Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1991). · Go Syfert
Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1991). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
106 citation events (94 in the last 25 years) across 6 distinct courts.
Treatment trajectory · 1992 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1992 2009 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 32 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Hawkins-Davenport, D., Aplt.
Pa. · 2026 · confidence medium
Ultimately, this Court, in relevant part, rejected as erroneous the Superior Court’s reliance on Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa. Super. 1991) for the proposition that “possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.” Hicks, 208 A.3d at 947 (citation omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Holley, T.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2024 · confidence medium
The opinion overruled Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957 (Pa. Super. 1991), a prior decision in which this Court held the “possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.” Id. at 959 (also known as the “Robinson rule”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Froehlich, J.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2023 · confidence medium
Thereafter, in Commonwealth v. Hicks, 208 A.3d 916 (Pa. 2019), our Supreme Court overturned a longstanding rule, first announced by this Court in Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa.Super. 1991), that “‘possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.’” Hicks, supra at 921 (quoting Robinson, supra at 959 ).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Froehlich, J.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2023 · confidence medium
Initially, our learned colleague notes that, in Hicks, our Supreme Court “overturned a longstanding rule, first announced by this Court in Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa. Super. 1991) (the “Robinson rule”), that ‘possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him [or her] in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.” Dissenting Memorandum at 3 (citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Draine, L.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2023 · confidence medium
Thereafter, in Commonwealth v. Hicks, 208 A.3d 916, 921 (Pa. 2019), our Supreme Court overturned a longstanding rule, first announced by this Court in Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa.Super. 1991), that “‘possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.’” Hicks, supra at 921 (quoting Robinson, supra at 959 ).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Mann, M.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2023 · confidence medium
The Supreme Court then held “the odor of marijuana may be a factor, but not a stand-alone one, in ____________________________________________ 8 Hicks overruled a prior decision of this Court, which held that “possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient [in and of itself] to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed [to carry a firearm].” Hicks, 208 A.3d at 921 , quoting Commonwealth v. Robinson, 6…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Summers, K.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2021 · confidence medium
Further, the Commonwealth made no proffer that it would be prejudiced if ____________________________________________ 6 In Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa. Super. 1991), this Court held that “possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.” The Hicks Court expressly rejected the Robinson rule.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Malloy, T.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2021 · confidence medium
Hicks overruled a prior decision of this Court which held that the “possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient [in and of itself] to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed [to carry a firearm].” Hicks, 208 A.3d at 921 , quoting Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa. Super. 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Malloy, T.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2021 · confidence medium
Hicks overruled a prior decision of this Court which held that the “possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient [in and of itself] to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed [to carry a firearm].” Hicks, 208 A.3d at 921 , quoting Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa. Super. 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Malloy, T.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2021 · confidence medium
Hicks overruled a prior decision of this Court which held that the “possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient [in and of itself] to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed [to carry a firearm].” Hicks, 208 A.3d at 921 , quoting Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa. Super. 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Miranda, A.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2019 · confidence medium
"In striking the balance between the public interest and the individual's right to personal security free from arbitrary interference of law enforcement officials, the initial inquiry must focus upon the propriety of the initial restraint of appellant's freedom of movement." Commonwealth v Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957, 960 (1991) citing Commonwealth v. Anderson, 481 Pa. 292 , 392 A.2d 1298, 1300-1301 (1978).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Hicks, M., Aplt. (6×) also: Cited "see"
Pa. · 2019 · confidence medium
Specifically, in Commonwealth v. Robinson , 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957 (1991), the Superior Court held that the "possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed." Id. at 959 (hereinafter, the " Robinson rule"). 1 In the instant case, the Superior Court applied the Robinson rule to deem lawful the seizure of an individual based solely upon his possession of a…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Kellum, J.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2019 · confidence medium
See Commonwealth v. Simmons, 17 A.3d 399, 403 (Pa. Super. -8- J-S13007-19 v. Hicks, 434 Pa. 153 , 253 A.2d 276 (1969); Commonwealth v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957, 959 (1991), appeal denied, 533 Pa. 599 , 617 A.2d 1273 (1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Mason, J.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2018 · confidence medium
Relying on Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa.Super. 1991) (possession of concealed firearm in public creates reasonable suspicion to stop person and investigate whether person is licensed), we held officers’ observation of a firearm in an unoccupied car parked in a high crime area created reasonable suspicion that Appellant, who later boarded the car, may be dangerous so as to justify an investigative detention.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Com. v. Hicks, M.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2017 · confidence medium
Here, police stopped Hicks based upon a radio dispatch regarding a man brandishing a firearm. “[P]ossession of a concealed firearm in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.” -8- J-S95043- 16 Mason, 130 A.3d at 153 (quoting Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa. Super. 1991)); see also In the Interest of D.M., 727 A.2d at 558 (stating that “[p]olice are generally justified in stopping an indi…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. McMillan
