Littleton v. State, 485 S.E.2d 230 (Ga. Ct. App. 1997). · Go Syfert
Littleton v. State, 485 S.E.2d 230 (Ga. Ct. App. 1997). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“lack of resistance, induced by fear, is not legally cognizable consent but is force”
59 citation events (53 in the last 25 years) across 3 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Pye v. State (gactapp, 2013-06-04)
Treatment trajectory · 1998 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1998 2012 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 25 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited as authority (quoted) Pye v. State (3×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
lack of resistance, induced by fear, is not legally cognizable consent but is force
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Trent Pye v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
lack of resistence, induced by fear, is not legally cognizable consent but is force
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Carlos Juarez-Martinez
5th Cir. · 2018 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Jackson v. State, 270 Ga. 494, 496 (1999) (“intent necessary for commission of burglary need not be formed at precise moment of entry, but can be formed while perpetrator remains on premises” (citing Hewatt v. State, 455 S.E.2d 104, 106 (Ga. Ct. App. 1995)) (emphasis added)); Littleton v. State, 485 S.E.2d 230, 232 (Ga. Ct. App. 1997) (“[T]he jury was authorized to determine that at some point before he entered the house or while he remained in it, [the defendant] intended to commit aggravated assault.” (emphasis added)); see also United States v. Bernel-Aveja, 844 F.3d 206 …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Chester v. the State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
Here, the State presented evidence of lack of consent, including the victim’s nervousness and fear after Chester did not drive her to the promised destination. “[I]t is well settled that lack of resistance, induced by fear, is not legally cognizable consent.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 901 (1) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Brandon Keith Gates v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
E.g., Crane v. State, 297 Ga. App. 880 ( 678 SE2d 542 ) (2009) (finding evidence sufficient to support conviction for aggravated stalking 6 notwithstanding that the victim had consensual contact with the defendant on other occasions after restraining or protective order was entered); Revere v. State, 277 Ga. App. 393, 394 (1) (a) ( 626 SE2d 585 ) (2006) (same); Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 903 (4) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997) (same).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Gates v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
E.g., Crane v. State, 297 Ga. App. 880 ( 678 SE2d 542 ) (2009) (finding evidence sufficient to support conviction for aggravated stalking notwithstanding that the victim had consensual contact with the defendant on other occasions after restraining or protective order was entered); Revere v. State, 277 Ga. App. 393, 394 (1) (a) ( 626 SE2d 585 ) (2006) (same); Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 903 (4) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997) (same).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Anthony Ellis v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2012 · confidence medium
Here, the victim testified that she kept her legs tightly closed to prevent Ellis from having sexual intercourse with her, and that she opened her legs only because Ellis had a knife in his hand. “[L]ack of resistence, induced by fear, is not legally cognizable consent but is force.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 901 (1) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Ellis v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2012 · confidence medium
Here, the victim testified that she kept her legs tightly closed to prevent Ellis from having sexual intercourse with her, and that she opened her legs only because Ellis had a knife in his hand. “[Ljack of resistance, induced by fear, is not legally cognizable consent but is force.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 901 (1) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Crane v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Adams and Doyle, JJ., concur. 1 OCGA § 16-5-91 (a). 2 OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2). 3 Dennis v. State, 294 Ga. App. 171 ( 669 SE2d 187 ) (2008). 4 Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). 5 Maskivish v. State, 276 Ga. App. 701, 702 (1) ( 624 SE2d 160 ) (2005). 6 Revere v. State, 277 Ga. App. 393, 394 (1) (a) ( 626 SE2d 585 ) (2006). 7 Bradley v. State, 252 Ga. App. 293, 294 ( 556 SE2d 201 ) (2001). 8 Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 902-903 (4) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997). 9 Stevens v. State, 261 Ga. App. 73, 74 (1) ( 581 SE2d 685 ) (2003). 10 In the Int…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Williams v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2008 · confidence medium
