exception to apply only to "claims arising from commercial decisions based on false or inadequate information provided by the government." Frigard v. United States, 862 F.2d 201, 202 (9th Cir.1988) (emphasis added), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 109 S.Ct. 2448 , 104 L.Ed.2d 1003 (1989); Keir v. United States, 853 F.2d 398, 411 (6th Cir.1988); Kohn v. United States, 680 F.2d 922 , 926 (2d Cir.1982); but see Wells v. United States, 655 F.Supp. 715, 723-24 (D.D.C.1987), aff'd on other grounds, 851 F.2d 1471 (D.C.Cir. 1988), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 109 S.Ct. 836 …
examined Cited as authority (quoted) United States v. Alex Dandy
6th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
those cases that have sustained mail fraud convictions have done so where the 'bottom line' of the scheme or artifice had the inevitable result of effecting monetary or property losses to the employer or to the state.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Mariani (2×)
M.D. Penn. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Asher, 854 F.2d 1483, 1494 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 836 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" Goodrich v. Betkoski
1st Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 91 (3d Cir.1988) ("CERCLA failed to address many important issues, including corporate successor liability."), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989); see also United States v. Carolina Transformer Co., 978 F.2d 832, 837 (4th Cir.1992) (explaining that CERCLA is silent on this subject); Louisiana-Pacific Corp. v. Asarco, Inc., 909 F.2d 1260, 1263 (9th Cir.1990) ("Congress has not addressed the issue of successor liability under CERCLA."). 49 Nonetheless, most courts have read CERCLA as making succes…
discussed Cited "see" Goodrich v. Betkoski
2d Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 91 (3d Cir.1988) (“CERCLA failed to address many important issues, including corporate successor liability.”), cert, denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989); see also United States v. Carolina Transformer Co., 978 F.2d 832, 837 (4th Cir.1992) (explaining that CERCLA is silent on this subject); Louisiana-Pacific Corp. v. Asarco, Inc., 909 F.2d 1260, 1263 (9th Cir.1990) (“Congress has not addressed the issue of successor liability under CERCLA.”).
discussed Cited "see" Smithkline Beecham Corporation v. Rohm and Haas Company v. Buckeye Pipe Line Company, Rohm and Haas Company (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86 (3d Cir.1988) (statutory merger) (successor corporation was liable for prior corporation's CERCLA liability in the absence of an indemnification clause), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" Borough of Sayreville v. Union Carbide Corp.
D.N.J. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 89 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989); see generally Transtech, 798 F.Supp. at 1086-87 ; Gould, 901 F.Supp. at 910-11 (discussing Third Circuit CERCLA precedent regarding cost recovery).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Michael C. Coyle
3rd Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Asher, 854 F.2d 1483, 1497 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 836 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Thomas Henry Mowry Mike (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Asher, 854 F.2d 1483, 1494 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 836 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989). 11 We note that once the Commission's deposits actually were awarded to one of the bidding banks, they legally would be considered the property of that bank.
cited Cited "see" Mostoufi v. Presto Food Stores, Inc.
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" City Environmental, Inc. v. U.S. Chemical Co.
E.D. Mich. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86 (3rd Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989); Louisiana-Pacific Corp. v. Asarco, Inc., 909 F.2d 1260 (9th Cir.1990); United States v. Mexico Feed & Seed Co., 980 F.2d 478 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Carolina Transformer Co., 978 F.2d 832 (4th Cir.1992).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Mexico Feed & Seed Co.
8th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
Anspec, 922 F.2d at 1247 ; see Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex, 851 F.2d 86 , 92 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Davis
D.R.I. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 90 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989); Kelley v. Thomas Solvent Co., 714 F.Supp. 1439, 1451-52 (W.D.Mich.1989); United States v. Vineland Chemical Co., 692 F.Supp. 415, 423 (D.N.J.1988); Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Armstrong World Indus., 669 F.Supp. 1285 , 1291 n. 7 (E.D.Pa.1987); United States v. Stringfellow, 661 F.Supp. 1053, 1062 (C.D.Cal.1987).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Harry P. Casoni, A/K/A Pete Casoni
3rd Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Asher, 854 F.2d 1483, 1501-15 (3d Cir.1988) (Higginbotham, J., dissenting), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 836 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" T-K City Disposal, Inc. v. Commercial Union Insurance
N.D. Ill. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See U.S. v. Distler, 741 F.Supp. 643 (W.D.Ky.1990) (citing Smith Land and Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86 (3d Cir.1988) cert denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989)).
discussed Cited "see" Dole v. H.M.S. Direct Mail Service, Inc.
