Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231 (Alaska 1992). · Go Syfert
Search
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231 (Alaska 1992). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“the substitution of judgment' test is used for questions of law where no agency expertise is involved.”
236 citation events (118 in the last 25 years) across 2 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: North Slope Borough v. Barraza (alaska, 1995-11-24) · Strongest negative: State, Department of Commerce & Economic Development, Division of Insurance v. Schnell (alaska, 2000-09-22)
Treatment trajectory · 1992 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1992 2009 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited "but see" State, Department of Commerce & Economic Development, Division of Insurance v. Schnell (6×) also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see"
Alaska · 2000 · signal: but see · confidence high
But see Jackson, 733 P.2d at 1038 (refusing to apply laches to eighteen-year delay in enforcing zoning ordinance by local government). [37] See Kachemak Bay Watch, 935 P.2d at 821 (citing Handley, 838 P.2d at 1233 ; Kjarstad, 703 P.2d at 1170 ). [38] See, e.g., In re Mackay, 416 P.2d 823, 838 (Alaska 1964) (citing American S.S.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) North Slope Borough v. Barraza (2×) also: Cited "see"
Alaska · 1995 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the substitution of judgment' test is used for questions of law where no agency expertise is involved.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) James S. Stoneking v. State of Alaska (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
Alaska Ct. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
In Stoneking’s discretionary parole application, he wrote that he killed Maria in a heat of passion, that he lost control, and that he was not capable of rational 62 Handley v. State, Dep’t of Rev., 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992) (quoting Keiner v. City of Anchorage, 378 P.2d 406, 411 (Alaska 1963)) (explaining that under the “substantial evidence” test used for reviewing factual determinations in administrative decisions, the court need only determine whether such evidence exists; it does not choose between competing inferences and does not evaluate the strength of evidence); see a…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) R. Brett Stirling v. North Slope Borough School District
Alaska · 2025 · confidence medium
Comm’n of Alaska, 202 P.3d 458, 460 (Alaska 2009)). 4 Grimmett v. Univ. of Alaska, 303 P.3d 482, 487 (Alaska 2013) (quoting Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). 5 Marathon Oil Co. v. State, Dep’t of Nat.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jeffrey West and Bonnie West v. The Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority; State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Trust Land Office; Louis Oliva; and Stacy Oliva
Alaska · 2020 · confidence medium
Congress passed the Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act (Act) in 1956 partially for the purpose of creating and implementing “an integrated mental health program” in the soon-to-be State of Alaska.12 To effectuate this goal, the Act granted up 8 Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992) (citing Tesoro Alaska Petroleum Co. v. Kenai Pipe Line Co., 746 P.2d 896, 903 (Alaska 1987)). 9 Haar v. State, Dep’t of Admin., Div. of Motor Vehicles, 349 P.3d 173, 180 (Alaska 2015) (quoting Marathon Oil Co. v. State, Dep’t of Nat.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources v. Alaskan Crude Corporation and James M. White, James M. White v. State of Alaska, DNR, and Alaskan Crude Corp.
Alaska · 2018 · confidence medium
STANDARDS OF REVIEW We “independently review the merits of an administrative determination.”7 We have “recognized four principal standards of review for administrative decisions: (1) the substantial evidence standard applies to questions of fact; (2) the reasonable basis standard applies to questions of law involving agency expertise; (3) the substitution of judgment standard applies to questions of law where no expertise is involved; and (4) the reasonable and not arbitrary standard applies to review of administrative regulations.”[8] “Questions of contract interpretation generally …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Odom v. State, Division of Corporations, Business & Professional Licensing