J., and Phipps, J., concur. 1 Price v. State, 283 Ga. App. 564 (1) ( 642 SE2d 191 ) (2007). 2 Fields v. State, 285 Ga. App. 345, 346 ( 646 SE2d 326 ) (2007). 3 OCGA § 16-7-1 (a). 4 (Citation omitted.) Brooks v. State, 281 Ga. 514, 516 (1) ( 640 SE2d 280 ) (2007). 5 See Sweeder v. State, 246 Ga. App. 557, 558-559 (1) ( 541 SE2d 414 ) (2000); Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 902 (3) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997). 6 See Evans v. State, 288 Ga. App. 304, 308 (1) ( 653 SE2d 503 ) (2007). 7 (Citation omitted.) Snipes v. State, 257 Ga. App. 713, 714-715 ( 572 SE2d 62 ) (2002). 8 Id. at 715 . 9 Moore …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Revere v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 902-903 (4) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997) (sufficient evidence supported aggravated stalking conviction even though victim had previously allowed the defendant into her home after entry of protective order). (b) Relying on Hooper v. State, 223 Ga. App. 515 ( 478 SE2d 606 ) (1996), Revere contends the State was required to prove that he received actual notice of the no contact order and that merely tendering into evidence the written order failed to satisfy the State’s burden of proof for an aggravated stalking conviction. 1 We disagree.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Williams v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
See also Armour v. State, 247 Ga. App. 592 -593 (1) ( 544 SE2d 516 ) (2001) (jury entitled to conclude that defendant was not authorized to enter girlfriend’s home on day he assaulted her; although defendant had previously lived with girlfriend and had paid the gas bill at the home, girlfriend had asked defendant to leave the home several days before the assault, and he did not have permission to be in the home on the day of the assault). 6 Pittman, supra. See also Aufderheide v. State, 144 Ga. App. 877 -878 (1) ( 242 SE2d 758 ) (1978) (in finding that evidence supported conclusion that defe…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Evans v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
NOTES [1] See Brewster v. State, 261 Ga.App. 795 (1), 584 S.E.2d 66 (2003). [2] See id. [3] See id. at 797 (1)(a), 584 S.E.2d 66 . [4] OCGA § 16-6-2(a). [5] Id. [6] Brewster, supra at 797 (1)(b), 584 S.E.2d 66 . [7] See id.; Bright v. State, 244 Ga.App. 23, 25 (1), 535 S.E.2d 14 (2000). [8] OCGA § 16-11-37(a). [9] See Drew v. State, 256 Ga.App. 391, 392 (1), 568 S.E.2d 506 (2002). [10] Id. at 393 , 568 S.E.2d 506 . [11] See OCGA § 16-11-37(a); Drew, supra (victim's testimony regarding defendant's violent behavior sufficiently corroborated police officer's testimony that he heard defendant t…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Evans v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
See id.; Jenkins v. State, 259 Ga. App. 87, 88 (1) ( 576 SE2d 68 ) (2003); Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 901 (1) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bradley v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Teamsters Local Union &c. v. Allied Foods, 228 Ga. 479, 481 (2) ( 186 SE2d 527 ) (1971). 3 Smith v. Gwinnett County, 268 Ga. 179, 181 (1) ( 486 SE2d 151 ) (1997). 4 Bradley cites no authority for this argument. 5 Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 903 (4) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997). 6 Simpson v. State, 214 Ga. App. 587, 588 (2) ( 448 SE2d 370 ) (1994).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Clark v. State (3×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Andrews, P. J., and Eldridge, J., concur. 1 See Perryman v. State, 63 Ga. App. 819, 820 (5) ( 12 SE2d 388 ) (1940). 2 Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). 3 Humphrey v. State, 252 Ga. 525, 527 (1) ( 314 SE2d 436 ) (1984); accord Eubanks v. State, 239 Ga. App. 796 (1) ( 522 SE2d 240 ) (1999). 4 Stallworth v. State, 150 Ga. App. 766, 767 (1) ( 258 SE2d 611 ) (1979). 5 (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Id. 6 Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 901-902 (1), (3) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997); see Hutchison v. State, 239 Ga. App. 664 (1) ( 522 SE2d 56 ) (1999). 7 Hutch…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hutchison v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1999 · confidence medium