W.D.N.Y. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86 (3rd Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989) (where CERCLA silent on issue of successor liability, court consulted legislative history to ensure imposition of successor liability not inconsistent with scheme of statute).
discussed Cited "see" 3550 Stevens Creek Associates, a Limited Partnership v. Barclays Bank of California (2×)
9th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 91 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" Louisiana-Pacific Corporation v. Asarco, Inc., Defendant-Third- Party-Plaintiff-Appellant v. L-Bar Products, Inc., a Washington Corporation as Successor in Interest to Third-Party Third-Party-Defendant-Appellee, and William Fjetland Industrial Mineral Products, Inc., a Washington Corporation Murray Pacific Corporation, a Washington Corporation Portac, Inc., a Delaware Corporation on Its Own Behalf and as Successor in Interest Us Gypsum Company, a Delaware Corporation Cascade Timber Company, a Washington Corporation Executive Bark, Inc., a Washington Corporation Wasser & Winters Company, a Washington Corporation, Third-Party-Defendants
3rd Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 91-92 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989) (citing Oner II, Inc. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 597 F.2d 184 (9th Cir.1979)); see also In re Acushnet River & New Bedford Harbor Proceedings, 712 F.Supp. 1010, 1013 (D.Mass.1989).
discussed Cited "see" Louisiana-Pacific Corp. v. Asarco, Inc.
9th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & lm- provement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86 , 91-92 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, —U.S.--, 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989) (citing Oner II, Inc. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 597 F.2d 184 (9th Cir.1979)); see also In re Acushnet River & New Bedford Harbor Proceedings, 712 F.Supp. 1010, 1013 (D.Mass.1989).
discussed Cited "see" Amoco Oil Company v. Borden, Inc. (2×)
5th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 90 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989). 45 Borden does not challenge the caveat emptor holding, but does claim that the equities in this case require Amoco to bear the full cost of cleanup.
discussed Cited "see" GRM Industries, Inc. v. Wickes Manufacturing Co.
W.D. Mich. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86 (3d Cir.1988) (general doctrine of corporate successor liability appropriate in CERCLA action, thus successor liability imposed on corporation which merged or consolidated with responsible party), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. William H. White, Sr., United States of America v. Lester H. Finotti, Jr.
D.C. Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Asher, 854 F.2d 1483, 1499-1500 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 836 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989); United States v. Boyce, 849 F.2d 833, 837 (3d Cir.1988); United States v. Jones, 839 F.2d 1041, 1054 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 108 S.Ct. 1999 , 100 L.Ed.2d 230 (1988); United States v. Davis, 838 F.2d 909, 916 (7th Cir.1988); United States v. Pearson, 746 F.2d 787, 795-96 (11th Cir.1984); United States v. Figueroa, 618 F.2d 934, 944 (2d Cir.1980).
cited Cited "see" International Clinical Laboratories, Inc. v. Stevens
E.D.N.Y · 1989 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 90 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Bourne v. Center on Children, Inc.
Md. Ct. Spec. App. · 2003 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Forest Hills Early Learning Center, Inc. v. Jackson, 846 F.2d 260, 264 (4th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989) (following Amos, and noting that “if an exemption is permissible in the context of employment practices in a gymnasium, one can only be more solidly justified where it acts to prevent state interference with church programs that provide education and care for children.”) The cases cited by appellant in his brief are irrelevant or distinguishable.
cited Cited "see, e.g." Allwaste Environmental Services/North Atlantic, Inc. v. Pastore
D. Me. · 1996 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 91-92 (3rd Cir.1988), ce rt. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Blosenski
E.D. Pa. · 1994 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also, Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 92 (3d Cir.1988) (in resolving successor liability issues under CERCLA, district court on remand “must consider national uniformity”), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989); United States v. Pisani, 646 F.2d 83, 85-89 (3d Cir.1981) (fashioning federal common law of veil piercing in action to recover Medicare overpayments). “[F]ederal law governs questions involving the rights of the United States arising under nationwide federal programs.” United States v. Kimbell Foods, Inc., 440 U.S…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Juniper Development Group v. Kahn
1st Cir. · 1993 · signal: see also · confidence low
See 42 U.S.C. § 9613 (f)(1) ("[T]he court may allocate response costs among liable parties using such equitable factors as the court determines are appropriate.”); see also Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 90 (3d Cir.1988), ce rt. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In Re Hemingway Transport, Inc., Debtors. Juniper Development Group, Etc. v. Herbert C. Kahn, Etc., (Two Cases) in Re Hemingway Transport, Inc., Debtors. Juniper Development Group, Etc. v. Herbert C. Kahn, Etc., in Re Hemingway Transport, Inc., Debtors. Juniper Development Group, Etc. v. Herbert C. Kahn, Etc.
1st Cir. · 1993 · signal: see also · confidence low
See 42 U.S.C. § 9613 (f)(1) ("[T]he court may allocate response costs among liable parties using such equitable factors as the court determines are appropriate."); see also Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 90 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Hatco Corp. v. W.R. Grace & Co.—Conn.
D.N.J. · 1992 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 89 (3d Cir.1988) (“agreements to indemnify or hold harmless [from CERCLA liabilities] are enforceable between the parties”), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." John Edmond v. United States Postal Service General Counsel (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1992 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Wells v. United States, 851 F.2d 1471, 1473 (D.C.Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 836 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989); 5A C.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Amcast Industrial Corp. v. Detrex Corp.
