Alabama Power Co. v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 464 U.S. 816 (1983). · Go Syfert
Alabama Power Co. v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 464 U.S. 816 (1983). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
363 citation events (36 in the last 25 years) across 69 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: State v. Thompson (Slip Opinion) (ohio, 2014-10-29) · Strongest negative: Appeal of Waterman (nh, 2006-11-30)
Treatment trajectory · 1984 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1984 2005 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 43 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited "but see" Appeal of Waterman
N.H. · 2006 · signal: but see · confidence high
But see Farmer v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 427 So. 2d 187, 190 (Fla.) (“LT]he possible investigative benefit of building a case upon the foundation of the results of a polygraph examination is too thin a reed to support a denial of a police officer’s right to be subjected only to lawful and reasonable orders.”), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 (1983); Kaske v. City of Rockford, 450 N.E.2d 314, 320 (Ill.) (recognizing that “a polygraph examination is ... of some investigatory utility and value,” but concluding that refusing to submit to polygraph test cannot be basis for disciplinary actio…
cited Cited "but see" Islamic Center of Mississippi, Inc. v. City of Starkville, Mississippi
5th Cir. · 1988 · signal: but see · confidence high
But see Lakewood Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Inc. v. City of Lakewood, 699 F.2d 303, 307 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 815 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983). 7 .
discussed Cited "but see" O'Neill v. Oakgrove Construction, Inc.
N.Y. App. Div. · 1986 · signal: but see · confidence high
We also determined that the qualified privilege from disclosure embodied in the 1st Amendment applies only when the party claiming the privilege demonstrates the existence of a confidential relationship with a source (Hennigan v Buffalo Courier Express Co., supra; but see, People v Korkala, supra, pp 166-167), Federal courts also apply the privilege only to confidential materials or sources (see, e.g., United States v Burke, 700 F2d 70 [2d Cir 1983], cert denied 464 US 816 ; In re Petroleum Prods.
cited Cited "see" State v. Thompson (Slip Opinion)
Ohio · 2014 · signal: see · confidence high
See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 , 104 S.Ct. 72 January Term, 2014 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 ; State v. Roberts, 8th Dist.
discussed Cited "see" Timberline Baptist Church v. Washington County
Or. Ct. App. · 2007 · signal: see · confidence high
See Lakewood, Ohio Cong. of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc. v. City of Lakewood, Ohio, 699 F.2d 303, 306 (6th Cir.), cert. den., 464 U.S. 815 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983) (holding that "[i]nconvenient economic burdens on religious freedom do not rise to a constitutionally impermissible infringement of free exercise"); see also Episcopal Student Foundation v. City of Ann Arbor, 341 F.Supp.2d 691, 706 (E.D.Mich.2004) (quoting Lakewood, 699 F.2d at 307 ).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Hively (2×)
E.D. Ark. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 77 (2nd Cir.1983), ce rt. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983)(refusing to draw a distinction between civil and criminal cases when considering a reporter’s interest in confidentiality); United States v. Cuthbertson, 630 F.2d 139, 147 (3d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1126 , 101 S.Ct. 945 , 67 L.Ed.2d 113 (1981)(considering subpoena for documentary materials).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Muyet (2×)
S.D.N.Y. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 83 (2d Cir.) (“The burden is upon the moving defendant to show facts demonstrating that he will be so severely prejudiced by a joint trial that it would in effect deny him a fair trial.” (quoting United States v. Rucker, 586 F.2d 899, 902 (2d Cir. 1978))), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" City Of Cleveland, Ohio v. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1995 · signal: accord · confidence high
Workers, 367 U.S. 396, 409 , 81 S.Ct. 1529, 1535 , 6 L.Ed.2d 924 (1961) (noting "peculiar responsibility and place of the Joint Committee" in developing statutory scheme); accord Alabama Power Co. v. NRC, 692 F.2d 1362, 1368 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" City of Cleveland v. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1995 · signal: accord · confidence high
Workers, 367 U.S. 396, 409 , 81 S.Ct. 1529, 1535 , 6 L.Ed.2d 924 (1961) (noting “peculiar responsibility and place of the Joint Committee” in developing statutory scheme); accord Alabama Power Co. v. NRC, 692 F.2d 1362, 1368 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" City of Cleveland v. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Alabama Power Co. v. NRC, 692 F.2d 1362 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" PPM America, Inc. v. Marriott Corp. (2×)
S.D.N.Y. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 76-77 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983); In re Petroleum Prods.