W.D. Pa. · 2017 · confidence medium
The question for the Court thus becomes whether or not the officers in this case had a reasonable suspicion that “criminal activity [was] afoot.” The Court concludes that they did. “[Possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.” Com. v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614, 620 , 600 A.2d 957, 959 (1991), appeal denied, 533 Pa. 599 , 617 A.2d 1273 (1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Mason (2×)
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2015 · confidence medium
This court has previously stated that, “possession of a concealed firearm in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.” Commonwealth v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957, 959 (1991), citing Commonwealth v. Mears, 283 Pa.Super. 416 , 424 A.2d 533 (1981), and Commonwealth v. Lagana, 517 Pa. 371 , 537 A.2d 1351 (1988); see also Commonwealth v. Stevenson, 894 A.2d 759, 772 (Pa.Super.2006).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Rodriguez (3×) also: Cited "see"
pactcompllehigh · 2009 · confidence medium
Second, if the reasons for the stop meet the standard and, therefore, it is deemed reasonable for Fourth Amendment purposes, a police officer may frisk the individual to search for weapons.” Commonwealth v. Robinson, 410 Pa. Super. 614, 619 , 600 A.2d 957, 959 (1991). (citations omitted) In addition, “possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.” Commonw…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Cooper
3rd Cir. · 2008 · confidence medium
Commonwealth v. Romero, 449 Pa.Super. 194 , 673 A.2d 374, 377 (1996); Commonweath v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957, 959 (1991) (“[Pjossession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Parker
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2008 · confidence medium
During this investigatory stop, the officer can pat-down the driver “when the officer believes, based on specific and articulable facts, that the individual is armed and dangerous.” Commonwealth v. Stevenson, 894 A.2d 759, 772 (Pa.Super.2006), appeal denied, 591 Pa. 691 , 917 A.2d 846 (2007), citing, Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); Commonwealth v. Hicks, 434 Pa. 153 , 253 A.2d 276 (1969); Commonwealth v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957, 959 (1991), appeal denied, 533 Pa. 599 , 617 A.2d 1273 (1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Hall
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2007 · confidence medium
Stevenson, 894 A.2d at 772-73 (holding that police officers had a reasonable justification to stop an individual who appeared to be carrying a concealed weapon and was acting in a manner indicating that the weapon may have been illegal or unlicensed, and under these circumstances were further justified in (1) asking this individual to raise his hands, and (2) attempting to take the firearm from the individual prior to the investigation); Commonwealth v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957, 959-60 (1991) (holding that the “possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Stevenson
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2006 · confidence medium
Commonwealth v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957, 959 (1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Graham (2×)
Pa. Super. Ct. · 1996 · confidence medium
Commonwealth v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Su per. 614, 618-620, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (1991), alloc. denied, 533 Pa. 599 , 617 A.2d 1273 (1992); Commonwealth v. Martinez, 403 Pa.Super. 125 , 588 A.2d 513 (1991), alloc. denied, 530 Pa. 653 , 608 A.2d 29 (1992).
discussed Cited "see" Com. v. Townsend, G.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2021 · signal: see · confidence high
During the subsequent suppression hearing, however, defense counsel verbally asserted separate bases for suppression of Defendant's statements and/or admission(s); claiming such evidence was obtained in violation of both Commonwealth v. Hicks and Miranda. 25 After hearing and argument, the Court denied Defendant's Motion to Suppress by Order dated August 7, 2019. 26 On November 18, 2019, Defendant proceeded to a stipulated bench 19 [N.T. 6/26/19, at 30]. 20 [N.T. 6/26/19, at 28]. 21 [N.T. 6/26/19, at 28-29]. 22 [Bill oflnformation; 5195-18 (I l/8/18)]; see 18 Pa. C.S. §§ 6105(a)(l ), 6106(a)…
cited Cited "see" Com. v. Barr, T.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2020 · signal: see · confidence high
See Robinson, 600 A.2d at 960 - 61.
cited Cited "see" Com. v. Barr, T.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2020 · signal: see · confidence high
See Robinson, 600 A.2d at 960 - 61.
cited Cited "see" Com. v. Mitchell, R.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2015 · signal: see · confidence high
See Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (pa.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Commonwealth v. Barr, T., Aplt. (2×)
Pa. · 2021 · signal: see also · confidence low
The trial court denied suppression based upon the Superior Court’s ruling 14 As the Commonwealth emphasizes, we stated expressly in Hicks that “[o]ur holding is confined to the lawfulness of seizures based solely upon the possession of a concealed firearm – conduct that is widely licensed and lawfully practiced by a broad range of people.” Hicks, 208 A.3d at 945 ; see also id. at 944 (expressly noting that the Court was not reaching any issue relating to the prohibition upon the possession of marijuana in light of the passage of the MMA). [J-70-2021] - 25 in Commonwealth v. Robinson, 6…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Com. v. Strickland, E. (2×)
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2016 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Commonwealth v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa. Super. 1991), appeal denied, 533 Pa. 599 , 617 A.2d 1273 (1992).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Com. v. Lingard, A.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2015 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Robinson, 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa. Super. 1991) (“[P]ossession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed.”).
examined Cited "see, e.g." Commonwealth v. Jackson (4×)
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2006 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Commonwealth v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957, 959 (Pa.Super.1991), appeal denied, 533 Pa. 599 , 617 A.2d 1273 (1992).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In Interest of Nl (2×)
Pa. Super. Ct. · 1999 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Commonwealth v. Robinson, 410 Pa.Super. 614 , 600 A.2d 957, 959 (1991), appeal denied, 533 Pa. 599 , 617 A.2d 1273 (1992). ¶ 9 In addressing the level of suspicion that must exist, this Court previously stated that “[i]t is a suspicion that is less than a preponderance of the evidence but more than a hunch.” Shelly, 703 A.2d at 503 .
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant,
v.
Charles ROBINSON, Sr.
297.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Oct 31, 1991.
600 A.2d 957
Kemal A. Mericle, Asst. Dist. Atty., Pittsburgh, for Com., appellant., Shelley Stark, Public Defender, Pittsburgh, for appellee.
Olszewski, Montemuro, Hoffman.
Cited by 46 opinions  |  Published
HOFFMAN, Judge:

