Gunter v. United States, 493 U.S. 871 (1989). · Go Syfert
Gunter v. United States, 493 U.S. 871 (1989). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
189 citation events (26 in the last 25 years) across 46 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: City of Pittsfield v. Local 447 International Brotherhood of Police Officers (mass, 2018-10-03)
Treatment trajectory · 1989 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1989 2007 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 45 distinct citers.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) City of Pittsfield v. Local 447 International Brotherhood of Police Officers
Mass. · 2018 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
an arbitrator's result may be wrong; it may appear unsupported; it may appear poorly reasoned; it may appear foolish. yet, it may not be subject to court interference
cited Cited "see" Town of Reading v. Reading Patrolmen's Ass'n
Mass. App. Ct. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Assn., Intl., 861 F.2d 665, 671 (11th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" Bureau of Special Investigations v. Coalition of Public Safety
Mass. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l, 861 F.2d 665, 670 (11th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989) (“[E]xamples of arbitration results that so offend public policy that they should be set aside by a court are not readily to be found.
discussed Cited "see" Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees v. Denver & Rio Grande Western Railway Co.
D. Colo. · 1997 · signal: see · confidence high
See Delta Air Lines v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n Int’l, 861 F.2d 665, 674 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989); Northwest Airlines v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l, 808 F.2d 76, 83-84 (D.C.Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1014 , 108 S.Ct. 1751 , 100 L.Ed.2d 213 (1988); In re: Pan American Corp., 140 B.R. 336, 341 (S.D.N.Y.1992); Schmidt v. Republic Airlines, 630 F.Supp. 1303, 1305 (D.Minn.1986).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Alander Leon Smith
9th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Turner, 881 F.2d 684, 688 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989) (courts should decline to review where resolution of sentencing dispute does not affect defendant's sentence). 5 AFFIRMED. * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by Circuit Rule 36-3
discussed Cited "see" Kristie Andrews v. Randy Fowler
8th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Williams-El v. Johnson, 872 F.2d 224, 280 (8th Cir.) (finding training was adequate against a charge of excessive force and denial of medical care where the city provided on-the-job training and required attendance at the police academy), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 199 , 107 L.Ed.2d 153 and 493 U.S. 824 , 110 S.Ct. 85 , 107 L.Ed.2d 51 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" Andrews v. Fowler
8th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Williams-El v. Johnson, 872 F.2d 224, 230 (8th Cir.) (finding training was adequate against a charge of excessive force and denial of medical care where the city provided on-the-job training and required attendance at the police academy), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 199 , 107 L.Ed.2d 153 and 493 U.S. 824 , 110 S.Ct. 85 , 107 L.Ed.2d 51 (1989).
cited Cited "see" United States v. J.T. Haun
6th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Kaylor, 877 F.2d 658, 661 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 198 , 107 L.Ed.2d 152 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Cody Tunnell
9th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Turner, 881 F.2d 684, 687 (9th Cir.) (defendant could not show prejudice from attorney's inaccurate sentence prediction where court informed him that prediction was not binding and sentence was below the statutory maximum), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Thaddeus Lawrence Lach
9th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Turner, 881 F.2d 684, 687 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989). 30 Silva's failure to object during closing argument, even if deficient, was not prejudicial because upon reviewing the transcript, we find that the lone misstatement on an isolated point did not affect the outcome.
discussed Cited "see" Painewebber, Incorporated v. Frank L. Agron
8th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See Delta Air Lines v. Air Line Pilots’ Ass’n Int’l, 861 F.2d 665, 670 (11th Cir.1988) (even “poorly reasoned” and “foolish” decisions “may not be subject to court interference”), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Douglas Johnson
8th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Kaylor, 877 F.2d 658, 664 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Julius C. Bomar
5th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Gunter, 876 F.2d 1113 , 1117 n. 4 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 198 , 107 L.Ed.2d 152 (1989).