examined Cited "see" United States v. Sanusi (6×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
E.D.N.Y · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70 , 78 n. 9 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983) (courts are encouraged to inspect sensitive documents, including media workproduct, to determine if they contain probative evidence); United States v. Gambino, 741 F.Supp. 412, 414 (S.D.N.Y.1990) (“in camera inspections *152 provide a useful intermediate step between full disclosure and total nondisclosure”).
discussed Cited "see" In Re Letellier (2×)
Me. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 77 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983); LaRouche v. National Broadcasting Co., 780 F.2d 1134 , 1139 *726 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 818 , 107 S.Ct. 79 , 93 L.Ed.2d 34 (1986); Zerilli v. Smith, 656 F.2d at 712 .
discussed Cited "see" Burke v. United States (2×)
E.D.N.Y · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Wiley (2×)
2d Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 83 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983) (trial judge ruling on Rule 14 motion has broad discretion in determining whether joint prosecution will unfairly prejudice defendant); United States v. Barton, 647 F.2d 224, 241 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 857 , 102 S.Ct. 307 , 70 L.Ed.2d 152 (1981) (amount of evidence unrelated to a defendant is insufficient reason to reverse trial judge's decision to try cases jointly).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Wiley (2×)
2d Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 83 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983) (trial judge ruling on Rule 14 motion has broad discretion in determining whether joint prosecution will unfairly prejudice defendant); United States v. Barton, 647 F.2d 224, 241 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 857 , 102 S.Ct. 307 , 70 L.Ed.2d 152 (1981) (amount of evidence unrelated to a defendant is insufficient reason to reverse trial judge’s decision to try cases jointly).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Fred B. Black, Jr., (Two Cases) (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 78-81 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983); see also United States v. Gordon, 817 F.2d 1538, 1542-43 (11th Cir.1987) (request to jury to continue deliberating on remaining charges after jury returned a partial verdict is not coercive); Ross, 626 F.2d at 81 (same).
discussed Cited "see" Driscoll v. Morris (2×)
D. Conn. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 76-77 (2d Cir.), cert, denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983); Baker v. F & F Investments, 470 F.2d 778, 783 (2d Cir.1972), cert, denied, 411 U.S. 966 , 93 S.Ct. 2147 , 36 L.Ed.2d 686 (1973); Garland v. Torre, 259 F.2d 545, 548 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 910 , 79 S.Ct. 237 , 3 L.Ed.2d 231 (1958).
cited Cited "see" Patch v. Mayor of Revere
Mass. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Farmer v. Fort Lauderdale, 427 So.2d 187, 191 (Fla.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 (1983); Kaske v. Rockford, 96 Ill. 2d 298, 310-311, cert. denied, 464 *458 U.S. 960 (1983).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. James Pedroza, Francisco C. Pelaes, Jose Perez, and Enrique Jesus Osorno
2d Cir. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
It is well established that “[a] criminal defendant is entitled to have instructions presented relating to any theory of defense for which there is any foundation in the evidence, no matter how weak or incredible that evidence may be.” United States v. O’Connor, 237 F.2d 466 , 474 n. 8 (2d Cir.1956); see United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 81 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983); Barnes v. Jones, 665 F.2d 427, 435 (2d Cir.1981), rev’d on other grounds, 463 U.S. 745 , 103 S.Ct. 3308 , 77 L.Ed.2d 987 (1983); United States v. Alfonso-Perez, 535 F.2d 1362…
cited Cited "see" United States v. Albert Mast
2d Cir. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 84 (2d Cir.), cert. denied,U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Cambodian Buddhist Society of Connecticut, Inc. v. Planning & Zoning Commission
Conn. · 2008 · signal: see also · confidence low
Ed. 2d 262 (2004), for example, the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit concluded that, under existing first amendment jurisprudence, the zoning ordinances under review did not impose a substantial burden on local religious institutions because “they [did] not render impracticable the use of real property in [the jurisdiction] for religious exercise, much less discourage churches from locating or attempting to locate [there].” 16 Id., 761; see also Episcopal Student Foundation v. Ann Arbor, supra, 341 F. Sup. 2d 704 (religious exercise was not substantially burdened by denial of permi…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In re Natural Gas Commodity Litigation (2×)
S.D.N.Y. · 2005 · signal: see also · confidence low