Maloy v. State, 237 Ga. App. 873, 874 (1) ( 516 SE2d 370 ) (1999); Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 901 (1) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Nichols v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1999 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Reeves v. State, 233 Ga. App. 802, 803-804 (1) ( 505 SE2d 540 ) (1998) (defendant stabbed and cut victim with knife); McSears v. State, 226 Ga. App. 90, 92 (3) ( 485 SE2d 589 ) (1997) (defendant swung knife at victim); Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 902 (2) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997) (defendant held knife to victim’s neck); Nash v. State, 222 Ga. App. 766, 767 (2) ( 476 SE2d 69 ) (1996) (defendant chased and tried to stab victim with knife).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Brooks v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1998 · confidence medium
As an initial matter, we note that “corroboration of a victim’s testimony is unnecessary to support a rape conviction.” Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 901 (1) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997).
discussed Cited "see" John Thomas Johnson v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2019 · signal: accord · confidence high
Whether he did so is a question of intent, which the jury determines according to the reasonableness of her testimony as to lack of consent, not the reasonableness of her fear.8 7 Chester v. State, 328 Ga. App. 888, 889 (1) ( 763 SE2d 272 ) (2014) (punctuation omitted); accord Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 901 ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997); see Clark v. State, 261 Ga. 311, 311 ( 404 SE2d 787 ) (1991) (“The question is not whether the victim’s testimony as to her lack of consent is reasonable; nor is it whether the victim’s apprehension was reasonable.
discussed Cited "see" Smith v. State (2×)
Ga. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
See Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 902 (3) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Demetric Branch v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2021 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See also Littlejohn v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 903 (4) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997) (sufficient evidence for aggravated stalking conviction where evidence showed that defendant had been informed that he was not 5 allowed inside the victim’s home); Hooper v. State, 223 Ga. App. 515, 517 (3) ( 478 SE2d 606 ) (1996) (aggravated stalking conviction upheld where no-contact order was verbally communicated to defendant). 3.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Jackson v. the State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2015 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See also Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 902-903 (4) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997) (sufficient evidence supported aggravated stalking conviction even though victim had previously allowed the defendant into her home after entry of protective order). (b) Kidnapping.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Strozier v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2012 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See generally Roviaro, 353 U. S. at 64 (II) (holding that government committed prejudicial error when the informant was “the sole participant, other than the accused, in the transaction charged” and, thus, “the only witness in a position to amplify or contradict the testimony of government witnesses”). 18 See Leonard, 228 Ga. App. at 796 (2) (trial court properly denied motion when informant “was not present, did not participate in the arrest, or take part in the offense”); Ramsay v. State, 175 Ga. App. 97, 98 (2) ( 332 SE2d 390 ) (1985) (trial court properly denied motion when “…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Miller v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2005 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Littleton v. State, 225 Ga. App. 900, 902-903 (4) ( 485 SE2d 230 ) (1997); see also Bogan v. State, 255 Ga. App. 413, 414 (1) ( 565 SE2d 588 ) (2002). 2.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Littleton
v.
the State
A97A0235.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
Mar 18, 1997.
485 S.E.2d 230
Letitia B. Delan, for appellant., Jerome Littleton, pro se., J. Tom Morgan, District Attorney, Barbara B. Conroy, Anne M. Long, Assistant District Attorneys, for appellee.
Smith, Beasley, Banke.
Cited by 26 opinions  |  Published
2 passages pin-cited by 2 cases
Pinpoint authority: #30,199 of 633,719
Citer courts: Court of Appeals of Georgia (2)
Smith, Judge.