Alaska · 2017 · confidence medium
STANDARDS OF REVIEW When a superior court acts as an intermediate court of appeals reviewing an administrative or agency decision, we independently review the merits of the administrative decision,12 giving no deference to the superior court’s decision.13 We review the agency’s factual findings to determine whether they are supported by 12 Jurgens v. City of North Pole, 153 P.3d 321, 325 (Alaska 2007). 13 State, Dep’t of Revenue v. Merriouns, 894 P.2d 623, 625 (Alaska 1995) (citing Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). -8- 7187 substantial evidence.14 …
cited Cited as authority (rule) Radebaugh v. State, Department of Health & Social Services, Division of Senior & Disabilities Services
Alaska · 2017 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992) (cifing Keiner v. City of Anchorage, 378 P.2d 406, 411 (Alaska 1963)). 29 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Richards v. University of Alaska
Alaska · 2016 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 8 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Apline Energy, LLC v. Matanuska Electric Association
Alaska · 2016 · confidence medium
Stosh's I/M v. Fairbanks N. Star Borough, 12 P.3d 1180, 1183 (Alaska 2000) (citing Handley v. State, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). 33 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) RBG Bush Planes, LLC v. Alaska Public Offices Commission (2×)
Alaska · 2015 · confidence medium
Bd., 996 P.2d 1192, 1196-97 (Alaska 2000) (quoting Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). 18 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Municipality of Anchorage d/b/a Municipal Light & v. State of Alaska, Department of Revenue, State of Alaska, Department of Revenue v. Municipality of Anchorage d/b/a Municipal Light &
Alaska · 2015 · confidence medium
While the Court may not have conducted these proceedings in this manner, and the ALJ appears to regret having done so himself, the Court will not engage in a de novo review of the excluded materials. 17 Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992) (quoting Keiner v. City of Anchorage, 378 P.2d 406, 411 (Alaska 1963)) (citing Matanuska-Susitna Borough v. Hammond, 726 P.2d 166 , 179 n.26 (Alaska 1986); Interior Paint Co. v. Rodgers, 522 P.2d 164, 170 (Alaska 1974)). 18 Williams, 938 P.2d at 1069 (quoting Fireman’s Fund Am.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) McGlinchy v. State, Dept. of Natural Resources
Alaska · 2015 · confidence medium
We have held that the substitution of judgment standard is appropriate “where the case concerns ‘statutory interpretation or other analysis of legal relationships about which the courts have specialized knowledge and experience.’ ”13 In City of Nome v. Catholic Bishop of Northern Alaska we held that because “our decision require[d] interpretation of statutory and case law, we [did] not defer to the City’s administrative expertise.”14 And in 8 Id. (quoting Grimmett, 303 P.3d at 487 ) (internal quotation marks omitted). 9 Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (A…
cited Cited as authority (rule) McGlinchy v. State, Department of Natural Resources
Alaska · 2015 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Blas v. State, Department of Labor & Workforce Development, Division of Employment Security
Alaska · 2014 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 17 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Brown v. City of Kenai, Personnel Board
Alaska · 2014 · confidence medium
Id. (citing Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). 7 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Rollins v. State, Dept. of Public Safety, Alcoholic Beverage Control Board
Alaska · 2013 · confidence medium
Rollins, 991 P.2d at 206 (quoting Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). 11 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tesoro Corporation and Subsidiaries v. State, Dept. of Revenue
Alaska · 2013 · confidence medium
STANDARD OF REVIEW We review questions of law de novo, using our independent judgment.13 We apply the substantial evidence standard of review to disputed questions of fact in administrative decisions.14 In applying this standard, we will not re-weigh evidence or 13 Ross v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 292 P.3d 906, 909 (Alaska 2012); Harrod v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 255 P.3d 991, 995 (Alaska 2011). 14 State, Dep’t of Revenue v. DynCorp & Subsidiaries, 14 P.3d 981, 985 (Alaska 2000) (quoting Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska (continued...) -9- 6838 re-evaluat…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tesoro Corp. v. State, Department of Revenue
