Leon v. Martinez, 638 N.E.2d 511 (NY 1994). · Go Syfert
Leon v. Martinez, 638 N.E.2d 511 (NY 1994). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
4,875 citation events (4,687 in the last 25 years) across 56 distinct courts.
Treatment trajectory · 1994 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1994 2010 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited as authority (quoted) In Re M. Fabrikant & Sons, Inc. (3×)
Bankr. S.D.N.Y. · 2008 · quote attribution · 3 verbatim quotes · confidence low
an assignment may properly relate to a future or conditional right which is adequately identified
examined Cited as authority (quoted) Karaha Bodas Company, L.L.C. v. Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak Dan Gas Bumi Negara (\Pertamina\")" (3×)
unknown court · 2002 · signal: accord · quote attribution · 3 verbatim quotes · confidence high
an assignment may properly relate to a future ... right which is adequately identified....
examined Cited as authority (quoted) Karaha Bodas Co. v. Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak Dan Gas Bumi Negara (3×)
unknown court · 2002 · signal: accord · quote attribution · 3 verbatim quotes · confidence high
an assignment may properly relate to a future ... right which is adequately identified....
examined Cited as authority (quoted) Martha Graham School & Dance Foundation, Inc. v. Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance, Inc. (3×)
2d Cir. · 2002 · quote attribution · 3 verbatim quotes · confidence low
no particular words are necessary to effect an assignment; it is only required that there be a perfected transaction between the assignor and assignee, intended by those parties to vest in the assignee a present right in the things assigned.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bellstell 140 E. 56th St. LLC v. Ferreira (2×)
N.Y. App. Term. · 2026 · confidence medium
Accepting the facts as alleged in the counterclaim as true and affording respondents the benefit of every favorable inference ( see Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]; Bangladesh Bank v Rizal Commercial Banking Corp. , 226 AD3d 60, 87-86 [2024]), we agree that respondents stated a cause of action for harassment (NY City Administrative Code [Administrative Code of NY] § 27-2004 [a] [48] [a-1] & [g]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Deming v. County of Chautauqua
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
"On a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211, the pleading is to be afforded a liberal construction," and we must "accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory" ( Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]; see Rovello , 40 NY2d at 634 ).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) 111 W. 57th Inv. LLC v. 111 W57 Mezz Inv. LLC (2×)
NY · 2026 · confidence medium
Co. , 39 NY3d 44, 51 [2022]), "accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory" ( Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]). "[U]nlike on a motion for summary judgment where the court searches the record and assesses the sufficiency of the parties' evidence, on a motion to dismiss the court merely examines the adequacy of the pleadings" ( Cortlandt St.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Dual Diagnosis Treatment Ctr., Inc. v. Yellowstone Capital W., LLC
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
"On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7), a court must 'accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory'" ( Acala v Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky & Popeo, P.C. , 222 AD3d 706, 707, quoting Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88). "'The ultimate question is whether, accepting the allegations and affording these inferences, plaintiff can succeed upon any reasonable view of the facts state…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) CSN Realty Corp. v. Moussaieff (2×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
Furthermore, the documentary evidence does not make clear whether Roy and Althkefati made the alleged representations in their personal capacities or in their capacities as members of judgment debtor, and at this stage of the litigation, where plaintiff is afforded every favorable inference, the fraudulent inducement claims should not have been dismissed on the basis that Roy and Althkefati were speaking as members of the LLC ( see Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Matter of Manahata Med. Servs. P.C. v. Kohli (3×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
On a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211, a court must liberally construe the pleadings, accept as true the facts as alleged in the complaint, and afford petitioners the benefit of every possible favorable inference ( see Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87 [1994]; Colt v Nathan Littauer Hosp. , 236 AD3d 1216, 1217 [3d Dept 2025], lv denied 44 NY3d 903 [2025]).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Cammarato v. 16 Admiral Perry Plaza, LLC (3×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
In considering a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7), the court is required to accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord the plaintiff the benefit of every [*2] favorable inference, and determine whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory ( see Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88).
