green
Positive treatment
Quoted verbatim 1×
7.5 score
“conscious avoidance of participating in a conspiracy and agreeing to be a member of a conspiracy are mutually exclusive concepts.”
Treatment trajectory · 1987 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1987
2006
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 24 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
United States v. Leroy Warshawsky (93-1345) Ira Warshawsky (93-1346) and Ted Warshawsky (93-1473)
conscious avoidance of participating in a conspiracy and agreeing to be a member of a conspiracy are mutually exclusive concepts.
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Milovanovic
See United States v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410, 1418 (9th Cir.) (“Proof of an affirmative, material misrepresentation supports a conviction of mail fraud without any additional proof of a fiduciary duty.”), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986). .
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Bosko Radonjich, George Pape
See United States v. Ciambrone, 787 F.2d 799, 806 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Abelardo Padilla
See United States v. Smith, 789 F.2d 196, 200 (3d Cir.) (existence of single conspiracy is question of fact for jury which must be sustained on substantial evidence), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986).
discussed
Cited "see"
Florian Sever v. Alaska Pulp Corporation Dennis Huse George Woodbury Jesse Cline Frank Roppel George Ishiyama Wayne Funk Ralph Fenner, Florian Sever v. Alaska Pulp Corporation Dennis Huse George Woodbury Jesse Cline Frank Roppel George Ishiyama Wayne Funk Ralph Fenner
See Wilcox v. First Interstate Bank of Oregon, 815 F.2d 522 , 529 (9th Cir.1987). 13 Sever's fourth amended complaint alleged that APC was the enterprise, and that the individual officers and employees of APC were the "persons." Relying on Data Controls North, Inc. v. Financial Corp. of America, Inc., 688 F.Supp. 1047 (D.Md.1988), aff'd, 875 F.2d 314 (4th Cir.1989), the district court held that this form of allegation did not satisfy the person/enterprise distinction because "there is no distinction between the officers, agents and employees who operate the corporation and the corporation itse…
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Mario Alberto Vallejo
See United States v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410, 1416 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986) (invited error doctrine).
discussed
Cited "see"
Wilson v. State
See, U.S. v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986) (defendant may be convicted for associating with an enterprise that is the defendant's sole proprietorship when the sole proprietorship includes other individuals); McCullough v. Suter, 757 F.2d 142 (7th Cir.1985)(a sole proprietorship can be an enterprise under RICO so long as there are other individuals working in the organization besides the sole proprietorship); U.S. v. Computer Sciences, 689 F.2d 1181 (4th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1105 , 103 S.Ct. 729 , 74 L.Ed.2d 953…
cited
Cited "see"
Hakeem v. Beyer
See United States v. Smith, 789 F.2d 196, 205 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Leo
See United States v. Smith, 789 F.2d 196, 204 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986).
cited
Cited "see"
37 cont.cas.fed. (Cch) P 76,177, 34 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 715 United States of America v. Gerald A. Leo, A/K/A \Bud
See United States v. Smith, 789 F.2d 196, 204 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Michael Lee Sammons
See United States v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410, 1418 (9th Cir.) (clearly erroneous standard applicable to appellate review of selective prosecution claim), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986).
cited
Cited "see"
State v. Ivanhoe
See United States v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410, 1416 (9th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986); McCullough, 757 F.2d at 144 .
cited
Cited "see"
State v. Cheek
See United States v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410, 1414-16 (9th Cir.), cert. den. 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. John Tobias
See United States v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410, 1414 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986); United States v. DeCoito, 764 F.2d 690, 693 (9th Cir.1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Hubert Michaud
See United States v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410, 1419 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986) (defendant must show that others similarly *500 situated have not been prosecuted, and that he was selected for prosecution for an impermissible reason). 3.
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. William T. Smith, Jr.
(2×)
See United States v. Smith, 789 F.2d 196 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986).
discussed
Cited "see"
State v. Nishi
See United States v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410 (9th Cir.) (Ninth Circuit adopts Seventh Circuit's analysis as the rule of that circuit), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986); United States v. Computer Sciences Corp., 689 F.2d 1181 (4th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1105 , 103 S.Ct. 729 , 74 L.Ed.2d 953 (1983).
discussed
Cited "see"
Washington v. Baenziger
See United States v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410 (9th Cir.1986), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1987) (claim distinguishing between “person” of individual defendant and “enterprise” of defendant’s sole proprietorship, where enterprise had additional employees, stated a claim under RICO).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Doherty
See United States v. Smith, 789 F.2d 196 (3d Cir.) (requiring variance coupled with prejudice for reversible error), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986); P. Marcus, Prosecution and Defense of Criminal Conspiracy Cases § 4.04 (1987) (reviewing cases for same proposition).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Bernard Kenneth Biddle, Jr.
See Baker v. United States, 781 F.2d 85, 90 (6th Cir.1986), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 55 U.S.L.W. 3424 (Dec. 15, 1986) (No. 85-7080). 11 We accordingly affirm the judgment of conviction.
cited
Cited "see"
Whyte v. Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance
See United States v. Smith, 789 F.2d 196, 205 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986); People v. Garcia, 128 Misc.2d 810 , 491 N.Y.S.2d 552, 554 (N.Y.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
State v. Schwartz
Compare United States v. Benny, 786 F.2d 1410 (9th Cir.) (sole proprietor defendant may associate with others to create association-in-fact), cert, denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986), with Entre Computer Centers v. FMG of Kansas City, Inc., 819 F.2d 1279 (4th Cir.1987), overruled on other grounds, Busby v. Crown Supply, 896 F.2d 833 (4th Cir.1990).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Abdul Aziz Ahmad, United States of America v. Abdul Aziz Ahmad
See, e.g., United States v. Smith, 789 F.2d 196, 204-05 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017 , 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986); United States v. Stratton, 779 F.2d 820, 830-835 (2d Cir.1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1162 , 106 S.Ct. 2285 , 90 L.Ed.2d 726 (1986). *1165 III Ahmad next argues that the district court abused its discretion in finding “just cause” to dismiss Juror Dionisio under Rule 23(b).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Vastola
The multiple conspiracy doctrine requires that all RICO enterprise defendants be shown to have a nexus “which signals the existence of • a truly unified agreement.” Id. at 474 ; see also United States v. Smith, 789 F.2d 196, 200 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 668 , 93 L.Ed.2d 720 (1986) (In commenting on a mail fraud conspiracy indictment, the court stated, “a finding of a master conspiracy with sub-schemes does not constitute a finding of multiple, unrelated conspiracies and, therefore, would not create an impermissible variance.”).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Giles
v.
United States
v.
United States
No. 85-7184.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Dec 15, 1986.
Published
Citer courts: Sixth Circuit (1)
C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.