Alaska Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
State, Dep't of Revenue v. DynCorp & Subsid-faries, 14 P.3d 981, 985 (Alaska 2000) (quoting Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)) (observing that substantial evidence standard applies to disputed questions of fact in taxpayer's appeal of tax assessment). .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Alaskan Crude Corporation v. State, Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission
Alaska · 2013 · confidence medium
Sys., 20 P.3d 568, 570 (Alaska 2001) (citing Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). "[The existence of *1257 substantial evidence to support [appellant's] position does not in itself permit us to reverse the department's decision." Anderson v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 26 P.3d 1106, 1111 (Alaska 2001). 28 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Grimmett v. University of Alaska
Alaska · 2013 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 12 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Titus v. State, Dept. of Administration, Division of Motor Vehicles
Alaska · 2013 · confidence medium
Servs. v. N. Star Hosp., 280 P.3d 575, 579 (Alaska 2012) (citing Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). 7 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Rude v. Cook Inlet Region, Inc.
Alaska · 2012 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992) (internal quotation marks omitted). .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Ward v. State, Department of Public Safety
Alaska · 2012 · confidence medium
Id. at 1248 (citing Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) State, Department of Health & Social Services v. North Star Hospital
Alaska · 2012 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992) (quoting Jager v. State, 537 P.2d 1100 , 1107 n. 23 (Alaska 1975)). .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Alaskan Crude Corp. v. State, Department of Natural Resources
Alaska · 2011 · confidence medium
Pasternak v. State, Commercial Fisheries Entry Comm'n, 166 P.3d 904, 907 (Alaska 2007) (citing Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) ALASKAN CRUDE CORP. v. State
Alaska · 2011 · confidence medium
Alaskan Crude does not appeal this part of the decision. [22] Button v. Haines Borough, 208 P.3d 194, 200 (Alaska 2009) (citing Lakloey, Inc. v. Univ. of Alaska, 157 P.3d 1041, 1045 (Alaska 2007); Gunter v. Kathy-O-Estates, 87 P.3d 65, 68 (Alaska 2004)). [23] Pasternak v. State, Commercial Fisheries Entry Comm'n, 166 P.3d 904, 907 (Alaska 2007) (citing Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). [24] Id. (citing Simpson v. State, Commercial Fisheries Entry Comm'n, 101 P.3d 605, 607 (Alaska 2004)). [25] Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). [26] Beal …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Alaska Exchange Carriers Ass'n v. Regulatory Commission
Alaska · 2011 · confidence medium
Comm'n, 711 P.2d 1170, 1175 (Alaska 1986)). [22] Lakloey, Inc. v. Univ. of Alaska, 157 P.3d 1041, 1045 (Alaska 2007) (citing Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). [23] Storrs v. State Medical Bd., 664 P.2d 547, 554-55 (Alaska 1983) (citations omitted). [24] 53 P.3d 578 . [25] Id. at 583-84 . [26] Id. at 580 . [27] Id. at 581 . [28] Id. [29] Id. [30] Id. [31] Id. [32] Id. at 582 . [33] Id. [34] Id. [35] Id. at 582-83, 587 . [36] Id. at 582-83 . [37] Id. at 582 . [38] Id. at 583 . [39] Id. at 587 . [40] Id. at 583 (internal quotations omitted). [41] Id. at 584 .…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Horan v. Kenai Peninsula Borough Board of Equalization
Alaska · 2011 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 46 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Kingik v. State, Department of Administration, Division of Retirement & Benefits (2×)
Alaska · 2010 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992) (citing Tesoro Alaska Petroleum Co. v. Kenai Pipe Line Co., 746 P.2d 896, 903 (Alaska 1987)). 5 .
examined Cited as authority (rule) Button v. Haines Borough (3×)
Alaska · 2009 · confidence medium
Lakloey, 157 P.3d at 1045 (citing Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). 8 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Barrington v. Alaska Communications Systems Group, Inc.