examined Cited "see" Union Pacific Railroad Company v. United Transportation Union, Also Known as C & T, Also Known as Utu Kent H. Madison (4×)
8th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Delta Air Lines v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l, 861 F.2d 665, 674 (11th Cir.1988) (overturning award that reinstated a pilot who had flown a plane while intoxicated), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989); Northwest Airlines v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n, Int'l, 808 F.2d 76, 83-84 (D.C.Cir.1987) (acknowledging public policy as basis for vacating a Railway Labor Act arbitration award, but finding no violation of public policy on the facts of that case), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1014 , 108 S.Ct. 1751 , 100 L.Ed.2d 213 (1988); In re: Pan American Corp., 140 B.R. 33…
cited Cited "see" Anthony Edward Mack v. Jerry Stainer, Warden
9th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Turner, 881 F.2d 684, 687 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" U.S. v. Branch
5th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Gunter, 876 F.2d 1113, 1119 (5th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S. Ct. 198 , 107 L.Ed.2d 152 (1989); United States v. Arditti, 955 F.2d 331, 339 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, ____ U.S. ____, 113 S. Ct. 597 , 121 L.Ed.2d 534 (1992). 3 Thompson's notice of appeal was filed untimely, but within the period allowed for an extension of time.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Frederick Branch, and Kevin Joe Hill, A/K/A Dominique Hill, Gloria Sherman, and Andre Thompson
5th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Gunter, 876 F.2d 1113, 1119 (5th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 198 , 107 L.Ed.2d 152 (1989); United States v. Arditti, 955 F.2d 331, 339 (5th Cir.1992), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 597 , 121 L.Ed.2d 534 (1992).
discussed Cited "see" ca7 1992
7th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Norton, 867 F.2d 1354 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 491 U.S. 907 , 109 S.Ct. 3192 , 105 L.Ed.2d 701 , 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 200 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989) 2 The plaintiff-trustees in the action against C & A are not identical to the defendant-trustees in the DOL's lawsuit, although some individuals are in both groups.
cited Cited "see" Martin v. Consultants & Administrators, Inc.
7th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Norton, 867 F.2d 1354 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 491 U.S. 907 , 109 S.Ct. 3192 , 105 L.Ed.2d 701 , 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 200 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989). .
cited Cited "see" United States v. Anthony Timothy Rhymes
9th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Turner, 881 F.2d 684, 686-87 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989); see also Oliveros-Orosco, 942 F.2d at 646 . 4 C.
discussed Cited "see" Chrysler Motors Corporation v. International Union
7th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n, International, 861 F.2d 665 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989) (denied reinstatement to pilot who flew passenger plane while intoxicated); Iowa Electric Light & Power Co. v. Local 204 of International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 834 F.2d 1424 (8th Cir.1987) (nuclear power plant machinist discharged for deliberately violating federally mandated safety regulation); Amalgamated Meat Cutters & Butcher Workmen, Local Union 540 v. Great Western Food Co., 712 F.2d 122 (5th Cir.1983) (vacated a…
discussed Cited "see" Chrysler Motors Corp. v. International Union, Allied Industrial Workers & Local 793
7th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, International, 861 F.2d 665 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989) (denied reinstatement to pilot who flew passenger plane while intoxicated); Iowa Electric Light & Power Co. v. Local 204 of International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 834 F.2d 1424 (8th Cir.1987) (nuclear power plant machinist discharged for deliberately violating federally mandated safety regulation); Amalgamated Meat Cutters & Butcher Workmen, Local Union 540 v. Great Western Food Co., 712 F.2d 122 (5th Cir.1983) (vacated…
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Charles Ray Daniel and Patrick Henry Daniel
5th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Gunter, 876 F.2d 1113, 1119-20 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 198 , 107 L.Ed.2d 152 (1989) (good faith instruction not required where offense could not be agreed to by mistake and where jury was properly instructed on the requisite mental states); United States v. Luffred, 911 F.2d 1011, 1016 (5th Cir.1990) (same); United States v. Rochester, 898 F.2d 971, 978-79 (5th Cir.1990).