examined Cited as authority (rule) MMG Invs. III, LLC v. Elite Decor, Inc. (6×) also: Cited "see"
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
Co. of N.Y. , 98 NY2d 314, 326; Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 88).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Chester v. List
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
"On a motion to dismiss a complaint pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7), the court must liberally construe the complaint, 'accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory'" ( Williams v Silverstone , 215 AD3d 787, 788, quoting Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Watson v. Roanoke Is. Historical Assn. (4×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
We find that Supreme Court erred in denying defendant Long's motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to CPLR 3211, as defendant established that plaintiff's allegations do not "fit within any cognizable legal theory" ( Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Westchester Fitness, LLC v. Retrofitness, LLC (2×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
The plaintiffs appeal. "'Under CPLR 3211(a)(1), a dismissal is warranted only if the documentary evidence submitted conclusively establishes a defense to the asserted claims as a matter of law'" ( Houtenbos v Fordune Assn., Inc. , 200 AD3d 662, 665, quoting Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 88). "'[A] contractual forum selection clause is documentary evidence that may provide a proper basis for dismissal pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(1)'" ( Landmark Ventures, Inc. v Birger , 147 AD3d 497, 497, quoting Lischinskaya v Carnival Corp. , 56 AD3d 116, 123). "'[P]arties to a contract may freely select a forum…
examined Cited as authority (rule) Dimas Tower, Inc. v. North Shore Towers Apts. Inc. (4×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
In considering a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7), the court is required to accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord the plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory ( see Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Harbord v. A.J. Richard & Sons, Inc. (4×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
"On a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7), the pleading must be afforded a liberal construction and the court must 'accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory'" ( Ramirez v Donado Law Firm, P.C. , 169 AD3d 940, 941, quoting Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Matter of Hedman Resources Ltd. v. Occidental Chem. Corp. (6×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
When considering a motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to CPLR 3211, "the pleading is to be afforded a liberal construction" ( Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87 [1994], citing CPLR 3026).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Stumacher v. Medical Liab. Mut. Ins. Co. (3×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
Plaintiff's complaint, which is to be afforded a liberal construction and the facts of which we are required to accept as true ( see Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87 [1994]), alleges egregious conduct directed not only at him but more broadly at MLMIC's other insureds within the State of New York and nationwide.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Rosario v. Town of Mount Kisco (2×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7), a court must "accept the facts as alleged in a complaint as true, accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory" ( Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88; see Connaughton v Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. , 29 NY3d 137, 141).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Wimbish v. Crema-Samalya (2×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
On a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7), the court should accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord the plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory ( see Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Fogel v. Health
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
"On a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211, the pleading is to be afforded a liberal construction," and we must "accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord plaintiff[ ] the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory" ( Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]; see Rovello v Orofino Realty Co. , 40 NY2d 633, 634 [1976]).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Town of Petersburgh v. 3M Co. (3×)
N.Y. Sup. Rensselaer · 2026 · confidence medium
On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (7), the Court must liberally construe the pleading, insofar as it must accept the facts as alleged in the Third-Party Complaint as true, accord Third-Party Plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged therein fit within any cognizable legal theory of liability ( see Connaughton v Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. , 29 NY3d 137, 141 [2017], quoting Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994], see also Himmelstein, McConnell, Gribben, Donoghue & Jose…
cited Cited as authority (rule) C?rdenas v. Walgreens
N.Y. App. Div. · 2026 · confidence medium
We are required to accept these allegations as true and accord plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference ( see Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) CPPIB Credit Invs. II Inc. v. Deutsche Bank Trust Co. Ams.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
DISCUSSION On a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7) for failure to state a viable claim, the court must “accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory” (Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87 [1994]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Oasis Invs. II Master Fund Ltd. v. Chang YE Inv. Co. Ltd. (2×)
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
Legal Standard On a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211, the court must afford the pleadings a liberal construction, “accept the facts alleged in the complaint as true, afford plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory.” (Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994].) CPLR 3211(a)(1) allows a party to seek dismissal of a cause of action asserted against him because “a defense is founded upon documentary evidence.” (CPLR 3211 [a] [1].) A cause of action may be dismissed pursuant to CP…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) 1200 AOA Realty, LLC v. 1200 AOA Realty Assoc., LLC (2×)
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
LEGAL STANDARD Pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a)(l) "dismissal is warranted only if the documentary evidence submitted conclusively establishes a defense to the asserted claims as a matter of law." (Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 88 [1994]).