Alaska · 2009 · confidence medium
Brown v. Patriot Maint., Inc., 99 P.3d 544, 548 (Alaska 2004) (citing Handley v. State, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). 3 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Seybert v. Cominco Alaska Exploration
Alaska · 2008 · confidence medium
George Easley Co. v. Estate of Lindekugel, 117 P.3d 734, 740 (Alaska 2005) (citing Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). 12 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) May v. State, Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 14 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State, Division of Corp., Business & Professional Licensing, Alaska Board of Nursing v. Platt (2×)
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
In a July 2002 letter the board stated that it had denied Platt's application "in accordance with 12 AAC 44.705(16) Felony forgery conviction in March 1998." But in its July 2004 letter written to explain why it declined to adopt the hearing officer's recommendation, the board stated that it "placed particular weight on [Platt's] serious and repeated criminal conduct." In light of this ambiguity, we interpret the board's action as relying only on the forgery conviction. [31] Journey v. State, 895 P.2d 955, 959 (Alaska 1995). [32] Id. [33] Wendte v. State, Bd. of Real Estate Appraisers, 70 P.3d…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Copeland v. State, Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 2 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Pasternak v. State, Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 19 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Griffiths v. Andy's Body & Frame, Inc.
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 5 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) At & T ALASCOM v. Orchitt
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 9 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Roberts v. State, Department of Revenue
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 10 . - Olson v. State, Dep't of Natural Res., 799 P.2d 289, 292-93 (Alaska 1990) (noting the standard appropriate for quasi-executive determinations). 11 . 781 P.2d 576 (Alaska 1989). 12 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Harnish Group, Inc. v. Moore
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
Co., 115 P.3d 1240, 1242 (Alaska 2005) (citing Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Lakloey, Inc. v. University of Alaska
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 10 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Eagle v. State, Department of Revenue
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
Anderson v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 26 P.3d 1106, 1108-09 (Alaska 2001); Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 5 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) In Re the Adoption of Missy M.
Alaska · 2006 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Flowline of Alaska v. Brennan
Alaska · 2006 · confidence medium
Nunley v. State of Alaska, 99 P.3d 7, 10 (Alaska 2004) (citing Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992)). .
cited Cited as authority (rule) McMullen v. Bell
Alaska · 2006 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 8 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) George Easley Co. v. Estate of Lindekugel
Alaska · 2005 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 17 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Rockney v. Boslough Construction Co.
Alaska · 2005 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 2 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bartley v. State, Department of Administration, Teachers' Retirement Board (2×) also: Cited "see"
Alaska · 2005 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Nunley v. State, Department of Revenue, Child Support Enforcement Division
Alaska · 2004 · confidence medium
Handley v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 838 P.2d 1231, 1233 (Alaska 1992). 9 .
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Joseph E. HANDLEY, Appellant,
v.
STATE of Alaska, DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, Appellee
3885.
Alaska Supreme Court.
Sep 18, 1992.
838 P.2d 1231
Joseph E. Handley, pro se., Teresa Williams, Asst. Atty. Gen., Anchorage, and Charles E. Cole, Atty. Gen., Juneau, for appellee.
Witz, Rabinowitz, Burke, Matthews, Compton, Moore.
Cited by 148 opinions  |  Published