In re Application of Behar, 779 F.Supp. 273, 275 (S.D.N.Y.1991); see also, e.g., United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 78 (2d Cir.) (affirming the district court’s finding that party failed to overcome the privilege because the evidence sought would be cumulative of other impeachment evidence), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Jose Leandro Lainez-Ortiz v. Immigration and Naturalization Service (2×)
9th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Shields v. United States, 698 F.2d 987, 989 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 73 , 78 L.Ed.2d 86 (1983) (stating “the rule of statutory construction that one provision should not be interpreted in a way ... that renders other provisions of the same statute inconsistent or meaningless”).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Gilbert v. National Labor Relations Board
D.C. Cir. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
Group v. FERC, 732 F.2d 202, 211 (D.C.Cir.1984)); see also West Coast Media, Inc. v. FCC, 695 F.2d 617, 621 (D.C.Cir.1982) (holding that agency had engaged in "eminently reasonable" decisionmaking when it distinguished an asserted precedent by merely reciting factual differences between prior case and one before it), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 74 , 78 L.Ed.2d 87 (1983).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Goodall v. Stafford County School Board
4th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
See Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Wash., 461 U.S. 540, 546 , 103 S.Ct. 1997, 2001 , 76 L.Ed.2d 129 (1983) (“We again reject the ‘notion that First Amendment rights are somehow not fully realized unless they are subsidized by the State.’ ” (quoting Cammarano v. United States, 358 U.S. 498, 515 , 79 S.Ct. 524, 535 , 3 L.Ed.2d 462 (1959), Douglas, J., concurring)); Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173, 193 , 111 S.Ct. 1759, 1772 , 114 L.Ed.2d 233 (1991) (finding that a right is not infringed simply because the government chooses not to fund it); Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 317-18 …
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Goodall v. Stafford County School Board
4th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
See Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Wash., 461 U.S. 540, 546 , 103 S.Ct. 1997, 2001 , 76 L.Ed.2d 129 (1983) ("We again reject the 'notion that First Amendment rights are somehow not fully realized unless they are subsidized by the State.' " (quoting Cammarano v. United States, 358 U.S. 498, 515 , 79 S.Ct. 524, 535 , 3 L.Ed.2d 462 (1959), Douglas, J., concurring)); Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173, 193 , 111 S.Ct. 1759, 1772 , 114 L.Ed.2d 233 (1991) (finding that a right is not infringed simply because the government chooses not to fund it); Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 317-18 , 100 S.…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Gilbert v. National Labor Relations Board
D.C. Cir. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
Group v. FERC, 732 F.2d 202, 211 (D.C.Cir.1984)); see also West Coast Media, Inc. v. FCC, 695 F.2d 617, 621 (D.C.Cir.1982) (holding that agency had engaged in “eminently reasonable” decision- making when it distinguished an asserted precedent by merely reciting factual differences between prior ease and one before it), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 74 , 78 L.Ed.2d 87 (1983).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Re/Max International, Inc. v. Century 21 Real Estate Corp. (2×)
D. Colo. · 1994 · signal: see also · confidence low
See, e.g., Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 563 F.2d 433, 437 (10th Cir.1977) (holding that the existence of a qualified reporter’s privilege “is no longer in doubt”); see also, U.S. v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 77 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d. 85 (1983); U.S. v. Cuthbertson, 651 F,2d 189, 195-196 (3rd Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1056 , 102 S.Ct. 604 , 70 L.Ed.2d 594 (1981).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Angelo Ruggiero, Gene Gotti and John Carneglia (2×)
2d Cir. · 1991 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 80 (2d Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983); United States v. Valencia, 645 F.2d 1158, 1167 (2d Cir.1980); United States v. Brown, 582 F.2d 197, 202 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 915 , 99 S.Ct. 289 , 58 L.Ed.2d 262 (1978); Robinson, 560 F.2d at 517 .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Pearson v. City of Grand Blanc
E.D. Mich. · 1991 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Lakewood, Ohio Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Inc. v. City of Lakewood, 699 F.2d 303 (6th Cir.) (citing Village of Euclid, supra) cert. denied 464 U.S. 815 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983); Shelton v. City of College Station, 780 F.2d 475, 483 (5th Cir.) (“The key inquiry is whether the question is ‘at least debatable.’ ...