discussed Cited "see" Exxon Shipping Co. v. Exxon Seamen's Union
D.N.J. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l, 861 F.2d 665, 666-68 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989) (award which reinstated pilot who flew while intoxicated was struck down); Iowa Elec.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Burr Road Operating Co. II, LLC v. New England Health Care Employees Union, District 1199
Conn. · 2015 · signal: see also · confidence low
Ed. 2d 531 (1990); see also Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Assn., Interna- tional, 861 F.2d 665, 672 (11th Cir. 1988) (intoxicated commercial airline pilot), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S. Ct. 201 , 107 L.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Commonwealth v. Tatum
Mass. · 2013 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare, e.g., United States v. Jackson, 576 F.3d 465, 467-468 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 1062 (2009) (rejecting defendant’s claim that police needed search as well as arrest warrant to enter third party’s apartment to effect arrest), United States v. Agnew, 407 F.3d 193, 196-197 (3d Cir. 2005) (even if arrestee in third party’s house had reasonable expectation of privacy because he was overnight guest, he was not protected by search warrant requirement, and not entitled to suppress evidence obtained during warrantless entry by police to effect his arrest), United States v. Kaylo…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." MidAmerican Energy v. IBEW Local 499
8th Cir. · 2003 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n, Int'l, 861 F.2d 665, 674 (11th Cir. 1988) (vacating on public policy grounds an arbitration award requiring the outright reinstatement of pilot who was discharged for flying a commercial jet while intoxicated), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." MIDAMERICAN ENERGY COMPANY, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT/CROSS v. INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS LOCAL 499, — APPELLEE/CROSS
8th Cir. · 2003 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l, 861 F.2d 665, 674 (11th Cir.1988) (vacating on public policy grounds an arbitration award requiring the outright reinstatement of pilot who was discharged for flying a commercial jet while intoxicated), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Midmichigan Regional Medical Center - Clare v. Professional Employees Division of Local 79, Service Employee International Union, Afl-Cio
6th Cir. · 1999 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l, 861 F.2d 665, 671-74 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989) (vacating reinstatement of pilot who was found to have flown commercial plane while intoxicated); Iowa Elec.
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Munoz
5th Cir. · 1998 · signal: see also · confidence low
United States v. Nixon, 777 F.2d 958, 972 (5th Cir. 1985); see also United States v. Parker, 877 F.2d 327, 332 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S. Ct. 199 , 107 L.
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Martin Gonzalez Munoz
5th Cir. · 1998 · signal: see also · confidence low
United States v. Nixon, 777 F.2d 958, 972 (5th Cir.1985); see also United States v. Parker, 877 F.2d 327, 332 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 199 , 107 L.Ed.2d 153 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Exxon Shipping Company v. Exxon Seamen's Union
3rd Cir. · 1996 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n Int’l, 861 F.2d 665 (11th Cir.1988) (vacating arbitration award reinstating a pilot who flew a passenger airplane while under the influence of alcohol), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989); Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen v. Great Western Food Co., 712 F.2d 122 (5th Cir.1983) (vacating award reinstating tractor-trailer driver after he overturned company truck while intoxicated).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Exxon Shipping Co. v. Exxon Seaman's Union
3rd Cir. · 1996 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n Int'l, 861 F.2d 665 (11th Cir. 1988) (vacating arbitration award reinstating a pilot who flew a passenger airplane while under the influence of alcohol), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989); Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen v. Great Western Food Co., 712 F.2d 122 (5th Cir. 1983)(vacating award reinstating tractor-trailer driver after he overturned company truck while intoxicated).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Beasley
unknown court · 1996 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Norton, 867 F.2d 1354, 1359 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 491 U.S. 907 , 109 S.Ct. 3192 , 105 L.Ed.2d 701 , and cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 200 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Beasley
unknown court · 1996 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Norton, 867 F.2d 1354, 1359 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 491 U.S. 907 , 109 S.Ct. 3192 , 105 L.Ed.2d 701 , and cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 200 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Julio Acosta-Lopez
9th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