Lead Opinion

OPINION

COMPTON, Justice.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Joseph Handley is currently at the Spring Creek Correctional Center in Se[*1232] ward, serving a 45 year sentence imposed in 1978. Pursuant to 22 Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) 05.251 (1991), he was transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBP) and was “housed” at the Fort Leavenworth Federal Prison (1978-1984), El Reno Federal Prison (1984-1986), and the Oxford Federal Prison (1986-1988), until he was transferred to Spring Creek Correctional Center in Alaska in October 1988.

The Department of Revenue, Permanent Fund Division, (DOR) sent Handley’s permanent fund dividend application to his correctional facility starting in 1982. Each year Handley completed the form in the same manner and mailed it to DOR. From 1982 to 1986 DOR approved the application.

In 1987 DOR rejected Handley’s application. DOR cited Handley’s failure to include the signatures of the residency verifiers on his application.[1] On his original 1987 application, Handley printed the name “Harry Davis D.A.” and signed in cursive the name “Judge Warren Taylor”[2] in the boxes requesting the signature of “Spouse, Relative or Friend.” Under each of these, in boxes requesting the printed name of the person “Who Signed Above,” Handley wrote “Fbx.” He did not fill in the boxes requesting date, mailing address, city, state and zip code, and daytime telephone number.

DOR wrote Handley and requested additional information about his absences between October 1986 and March 1987. Handley replied that he was absent from April 13, 1978 until 1988 when the new prison opened in Alaska. Handley’s 1987 permanent fund dividend was denied.

Handley filed a request for an informal appeal. His dividend denial was then amended to include the basis that he did not have the required intent to return to Alaska. DOR based this finding on the records from Handley’s hearings before the Alaska Department of Corrections Classification Review Board. At these hearings, Handley had stated that he did not wish to return to Alaska and wanted to be paroled elsewhere.[3]

Replying to another DOR request for additional information, Handley submitted an amended application, back dated to the day after he signed his original application. This application was verified by two correctional counselors from the Federal Correc[*1233] tional Institution in Oxford, Wisconsin.[4] At an informal conference, DOR affirmed the denial on the alternative ground.

Handley then requested a formal hearing. When the hearing was conducted, Handley, who had since been transferred to the Seward facility, participated by phone. During the hearing Handley was assisted by a corrections counselor. At the hearing the Revenue Hearing Examiner reinstated improper verification as a ground for rejection of the application. He held that Hand-ley’s revised application should not have been accepted because the first application was submitted with false residency verifications designed to deceive DOR. The hearing examiner based his determination that the proffered verifiers’ signatures were intended to be deceptive partly because they were in different handwriting, one having been printed and one written in cursive. The evidence was uncontradicted that both signatures were false and unauthorized. He construed AS 43.23.015 to mean that “the Applicant’s signing of a PFD application constitutes a claim of eligibility predicated on the facts contained in the application.” Again, Handley’s appeal was denied on both grounds.

Handley appealed to the superior court. AS 22.10.020(d); Alaska R.App.P. 602(a)(2) (1991-92). The superior court affirmed DOR’s decision.

II. DISCUSSION

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW.

We will independently review the merits of an administrative determination. No deference is given to the superior court’s decision when that court acts as an intermediate court of appeal. Tesoro Alaska Petroleum Co. v. Kenai Pipe Line Co., 746 P.2d 896, 903 (Alaska 1987).

We have recognized four principal standards of review of administrative decisions. The “substantial evidence” test is used for questions of fact. The “reasonable basis” test is used for questions of law involving agency expertise. The “substitution of judgment test is used for questions of law where no expertise is involved. The “reasonable and not arbitrary” test is used for review of administrative regulations. Jager v. State, 537 P.2d 1100, 1107 n. 23 (Alaska 1975).

In this case, the substantial evidence test applies. Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Keiner v. City of Anchorage, 378 P.2d 406, 411 (Alaska 1963). We need only determine whether such evidence exists, and do not choose between competing inferences. Interior Paint Co. v. Rodgers, 522 P.2d 164, 170 (Alaska 1974). We do not evaluate the strength of the evidence, but merely note its presence. Matanuska-Susitna Borough v. Hammond, 726 P.2d 166, 179 n. 26 (Alaska 1986).

Also applicable is the reasonable and not arbitrary test. This standard is not demanding: “[Wjhere an agency interprets its own regulation ... a deferential standard of review properly recognizes that the agency is best able to discern its intent in promulgating the regulation at issue.” Rose v. Commercial Fisheries Entry Comm’n, 647 P.2d 154, 161 (Alaska 1982).

B. HANDLEY WAS PROPERLY DENIED HIS 1987 PERMANENT FUND DIVIDEND.

DOR denied Handley’s 1987 permanent fund dividend on two grounds: 1) Handley did not have valid signatures of two residency verifiers; and 2) Handley did not prove that at all times during his absence he maintained the intent to permanently reside in Alaska.

The permanent fund dividend regulations require that “[a]n applicant must indicate on the prescribed form information required by the department which will support the claim of residency.” 15 AAC 23.-675(a) (1988). The application required the[*1234] signatures of two residency verifiers.[5] Handley did not supply authentic signatures or even the names of authentic residency verifiers. The regulations allow for the submission of additional information if the application is “insufficient.” 15 AAC 23.625(c) (1988). The applicant then has 60 days from being notified of its insufficiency to supply corrected information. 15 AAC 23.625(f)(1988).