Jerome Littleton was convicted of the offenses of rape (OCGA § 16-6-1), burglary (OCGA § 16-7-1), aggravated stalking (OCGA § 16-5-91), and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2)). His motion for new trial was denied, and he appeals, contending the evidence was not sufficient to convict him. We disagree and affirm.

Construed to support the verdict, evidence was presented that the victim was Littleton’s estranged wife and that in November 1994, a temporary protective order had been issued enjoining Littleton from “injuring, maltreating, molesting, harassing, harming, or abusing” the victim or their children and from going to her place of employment or within 100 yards of her residence. On April 3, 1995, the victim went to bed at approximately midnight. Her four young children and a friend of one of her sons were inside the house. Her four-year-old was in bed with her.

Some time later, she awoke to find Littleton “over my bed and he had his hand over my mouth and something to my neck.” At the time of the incident, she could not specifically identify the object he held to her neck, but she knew it was a hard, blunt object. The victim described Littleton as being sweaty and having glassy eyes, as well as a foul odor about him. He instructed her not to say anything and not to move. She feared that she might have a heart attack because of heart problems she had been experiencing. Littleton talked about killing himself and then told her to remove her clothes, while he held the object to her neck and his hand over her mouth. He told her he had cut the telephone lines. She stated she complied because her son was in the bed and the other children were in the house; she did not know what Littleton held to her neck, and she thought that if she complied with his instructions, “maybe things would be better for us.” She was “very fearful.” According to the victim, after she removed her clothes, Littleton had sexual intercourse with her against her will. She then walked into her kitchen, followed by Littleton. The telephone lines had been cut, and one of her children climbed through a window and called the police from another residence. [1]

[*901] The victim testified that after a police officer arrived, she saw Littleton lay something on a kitchen chair; when she walked toward the chair, she saw that the object was a knife. She had never seen the knife prior to the incident, and she testified that it was not one of her kitchen knives. She believed that the knife was the object Littleton held to her neck in the bedroom. The victim’s son testified that after the police officer began talking with Littleton, he noticed a knife “hanging half out of [Littleton’s] pocket” and later in the chair where Littleton was sitting during his conversation with the officer. The police officer identified a knife at trial as the knife on which Littleton had been sitting; she testified that it was under his left leg. This evidence was sufficient to convict Littleton of all charges.

1. To prove rape, the State must show “carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.” OCGA § 16-6-1 (a). The victim did not state explicitly that the sexual intercourse with Littleton was done “forcibly.” She did, however, testify concerning her fear for herself and her children, and it is well settled that “lack of resistance, induced by fear, is not legally cognizable consent but is force.” Curtis v. State, 236 Ga. 362, 363 (1) (223 SE2d 721) (1976). She also testified that the intercourse was against her will.

Littleton’s argument on appeal that the victim consented is unavailing. He points out that she waited until the next day to report the rape. The record also shows indisputably that on at least two other occasions Littleton slept at the victim’s home in violation of the temporary protective order and had sexual intercourse with her. Any consideration of these facts, however, and any decision whether the victim consented to sexual intercourse on the night of April 3 or early morning hours of April 4, 1995, are matters solely within the province of the jury; they address themselves to credibility of the witnesses. See generally Johnson v. State, 214 Ga. App. 531 (448 SE2d 274) (1994). As for Littleton’s argument that the only evidence of the rape came from the victim, corroboration of a victim’s testimony is unnecessary to support a rape conviction. See, e.g., Shirley v. State, 188 Ga. App. 357, 361 (2) (373 SE2d 257) (1988). Because the victim described acts constituting the essential elements of rape — force and penetration against her will — evidence was presented authorizing a rational trier of fact to find Littleton guilty of rape under the standard of Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d[*902] 560) (1979).

2. As for Littleton’s conviction on the charge of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, a knife, OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2) provides that one commits that crime when he or she assaults “[w]ith a deadly weapon or with any object, device, or instrument which, when used offensively against a person, is likely to or actually does result in serious bodily injury.” Id. Although the victim did not initially know the exact identity of the “blunt, hard object” held to her neck, she testified that shortly after the incident she realized that the object was an unfamiliar knife. This evidence, in addition to her son’s testimony that he saw the knife hanging from Littleton’s pocket, and the police officer’s testimony that the knife was hidden under Littleton’s leg, was sufficient circumstantial evidence to enable a rational trier of fact to determine that the State had excluded all reasonable hypotheses, except that of Littleton’s guilt. See generally Harris v. State, 223 Ga. App. 661, 662 (478 SE2d 458) (1996) (issue of whether State met burden of excluding other reasonable hypotheses is question for jury).