This Commonwealth appeal is from an order granting appellee’s motion to suppress evidence seized in the search of his person and his vehicle. On appeal, the Commonwealth argues that the police officers who confronted appellee had a reasonable basis for stopping him and thus the evidence seized pursuant to the stop should not have been suppressed. For the reasons that follow, we agree, and,[*617] accordingly, we reverse the order below and remand for trial.

Appellee, Charles Robinson, Sr., was charged with one count each of possessing a firearm without a license [1] and altering or obliterating marks of identification. [2] A motion to suppress was filed on July 10, 1989, and a hearing was held on August 16, 1990. Testimony was taken that day and further argument was held on January 25, 1991. The suppression motion was granted on January 25, 1991 (N.T. at 27). [3] The court held that the initial stop was illegal under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) and its progeny. This appeal followed.

When the Commonwealth appeals the adverse decision of a suppression court, we must consider only the evidence of the defendant’s witnesses and so much of the evidence for the prosecution as read in the context of the record as a whole that remains uncontradicted. Commonwealth v. Hamlin, 503 Pa. 210, 469 A.2d 137 (1983) (plurality opinion). While we are bound by the lower court’s findings of fact if supported by the record, we are not bound by the court’s legal conclusions which are drawn from the facts of the case. Commonwealth v. Cortez, 507 Pa. 529, 491 A.2d 111 (1985).

In the instant case, the only testimony presented at the suppression hearing was that of Officer Hamman of the Pittsburgh Police Department. Her uncontradicted testimony established that on April 16, 1989 appellee was observed by Officer Hamman while on routine patrol. The officer saw appellee bending over into a van with a gun sticking out of the back of his shorts (N.T. at 12). Because of the presence of children in the area, the officer decided to drive[*618] down the street and discuss the situation with her partner (N.T. at 14). The officers turned their vehicle around, headed back toward appellee’s van, and stopped the van. Appellee, who was driving, was asked to exit the van. After he stepped out of the van, Officer Hamman informed appellee that she had seen a gun in the back of his pants. She performed a quick pat down of appellee and discovered a holster inside the back of his shorts. The officer then looked into the van and saw a gun lying on the right side of the floor beside the driver’s seat. The gun (a .38 caliber revolver) was loaded and had deep scratches through the serial numbers (N.T. at 19).

Preliminarily, we note that there is no dispute that Officer Hamman’s actions in stopping appellee constituted a stop under the Fourth Amendment. In the case of Commonwealth v. Barnett, 484 Pa. 211, 398 A.2d 1019 (1979), our Supreme Court stated that:

a policeman may legally stop a person and question him. But he may not without a warrant restrain that person from walking away ..., unless he has ‘probable cause to arrest that person or he observes such unusual and suspicious conduct on the part of the person who is stopped ... that the policeman may reasonably conclude that criminal activity was afoot____’ We must thus view the totality of the circumstances to determine whether appellee was being ‘stopped’ or was merely approached for allowable questioning by the officers.

Id., 484 Pa. at 215, 398 A.2d at 1021 (quoting Commonwealth v. Berrios, 437 Pa. 338, 340, 263 A.2d 342, 343 (1970)). See also Commonwealth v. Jones, 474 Pa. 364, 378 A.2d 835 (1977) (if citizen approached by officer is ordered to stop or is physically restrained, “stop” occurs). Here, appellant was driving his vehicle when he was stopped and ordered to exit by the officer. We find, therefore, that he was “stopped” under the Jones standard.