However, DOR held that an extension was not available whenever the information submitted in the original application was deceptive. DOR found that Handley’s application was intentionally deceptive and thus rejected it without considering his corrected submission.

We conclude that this ruling is reasonable and not arbitrary. Under these circumstances, the information “included on or provided with the application” was not merely “insufficient”; it was false information provided with the intention that DOR be deceived. The determination that Hand-ley was trying to deceive DOR is supported by the record.[6] Relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept, namely the presence of the signatures, one printed and one written in cursive, exists to support the Revenue Hearing Examiner’s and DOR’s conclusions.

Because we conclude that the first basis for rejection of Handley’s application is supported in fact and in law, we need not analyze whether the alleged absence of intent to reside permanently in Alaska is also supportable. Further, a holding on the second ground would have no precedential value, because incarcerated felons are no longer eligible for the permanent fund dividend. AS 43.23.005(d) (amended in 1988).

C. DOR DID NOT BREACH ITS DUTY TO ASSIST AND INFORM HANDLEY.

Handley argues that DOR breached its duty to assist residents of the state who need help establishing eligibility.[7] Handley claims that DOR breached this duty by not advising him of regulation amendments which affected his status.

Handley does not point to any evidence that “language, disability, or inaccessibility to public transportation” affected his ability to establish his eligibility for a permanent fund dividend, or to submit an application for a permanent fund dividend.[8] He does not point to any evidence that he ever requested and was denied the assistance of the DOR in establishing his eligibility or submitting his application for a permanent fund dividend. We conclude that this claim of error has no merit.

D. CONSTITUTIONAL OBJECTIONS.

Handley states two constitutional objections to the permanent fund dividend scheme. First, Handley contends that 15 AAC 23.190(a)(1991), which requires submission of “other information,” is so vague that it violates due process. Second, he contends that the definition of “state resident” in AS 43.23.095(8) is overbroad and violates equal protection. In view of our affirmance on the ground that the forged signatures on false verifications of Hand-ley’s original 1987 application were made with the intent to deceive DOR, we need not address Handley’s constitutional arguments. Handley’s first objection is not relevant because “other information” need not be requested when intentional decep[*1235] tion is found. Handley’s second objection need not be addressed because it pertains only to intent to reside in Alaska, the DOR’s alternative ground for rejection.

III. CONCLUSION

The denial of Handley’s 1987 permanent fund dividend was based on a determination that he submitted false residency verifications containing forged signatures intended to deceive DOR. DOR’s determination that Handley was trying to deceive DOR is supported by substantial evidence. DOR acted legally and permissibly in denying Handley an opportunity to correct his application.

The superior court’s decision is AFFIRMED.

1

The 1987 Permanent Fund Dividend Application reads:

RESIDENCY VERIFICATION IS REQUIRED BY TWO ADULTS WHO KNOW YOU

The statement below must be read and signed by two adults who know you, and who can confirm that you are eligible for a permanent fund dividend.... Persons you may wish to ask to verify your residency include your spouse, other relatives, close friends or neighbors. It is preferable that these persons be Alaska residents who are also applying for their permanent fund dividends.

(Emphasis in original). The application then requests the signature, address and telephone number of the verifiers.

2

Harry Davis was the Fairbanks district attorney who prosecuted Handley. Judge Warren Taylor was the judge who presided over Hand-ley’s criminal case and sentenced him. Handley claimed he included the names of Davis and Taylor because they could attest that he was in the Alaska Prison System, a matter not in issue. He used their names as "references," but did not indicate that on his application.

3

Handley is not even eligible for parole until 1997. Incarcerated in 1977, he has a full term projected release date of October 13, 2007. A letter from Robert P. Spinde, Chief Classification Officer, Department of Corrections, to Tracy Buchheim, PFD Specialist 1, Permanent Fund Dividend Division, discloses the following information taken from log notes of hearings:

August 1979 Wants to complete his time in the federal prison.