No prejudice results if, prior to the entry of a guilty plea, the district court "explained that the discretion as to what the sentence would be remained entirely with the court." Doganiere v. United States, 914 F.2d 165, 168 (9th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 940 (1991); see also United States v. Turner, 881 F.2d 684, 687 (9th Cir.) (no prejudice where court informed defendant that counsel's sentencing prediction might be wrong and defendant received a sentence well below the statutory maximum), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989); United States v. Rubalcaba, 811 F.2d 491, 494 (9th Cir.) (…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Miguel Lugo-Hernandez
9th Cir. · 1994 · signal: see also · confidence low
See United States v. Rubalcaba, 811 F.2d 491, 494 (9th Cir.1986) (ineffective assistance claim failed because even if attorney misinformed defendant regarding consecutive versus concurrent aspect of sentence, the district court adequately informed the defendant of the maximum possible penalty), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 832 (1987); see also United States v. Turner, 881 F.2d 684 (9th Cir.) (when attorney incorrectly calculates the sentence, the guilty plea is not rendered involuntary if the defendant was advised of the maximum penalty and the sentence imposed does not exceed that maximum penalty),…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Anthony James Patton
9th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see also · confidence low
United States v. Vilchez, 967 F.2d 1351, 1353 (9th Cir.1992). 23 The district court imposed the statutory minimum of 60 months rather than the 97 or 78 month sentence which could have been imposed under the Guidelines, and expressed misgivings that it could not depart further. "[W]hen a statute requires a sentence different than that set by the guidelines, the statute controls." United States v. Sharp, 883 F.2d 829, 831 (9th Cir.1989); see also United States v. Turner, 881 F.2d 684, 686 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989) (mandatory minimum must be imposed "even if the defendant fall…
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Terry D. Nazarenus
8th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see also · confidence low
See 18 U.S.C. § 3162 (a)(2); see also United States v. Kaylor, 877 F.2d 658, 663 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 198 , 107 L.Ed.2d 152 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Monroe Auto Equipment Co. v. International Union, United Automotive, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America (UAW), Monroe Auto Equipment Co., Unit of Local 878
6th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See e.g., Delta Air Lines v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n Int’l, 861 F.2d 665 (11th Cir.1988) (vacating the award because flying an airplane while intoxicated violated public policy), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Monroe Auto Equipment Co. v. International Union
6th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See e.g., Delta Air Lines v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n Int'l, 861 F.2d 665 (11th Cir.1988) (vacating the award because flying an airplane while intoxicated violated public policy), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Exxon Shipping Co. v. Exxon Seamen's Union
D.N.J. · 1992 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l, 861 F.2d 665, 666-68 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989) (award which reinstated pilot who flew while intoxicated was struck down); Iowa Elec.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Pan American World Airways, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n (In Re Pan American Corp.)
S.D.N.Y. · 1992 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l, 861 F.2d 665, 672-674 (11th Cir.1988), reh. denied, en banc, 867 F.2d 1431 , and cert. denied Air Line Pilots Ass’n, Int’l v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 201 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989); Robinson v. American Airlines, Inc., 908 F.2d 1020, 1023 (D.C.Cir.1990); World Airways, Inc. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, etc., 578 F.2d 800 , 803 (9th Cir.1978).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Levy v. Scranton
N.D.N.Y. · 1991 · signal: see also · confidence low
See Stasiukevich v. Nicolls, 168 F.2d 474 (1st *901 Cir.1948); Brennan v. Udall, 251 F.Supp. 12 , (D.C.Colo.1966) aff'd, 379 F.2d 803 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 975 , 88 S.Ct. 477 , 19 L.Ed.2d 468 (1967); see also Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. State of New York, 691 F.2d 1070 (2d Cir.1982), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 200 , 107 L.Ed.2d 154 (1989).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. David Allen Hagen Defusco, (Two Cases)
4th Cir. · 1991 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Rhodes, 913 F.2d 839, 843 (10th Cir.1990) (court not required to inform defendant of sentencing range prior to accepting guilty plea), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 1079 , 112 L.Ed.2d 1184 (1991), United States v. Thomas, 894 F.2d 996, 997 (8th Cir.) (same), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 110 S.Ct. 1935 , 109 L.Ed.2d 298 (1990), United States v. Turner, 881 F.2d 684, 687 (9th Cir.) (same), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 , 110 S.Ct. 199 , 107 L.Ed.2d 153 (1989).
Gunter
v.
United States
No. 89-5427.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Oct 2, 1989.
493 U.S. 871

C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.