3. With regard to Littleton’s burglary conviction, the State was required to prove that Littleton entered the victim’s house “without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein.” OCGA § 16-7-1 (a). The evidence is in dispute concerning whether Littleton broke in through a window or used his own key to make his entry. This dispute is immaterial, however, because evidence was presented that he entered the house without authority or the victim’s permission. Whether he intended to commit a felony inside the victim’s house was for the factfinder to determine based on the facts and circumstances proved. Igle v. State, 223 Ga. App. 498, 500 (3) (478 SE2d 622) (1996). As noted in Division 2, evidence was presented that Littleton committed an aggravated assault inside the victim’s house. It follows that the jury was authorized to determine that at some point before he entered the house or while he remained in it, he intended to commit the aggravated assault. [2] See Hewatt v. State, 216 Ga. App. 550, 551 (2) (455 SE2d 104) (1995) (requisite intent to commit felony need not be formed at moment of entry but could have been formed while perpetrator “remained on the premises”); Griffin v. State, 148 Ga. App. 311 (251 SE2d 161) (1978).

4. Finally, Littleton’s conviction for aggravated stalking was supported by the evidence presented. One commits aggravated stalking[*903] when he or she “follows, places under surveillance, or contacts another person at or about a place or places without the consent of the other person for the purpose of harassing and intimidating the other person” in violation of a temporary protective order or certain other enumerated orders. OCGA § 16-5-91 (a). “[T]he term ‘harassing and intimidating’ means a knowing and willful course of conduct directed at a specific person which causes emotional distress by placing such person in reasonable fear of death or bodily harm to himself or herself or to a member of his or her immediate family, and which serves no legitimate purpose.” OCGA § 16-5-90 (a).

Decided March 18,1997 Reconsideration denied April 3,1997. Letitia B. Delan, for appellant. Jerome Littleton, pro se. J. Tom Morgan, District Attorney, Barbara B. Conroy, Anne M. Long, Assistant District Attorneys, for appellee.

It is undisputed that a temporary protective order was issued against Littleton on behalf of the victim and their children in late 1994. Although the victim and the children allowed Littleton to enter the victim’s home prior to the night of April 3, the evidence showed that Littleton on that date did not have permission to come inside the victim’s home and had been informed some weeks before that he was no longer allowed inside the house. Furthermore, in addition to the victim’s testimony that she was afraid and that her telephone wires were cut, the evidence showed that Littleton had the victim’s house “under surveillance” within the meaning of the statute. Evidence was presented, via a neighbor’s testimony, that Littleton drove his truck, without the headlights, illuminated, down the street where the victim lived and also sat inside the truck, with the headlights off, on the victim’s street for a period of time on the night of the attack. In addition, at least one of the victim’s children was “kind of scared” by Littleton’s presence in the house. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the jury was authorized to find Littleton guilty of aggravated stalking under OCGA § 16-5-91 (a). See Hooper v. State, 223 Ga. App. 515 (478 SE2d 606) (1996).

Judgment affirmed.

Beasley, J., and Senior Appellate Judge Harold R. Banke concur.
1

The victim’s son testified that between 11:30 p.m. and 12:30 a.m. he and his friend[*901] heard the kitchen window “fall in” and the sound of someone’s foot stepping into the kitchen sink. They also heard the refrigerator being opened and movement as if someone were sitting on the couch. Being fearful, the boys hid for 30 to 45 minutes before they went into the victim’s bedroom, where they discovered Littleton sitting on the side of the victim’s bed with his zipper open. The victim’s son testified that his mother signalled him to call the police and that he woke his sister and sent her through a window to call the police; their telephone lines had been cut.

2

Although rape is also a felony, and we have concluded that sufficient evidence was presented to support the jury’s conviction on the rape charge, the indictment specifically charged Littleton with entering the victim’s house without authority and with intent to commit aggravated assault therein. We therefore focus our analysis of the burglary on evidence of aggravated assault, rather than rape.