In limited circumstances, an individual may be stopped, briefly detained, and frisked for investigatory pur[*619] poses. Commonwealth v. Prengle, 293 Pa.Super. 64, 68, 437 A.2d 992, 994 (1981). In order for such a stop to be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the police conduct must meet two separate and distinct standards. First, the police officer must point to specific and articulable facts which warrant the initial stop. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). This standard is met “if the police officer observes unusual and suspicious conduct on the part of the individual seized which leads him reasonably to believe that criminal activity may be afoot----” Commonwealth v. Hicks, 434 Pa. 153, 158-59, 253 A.2d 276, 279 (1969). Second, if the reasons for the stop meet the standard and, therefore, it is deemed reasonable for Fourth Amendment purposes, a police officer may frisk the individual to search for weapons. Again, such a belief must be based upon specific and articulable facts indicating that the person may be armed and dangerous. Id., 434 Pa. at 159, 253 A.2d at 279. An otherwise reasonable search may be tainted by an illegal stop or arrest. Wong Sun v. United States 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 474 Pa. 512, 379 A.2d 72 (1977).

The Commonwealth contends that the officer had a reasonable basis to stop appellee based on her observation of the gun stuck in appellee’s pants and because the street was crowded with children. The trial court concluded, however, that the officer had no reasonable basis to believe criminal activity was afoot and that the subsequent stop and frisk was illegal thus making the evidence subject to suppression. The Commonwealth bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the seizure did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Commonwealth v. Silo, 480 Pa. 15, 21, 389 A.2d 62, 65 (1978).

While information sufficient to render a stop reasonable cannot be defined to a mathematical certainty, Pennsylvania courts have identified some situations that meet the Terry standard. In Commonwealth v. Mears, 283 Pa.Super. 416, 424 A.2d 533 (1981) our Superior Court held that just as[*620] probable cause for an arrest or search may be provided by an informant’s tip, so too an informant may provide valuable information which may lead to a justifiable Terry style stop and frisk. In Mears an officer stopped and frisked a defendant based upon an informant’s tip that a man fitting a certain description was seen on a particular corner armed with a gun. The court upheld the conviction stating that the stop was legal under the Fourth Amendment. See also Commonwealth v. Lagana, 517 Pa. 371, 537 A.2d 1351 (1988) (our Supreme Court held that a police officer had reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop where the officer had reason to believe he was searching for a suspect who was was armed based on an informant’s tip and the person stopped met the description).

The present case presents a stronger factual scenario than either Mears or Lagaña, since Officer Hamman personally observed the firearm secured in appellee’s waistband. The implicit foundation of both Mears and Lagaña is that possession of a concealed firearm by an individual in public is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that the individual may be dangerous, such that an officer can approach the individual and briefly detain him in order to investigate whether the person is properly licensed. In the present case, Officer Hamman was acting upon a reasonable suspicion based upon her personal observation of the weapon in combination with her concern with the presence of children in the area.

The need to conduct an investigatory detention under the present facts clearly outweighs any harm which the stop and frisk entails. “In striking the balance between the public interest and the individual’s right to personal security free from arbitrary interference of law enforcement officials, the initial inquiry must focus upon the propriety of the initial restraint of appellant’s freedom of movement.” Commonwealth v. Anderson, 481 Pa. 292, 392 A.2d 1298, 1300-1301 (1978). We find that the initial restraint of appellees freedom was warranted under the circumstances[*621] and consequently find the stop to be legal under the Fourth Amendment.

Our next inquiry must be of whether the gun was in “plain view.” [4] We find that it was. After making a lawful stop of appellee the officer observed the gun lying on the floor beside the driver’s seat. The officer was lawfully present at the vantage point and the discovery was inadvertent. We find the criteria for the plain view exception to be met and that the seizure was legal under the Fourth Amendment. Accordingly, we reverse the order of the lower court and the case is remanded for trial.

Order reversed, case remanded for trial, jurisdiction relinquished.

3

. We note that the Commonwealth has certified that exclusion of the appellee's statement would substantially impair its prosecution of appellee. See Appellant’s Brief at 1. We will, therefore, entertain its appeal. See Commonwealth v. Dugger, 506 Pa. 537, 546-47, 486 A.2d 382, 386 (1985).

4

. The orthodox statement of the plain view exception is, that before the police may conduct a warrantless search or seizure of evidence in plain view: the police must be lawfully present at the vantage point from which the evidence is discovered; the discovery of the evidence must be inadvertent; and the probable evidentiary value of the evidence must be immediately apparent. Commonwealth v. Ferrari, 376 Pa.Super. 307, 545 A.2d 1372, 1382 (1988).