June 1980 Does not want to return to Alaska.

Desires parole to state of Wyoming.

1981 No classification hearing was held for Mr. Handley this year, he was back in Alaska for legal proceedings.

March 1982 No desire to return to Alaska. Complete his time FBP.

May 1983 Does not want to return to Alaska while serving his sentence.

April 1984 Wishes to remain in FBP until after the max unit is in operation for a few years.

1985 Does not want to return to Alaska.

1986 The written record regarding this hearing cannot be located.

May 1987 Mr. Handley waived this hearing.

May 1988 Wishes to return to Alaska. Will be requesting return to Alaska when bedspace is available. (Mr. Handley was returned to Alaska on 10/18/88, and remains to the present time.)

4

Handley was housed at Oxford when he submitted his original 1987 application, but did not originally seek to use local officers as his residency verifiers.

5

See supra note 1.

6

This court will not reweigh conflicting evidence or substitute its judgment for that of the individual charged with reviewing the applications. See Childs v. Kalgin Island Lodge, 779 P.2d 310, 315 (Alaska 1989). The evidence should be viewed from the perspective of that individual.

7

"The department shall ... assist residents of the state, particularly in rural areas, who because of language, disability, or inaccessibility to public transportation need assistance to establish eligibility and to apply for permanent fund dividends.” AS 43.23.055(4).

8

Handley contends that he is "disabled" for purposes of AS 43.23.055(4) because as an inmate he does not have the “capacity for the full enjoyment of ordinary legal rights." We reject the idea that all inmates are "disabled" for the purposes of section 55. Rather, an applicant must have a physical or mental disability which hinders the application process in order to qualify for assistance.

Concurrence in Part

RABINO WITZ, Chief Justice,

with whom MATTHEWS, J., joins, dissenting in part and concurring with the result.

I dissent from the court’s affirmance of the DOR’s ruling that Handley’s application was intentionally deceptive and therefore was appropriately rejected. More particularly, my review of the record persuades me that there is an absence of substantial evidence to support the majority’s conclusion that the information contained in Handley’s application was “false information provided with the intention that DOR be deceived.”

As the majority correctly notes in regard to Handley’s original application he "... printed the name ‘Harry Davis D.A.’ and signed in cursive the name ‘Judge Warren Taylor’ in the boxes requesting the signature of ‘Spouse, Relative or Friend.’ Under each of these, in boxes requesting the printed name of the person ‘Who Signed Above,’ Handley wrote ‘Fbx’.”[9] In my opinion the following features of the questioned application information are significant. Although the signatures are in different handwriting from each other, they are not in different handwriting from the remainder of the application. Both were obviously written by Handley. The printed name matches thé printing on the application and the cursive name matches Hand-ley’s own verifying signature. Moreover, the listing of the address as “Fbx” cannot be considered substantial evidence of intentional deception.

In addition to the above, I think Hand-ley’s explanations carry the day. At one point in the record Handley writes:

I realize that ignorance of the law is not a valid excuse for anything. But, I honestly didn’t believe that I was doing wrong, by putting the Judge’s and the District Attorneys names on the application. Specially after I had did it so many times & no problems. For who would better know that I am a resident of Alaska & will be for many years.

(Emphasis provided.)[10]

For the reasons stated above, I conclude that DOR’s rejection of Handley’s 1987 permanent fund dividend application cannot be sustained on the basis that the information submitted in the original application was deceptive.[11]

9

The record is uncontradicted that from 1982 to 1986 DOR approved Handley’s permanent fund dividend applications all of which were completed in the same manner as the now questioned 1987 application.

10

This theme is reiterated throughout the record. For instance, at another point in the record Handley states: “I honestly thought that I was'filling out the forms correctly. For who would better know that I am in prison and have been since September 17, 1977, than the judge who had sentenced me, and the District Attorney who had prosecuted me?”

11

I am of the view that rejection of Handley’s application is supportable on the basis that Handley lacked the intent to reside in Alaska throughout the period in question.