Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75 (1st Cir. 2001). · Go Syfert
Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75 (1st Cir. 2001). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
19 citation events (19 in the last 25 years) across 13 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Bartolotta v. Human Resources Agency of New Britain, Inc. (connappct, 2024-03-19)
Top citers, strongest first. 16 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bartolotta v. Human Resources Agency of New Britain, Inc.
Conn. App. Ct. · 2024 · confidence medium
A plaintiff in a mixed-motive case bears the ‘‘burden of showing that an illicit motive played a substantial factor in the termi- nation decision . . . .’’ Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 78 (1st Cir. 2001).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Blackmon v. Barr
D.D.C. · 2022 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Beckel v. Wal-Mart Assocs., Inc., 301 F.3d 621, 624 (7th Cir. 2002) (Posner, J.); Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 78 (1st Cir. 2001); Carter v. West Pub.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Morissette v. Cote Corp.
D. Me. · 2016 · confidence medium
Distrib., Inc., 304 F.3d 123, 132-33 (1st Cir.2002) (quoting Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 79 (1st Cir.2001)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Southworth v. Northern Trust Securities, Inc.
Ohio Ct. App. · 2011 · confidence medium
It follows that the remarks were too remote in time to be probative of discriminatory intent. *363 See, e.g., Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic (C.A.1, 2001), 261 F.3d 75, 78 (finding that employer’s 1996 remarks, made in connection with earlier time-barred discriminatory decision, were not direct evidence relevant to a 1997 employment decision); Oest v. Ill.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) MacQueen v. Napolitano (2×)
D. Minnesota · 2011 · confidence medium
See Beckel v. Wal-Mart Assocs., Inc., 301 F.3d 621, 624 (7th Cir.2002); Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 78 (1st Cir.2001); Carter v. W.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lakshman v. University of Maine System
D. Me. · 2004 · confidence medium
The First Circuit has defined "direct evidence” as "statements by a decisionmaker that directly reflect the alleged animus and bear squarely on the contested employment decision.” Wennik v. Polygram Group Distrib., 304 F.3d 123, 132 (1st Cir.2002); Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 79 (1st Cir.2001); Febres v. Challenger Caribbean Corp., 214 F.3d 57, 60 (1st Cir.2000).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Wennik v. Polygram Group Distribution, Inc.
1st Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
Direct evidence “consists of statements by a decisionmaker that directly reflect the alleged animus and bear squarely on the contested employment decision.” Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 79 (1st Cir.2001) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Beckel, Stephanie v. Wal-Mart Associates
7th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 78 (1st Cir. 2001).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Stephanie Beckel v. Wal-Mart Associates, Inc.
7th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 78 (1st Cir.2001).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Vesprini v. Shaw Industries, Inc.
D. Mass. · 2002 · confidence medium
E.g., Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 78-79 (1st Cir.2001); Costa v. Desert Palace, Inc., 268 F.3d 882, 886-88 (9th Cir.2001) (so holding, and citing case law from every other circuit).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Pierce v. Alice Peck Day, et al.
D.N.H. · 2002 · confidence medium
Pierce also points to the close temporal proximity between her having taken FMLA leave and the adverse employment 3 "Evidence is considered to be direct if 'it consists of statements by a decisionmaker that directly reflect the alleged animus and bear squarely on the contested employment decision.'" Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 79 (1st Cir. 2001) (quoting Febres v. Challenger Caribbean Corp., 214 F.3d 57, 60 (1st Cir. 2000)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tappe v. Alliance Capital Management L.P.
S.D.N.Y. · 2001 · confidence medium
Direct evidence is that which demonstrates a specific link between the challenged employment action and the alleged animus.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted); Costa, 268 F.3d at 888 n.3 (“The reason for the distinction [between direct and indirect evidence] is that in a mixed-motive case the burden of proof shifts to the defendant once the plaintiff has produced sufficient evidence, while in a pretext case the burden always remains with the plaintiff.”); Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 78-79 (1st Cir.2001) (“First Circuit precedent dictates that the mixed-motive test is r…
discussed Cited "see" Erazo-Vazquez v. State Industrial Products Corporation
D.P.R. · 2021 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 79 (1st Cir. 2001)(pointing out that statement at issue may be direct evidence of discriminatory refusal to send plaintiff to another hospital, but that claim was time-barred); Straughn v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 250 F.3d 23, 36 (1st Cir. 2001)(even comments by decisionmakers have limited probative value when they are temporarily remote from the date of the employment decision or were not related to the employment decision in question).
cited Cited "see" Appeal of Montplaisir
N.H. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 78 (1st Cir. 2001).
discussed Cited "see" Walton v. Nalco Chemical Co.
1st Cir. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 79 (1st Cir.2001) (noting that direct evidence of discriminatory animus may consist of “ ‘statements by a decisionmaker that directly reflect the alleged animus and bear squarely on the contested employment decision’ ”) (citation omitted).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Vesprini v. Shaw Contract Flooring Services, Inc.
1st Cir. · 2002 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, 261 F.3d 75, 78 (1st Cir.2001) (finding that employer’s 1996 remarks, made in connection with earlier time-barred discriminatory decision, were not "direct evidence” relevant to a 1997 employment decision); see also, e.g., Armbruster v. Unisys Corp., 32 F.3d 768, 779 (3d Cir.1994) (finding remarks "too remote in time” to constitute "direct evidence”); Oest v. Ill.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Eileen P. KIRK, M.D., Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
the HITCHCOCK CLINIC, Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Medical School, Lisabeth Maloney, Barry Smith, Thomas Colacchio, and Ellen Hubbell, Defendants, Appellees
Nancy S. Tierney, for appellant., Kevin P. Light, with whom Choate, Hall & Stewart, were on brief, for appellees.
Boudin, Bownes, Torruella.
Cited by 17 opinions  |  Published
TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Eileen Kirk appeals the decision of the district court granting summary judgment in favor of appellees The Hitchcock Clinic, Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Medical School, Lisabeth Maloney, Barry Smith, Thomas Colacchio, and Ellen Hub-bell (collectively, “Hitchcock”) as to her claims of sex discrimination and retaliatory and discriminatory discharge. Kirk v. Hitchcock Clinic, No. CIV. 98-700-M, 2000 WL 1513715 (D.N.H. Sept.29, 2000) (Summ. J. Order). We affirm.