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State Ex Rel. Hudok v. Henry (2×)
W. Va. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983); United States v. Cuthbertson, 630 F.2d 139 (3d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1056 , 102 5.Ct. 604, 70 L.Ed.2d 594 (1981); LaRouche v. National Broadcasting Co., 780 F.2d 1134 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 818 , 107 S.Ct. 79 , 93 L.Ed.2d 34 (1986); Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc., 621 F.2d 721 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 1041 , 101 S.Ct. 1759 , 68 L.Ed.2d 238 (1981); CBS, Inc. v. Superior Court, 85 Cal.App.3d 241 , 149 Cal.Rptr. 421 (1978); Morgan v. …
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Noel Alvarado and Mayra Sanabria (2×)
2d Cir. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
Id. at 1135 (emphasis added); see also United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 85 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Mount Sinai School of Medicine v. American Tobacco Co. (2×)
2d Cir. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
Squibb & Sons, Inc., 740 F.2d at 559 (quoting EEOC v. University of Notre Dame du Lac, 715 F.2d 331, 338 (7th Cir.1983)) (brackets in Deitchman); see also United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 77 (2d Cir.) (discussing balancing test to be applied where discovery requests implicate the reporters’ qualified privilege), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." American Tobacco Company v. American Tobacco Company (2×)
2d Cir. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
Squibb & Sons, Inc., 740 F.2d at 559 (quotingEEOC v. University of Notre Dame du Lac, 715 F.2d 331, 338 (7th Cir.1983)) (brackets in Deitchman ); see also United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 77 (2d Cir.) (discussing balancing test to be applied where discovery requests implicate the reporters' qualified privilege), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Finley (2×)
N.D. Ill. · 1988 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 82 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983); United States v. Serubo, 604 F.2d 807, 816 (3d Cir.1979); United States v. Waldbaum, Inc., 593 F.Supp. 967, 970 (E.D.N.Y.1984); United States v. Gold, 470 F.Supp. 1336, 1345 (N.D.Ill.1979).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Bulow v. Bulow
2d Cir. · 1987 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 76-78 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 (1983) (documents sought were prepared by reporter in connection with news story ). 38 In examining the boundaries of the journalist's privilege, we may consider also the applicable state law, in this case New York's so-called "Shield Law", N.Y.Civ.Rights Law Sec. 79-h et seq.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State v. Aillon (2×)
Conn. · 1987 · signal: see also · confidence low
Id., 403 ; see also United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 82 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 , 104 S. Ct. 72 , 78 L.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." von Bulow v. von Bulow
2d Cir. · 1987 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 76-78 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 (1983) (documents sought were prepared by reporter in connection with news story)- In examining the boundaries of the journalist’s privilege, we may consider also the applicable state law, in this case New York’s so-called “Shield Law”, N.Y.Civ.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Golemis v. Kirby
D.R.I. · 1985 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Citadel Corporation v. Puerto Rico Highway Authority, 695 F.2d 31, 33 (1st Cir.1982) (“damage actions against governmental entities stemming from land use policies [are] not cognizable in a federal court”), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 815 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In Re Grand Jury Matter, Antoni Gronowicz (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1985 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70 (2d Cir.) (privilege extends to magazine’s “work papers”), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State v. Cameron (2×)
N.J. · 1985 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Lakewood, Ohio Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Inc. v. City of Lakewood, 699 F.2d 303, 307 (6th Cir.1983), cert. den. 464 U.S. 815 , 104 S.Ct. 72 , 78 L.Ed.2d 85 (1983) (ordinance banning church buildings from residential neighborhood expressly recognized to allow congregation to worship in the home of its members).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Alabama Power Co.
v.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
No. 82-1788.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Oct 3, 1983.
464 U.S. 816
Published

C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.