N.D. Ind. · 1991 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 90 (3rd Cir.1988), ce rt. denied, 488 U.S. 1029 , 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989); United States v. Kramer, 757 F.Supp. 397, 428 (D.N.J.1991).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Purolator Products Corp. v. Allied-Signal, Inc.
W.D.N.Y. · 1991 · signal: see also · confidence low
These and other statements in the legislative history do not suggest that the liability imposed under the Act was meant to be punitive, but that it was intended “to provide a mechanism for prompt recovery of monies expended” by the Government and “to induce such potentially liable persons to pursue appropriate environmental response actions voluntarily.” Id. at 33, U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1980, p. 6136; see also Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 91 (3d Cir.1988) (CERCLA views response liability as a remedial, rather than a punitive, measure), cert. denie…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Cannons Engineering Corp.
1st Cir. · 1990 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 89 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989) (under SARA, a settlement with the government reduces the government’s claim against non-settlors “pro tanto”); Rohm & Haas, 721 F.Supp. at 699-700 ; Acushnet, 712 F.Supp. at 1027 ; Exxon, 697 F.Supp. at 681 n. 5.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States of America v. Cannons Engineering Corp., Appeal of Olin Hunt Specialty Products, Inc., United States of America v. Cannons Engineering Corp., Appeal of Cyn Oil Corp., United States of America v. Cannons Engineering Corp., Appeal of Beggs & Cobb Corporation, Etc., United States of America v. Cannons Engineering Corp., Appeal of Scott Brass, Inc., United States of America v. Cannons Engineering Corp., Appeal of Kingston-Warren Corporation, United States of America v. Cannons Engineering Corp., Appeal of Crown Roll Leaf, Inc.
1st Cir. · 1990 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86, 89 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989) (under SARA, a settlement with the government reduces the government's claim against non-settlors "pro tanto"); Rohm & Haas, 721 F.Supp. at 699-700 ; Acushnet, 712 F.Supp. at 1027 ; Exxon, 697 F.Supp. at 681 n. 5.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Edward J. Elkins
11th Cir. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
See Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 328 , 107 S.Ct. 708, 716 , 93 L.Ed.2d 649 (1987); see also United States v. Asher, 854 F.2d 1483, 1487 (3rd Cir.1988), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 836 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." The United States v. American Investors of Pittsburgh, Inc., John J. Bruno, John W. Mendicino, Charles Krzywicki, Alan Zytnick, Louis J. Pecori. Appeal of John J. Bruno. The United States v. American Investors of Pittsburgh, Inc., John J. Bruno, John W. Mendicino, Charles Krzywicki, Alan Zytnick, Louis J. Pecori. Appeal of John W. Mendicino. The United States v. American Investors of Pittsburgh, Inc., John J. Bruno, John W. Mendicino, Charles Krzywicki, Alan Zytnick, Louis J. Pecori. Appeal of Alan Zytnick. The United States v. American Investors of Pittsburgh, Inc., John J. Bruno, John W. Mendicino, Charles Krzywicki, Alan Zytnick, Louis J. Pecori. Appeal of American Investors of Pittsburgh, Inc. The United States v. American Investors of Pittsburgh, Inc., John J. Bruno, John W. Mendicino, Charles Krzywicki, Alan Zytnick, Louis J. Pecori. Appeal of Charles Krzywicki
3rd Cir. · 1989 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Asher, 854 F.2d 1483 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 836 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989) 22 The government has argued in its brief, without cross-appealing, that the district court did in fact err in this finding 23 Such claims include allegations of error in the district court's failure to suppress evidence obtained as a result of service of a grand jury subpoena made on Pittsburgh National Bank; the district court's denial of defendant Zytnick's motion for a bill of particulars; the district court's denial of Zytnick's motion to dismiss the indictme…
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. American Investors of Pittsburgh, Inc.
3rd Cir. · 1989 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Asher, 854 F.2d 1483 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 836 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989). .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In Re Acushnet River & New Bedford Harbor Proceedings Re Alleged PCB Pollution
D. Mass. · 1989 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Smith Land & Improvement Corp. v. Celotex Corp., 851 F.2d 86 , 91 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989); United States v. Bliss, 667 F.Supp. 1298 , 1308 n. 8 (E.D.Mo.1987); United States v. Chem-Dyne Corp., 572 F.Supp. 802, 808 (S.D.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Rose v. Bartle
3rd Cir. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
See Rose Amended Complaint ¶ 59; Hill Amended Complaint ¶ 57; Reed Amended Complaint ¶ 62; see also United States v. Asher, 648 F.Supp. 320 (M.D.Pa.1986), aff’d, 854 F.2d 1483 (3d Cir.1988), ce rt. denied, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 836 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States Department of Labor v. Shenandoah Baptist Church
W.D. Va. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Forest Hills Early Learning Center v. Grace Baptist Church, 846 F.2d 260 (4th Cir.1988), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 837 , 102 L.Ed.2d 969 (1989). 11 .
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
McDowell
v.
Dynamics Corporation of America
No. 88-758.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Jan 17, 1989.
488 U.S. 1030

C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.