BACKGROUND

Kirk brought this discrimination action against her former employer pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq. Because the[*77] district court order provides a well-summarized factual background, Kirk, 2000 WL 1513715, at *1-*3, we limit our chronology to the key events.

Kirk was hired by Hitchcock in September of 1992 to work as a doctor in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department. Her continued employment was subject to annual review. After five years, she was to be eligible for “voting membership,” a status akin to tenure in an academic institution. For Kirk’s annual appointments in 1993, 1994, and 1995, she was recommended without reservation and reappointed without incident. Sometime in 1995, Kirk became concerned about the quality of care in the labor and delivery ward, [1] , and became something of a crusader in raising these quality . assurance issues. This caused a strain in her relationships with some of the nurses and/or the nursing leadership.

In 1996, Hitchcock began negotiating with neighboring Alice Peck Day Hospital (“APD”) to provide APD with obstetrical services. Hoping to escape the tense working environment at Hitchcock, Kirk volunteered to be one of the doctors assigned to APD. The chairperson of the department at the time, Dr. John Currie, told her that he was not going to send a woman to APD. Interpreting this comment as sex discrimination, Kirk reported Cur-rie to the Medical Director. Following an internal investigation that concluded that the remark, while poorly phrased, represented a business decision and not discrimination, [2] the matter was for the most part resolved with an apology by Currie to Kirk.

During this time, Kirk continued to voice her concerns regarding alleged quality control issues, which resulted in more bad feelings between Kirk and several individuals at Hitchcock. Prior to her reappointment in 1996, Kirk agreed to work on improving the situation in several ways. Nevertheless, not much changed in the subsequent year, and Kirk was denied reappointment and tenure in 1997 due to “lack of collegiality.” After failing to have this decision overturned by Hitchcock’s internal appeals process, and losing her claim brought under New Hampshire’s “Whistleblower’s Act,” this lawsuit proceeded in the federal district court of New Hampshire.

The district court’s order in response to Hitchcock’s Motion for Summary Judgment held the following: (1) Kirk had not produced evidence that the alleged hostile work environment to which she was subject was based on sex; (2) Kirk’s discrimination claim based on the 1996 comment made by Currie that he was not sending a female ob/gyn to APD was time-barred since it was not brought within the 300-day filing deadline prescribed by 42 U.S.C. § 2000e — 5(e); (3) the failure to timely file was not excused by any exceptional circumstance that would warrant tolling the time limit; (4) the 1996 comment was not part of a pattern of ongoing discrimination that culminated in her 1997 firing under any “continuing violation” theory; and (5) Kirk had not offered evidence that her termination was the result of her reporting the 1996 Currie comment or of disparate treatment. Kirk, 2000 WL 1513715. [3] In[*78] this appeal, Kirk focuses on the issues of timeliness and wrongful termination. Specifically, she first argues that the 1996 Currie remark should be considered under either the “serial” or “systematic” continuing violation theory. In the alternative, she requests that we toll the 300-day time limit based on principles of equitable es-toppel. Second, she appeals the holding that her termination was neither retaliatory nor motivated by sex discrimination.

DISCUSSION

Our review is de novo. Santiago-Ramos v. Centennial P.R. Wireless Corp., 217 F.3d 46, 52 (1st Cir.2000); Landrau-Romero v. Banco Popular De P.R., 212 F.3d 607, 611 (1st Cir.2000). However, after careful review of the record, briefs, and filings of the parties, as well as of the district court order, we conclude that the opinion of the district court is “comprehensive[ and] well-reasoned.” Lawton v. State Mut. Life Assurance Co. of Am., 101 F.3d 218, 220 (1st Cir.1996). We affirm, therefore, based in substantial part on the district court judgment and offer only a few brief comments. See, e.g., id.

A. Waiver of Equitable Estoppel Argument

In the district court, Kirk argued that the delay in filing her claim of sex discrimination should be excused because “she was afraid she would lose her job if she filed earlier.” Kirk, 2000 WL 1513715, at *5. This excuse was properly rejected by the district court. Now, for the first time, she claims that she failed to file a claim in reliance on deliberately false representations by Hitchcock that the matter was resolved and that her job was secure. According to Kirk, Hitchcock reappointed her in 1996 solely due to fear of Title VII liability and intended to fire her as soon as the risk of litigation had passed. Although we suspect that this excuse too would have failed, Kirk has precluded its consideration in this Court by neglecting to make the argument before the district court. United States v. Barnett, 989 F.2d 546, 554 (1st Cir.1993) (“Issues not squarely raised in the district court will not be entertained on appeal.”). The lack of evidentiary support for Kirk’s allegation of misrepresentation by Hitchcock, moreover, takes this instance beyond the scope of the narrow exception to the raise-or-waive rule. Id. at 554 n. 8 (exception reserved for “exceptional cases involving a gross miscarriage of justice”).

B. Pretext v. Mixed-Motive Approach

While we fully support the district court’s conclusion that Kirk has provided insufficient evidence to support her claim of retaliatory and/or discriminatory discharge, we wish to clarify the proper analytical approach. The district court held that Kirk’s claim failed under either the “mixed-motive,” Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 241-42, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989) (plurality opinion), or the “pretext,” McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), approach. Regarding the mixed-motive approach, the district court assumed that Kirk had met her evidentiary burden of showing that an illicit motive played a substantial factor in the termination decision; it nevertheless granted summary judgment against her on the ground that Hitchcock had successfully demonstrated another adequate and nondiscriminatory reason for terminating her.

We doubt, however, that Kirk actually proffered sufficient evidence to proceed under a mixed-motive approach. First Circuit precedent dictates that the[*79] mixed-motive test is reserved solely for cases in which direct evidence of unlawful activity has been submitted. Febres v. Challenger Caribbean Corp., 214 F.3d 57, 60 (1st Cir.2000); Fernandes v. Costa Bros. Masonry, Inc., 199 F.3d 572, 580 (1st Cir.1999). Evidence is considered to be direct if “it consists of statements by a decisionmaker that directly reflect the alleged animus and bear squarely on the contested employment decision.” Febres, 214 F.3d at 60.

Kirk offers the statement made by Currie in 1996 that he was not sending a woman ob/gyn to APD as direct evidence of her wrongful termination claim. This comment may be direct evidence of Hitchcock’s discriminatory refusal to send Kirk to APD, but that claim is now time-barred. As to the termination decision, the statement is not direct evidence at all: it is not direct evidence of retaliatory termination because it does not reflect a retaliatory motive, and it is not direct evidence or discriminatory termination because it does nothing to show that Currie’s alleged animus influenced the decision not to reappoint.

Under the pretext approach, Kirk must first prove a prima facie case of either retaliation or disparate treatment. Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981); Provencher v. CVS Pharmacy, 145 F.3d 5, 10 (1st Cir.1998). Assuming this requirement is met, Hitchcock then must supply a legitimate and nondiscriminatory justification for the decision not to reappoint. Provencher, 145 F.3d at 10. “Then, by a preponderance of the evidence, [Kirk] must show that the proffered reason is pretextual.” Id. It is at this third stage that the district court held that Kirk’s claim failed. Kirk, 2000 WL 1513715, at *6-7. We are satisfied with the explanations provided by the district court for this conclusion and incorporate them as the basis for our affirmance in this regard.

Having nothing more to offer, we affirm.

1

. Kirk's concerns allegedly came to the fore in the fall of 1994 following a birth that she handled in which medical complications resulted in brain damage to the infant.

2

. Currie explained that his comment related to the general high demand for female ob/ gyns and was intended to express his unwillingness to loan Kirk to Hitchcock’s competitor, APD.

3

.The district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims and dismissed them without[*78] prejudice for refiling in the state court. Id. at *7.