cited Cited as authority (rule) GRIT BXNG at Home, Inc. v. SweatWorks LLC
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
On a motion to dismiss, the facts alleged in the complaint must be accepted as true and the plaintiff must be afforded every favorable inference (see Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 638 [1994]).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Glory R Constr. Inc. v. 651923 18 Ave LLC (3×)
N.Y. Sup. Kings · 2026 · confidence medium
In deciding the motion, the court must accept the facts as alleged by the plaintiff as true, accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory ( see IntegrateNYC, Inc. v State of NY , NY3d , 2025 NY Slip Op 05870, *2 [2025]; Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Meirowitz v. Pizzaro (2×) also: Cited "see"
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
To determine whether a claim adequately states a cause of action, the court must “liberally construe” it, accept the facts alleged in it as true, accord it “the benefit of every possible favorable inference” (id. at 152; see Romanello v Intesa Sanpaolo, S.p.A., 22 NY3d 881, 884 [2013]; Simkin v Blank, 19 NY3d 46, 52 [2012]), and determine only whether the facts, as alleged, fit within any cognizable legal theory (see Taxi Tours, Inc. v Go New York Tours, Inc., 41 NY3d 991 , 993 [2024]; Hurrell-Harring v State of New York, 15 NY3d 8, 20 [2010]; Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87 [1994]; We…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Dorfman v. SkinnyBond Inc.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
On a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR § 3211(a)(7), the court must accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord the plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory (see Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) EncoreVet Group LLC v. Animal Imaging Partners, Inc.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., Saratoga Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
Further, while a court may "freely consider" affirmations submitted by a plaintiff in deciding a motion to dismiss under CPLR 3211(a)(7), the affirmations from Encore's representatives similarly fail to link the moving defendant to any wrongdoing ( Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 88 [1994]).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Curtis v. Oxford Health Plans (NY), Inc.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
NO. 35 RECEIVED NYSCEF: 03/05/2026 matter of law.” Leon v. Martinez, 84 N.Y.2d 83, 88 [1994].
cited Cited as authority (rule) Doe v. Sweet Green, Inc.
N.Y. Sup. Kings · 2026 · confidence medium
(See Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87 [I 994]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) A.S. v. S.J.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
In determining such a motion, the Court must "accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory" (Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]; Sassi v Mobile Life Support Servs., Inc., 37 NY3d 236 , 239 [2021]).
examined Cited as authority (rule) LK Jane Doe 1 v. Mount Sinai Beth Israel (3×) also: Cited "see"
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
Documentary Evidence - Claims Against MSHS "On a pre-answer motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211, the pleading is to be afforded a liberal construction and the plaintiffs allegations are accepted as true and accorded the benefit of every possible favorable inference."' Granada Condominium III Ass'n v Palomino, 78 AD3d 996, 996 (2d Dept 2010), citing Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87 ( 1994), Reiver v Burkhart Wexler & Hirschberg, LLP, 73 AD3d 1149 . 1150 (2d Dept 2010).CPLR 3211 (a) ( 1) prescribes that ''a party may move for judgment dismissing one or more causes of action asserted against h…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sudberg v. Zhu
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
On a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7), the court must accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord the plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory (see Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Duncan v. Cadman Assoc. LLC (2×)
N.Y. Sup. Kings · 2026 · confidence medium
Co. of NY, 98 NY2d 314, 326 [2002], citing Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 88 [1994]). "[T]o be considered documentary, evidence must be unambiguous and of undisputed authenticity" ( Fontanetta v John Doe 1 , 73 AD3d 78, 86 [2d Dept 2010] [internal quotation marks omitted]; Minchala v 829 Jefferson, LLC , 177 AD3d 866, 867 [2d Dept 2019]). "[J]udicial records, as well as documents reflecting out-of-court transactions such as mortgages, deeds, contracts, and any other papers, the contents of which are essentially undeniable, would qualify as documentary evidence in the proper case" ( Fontanetta v.…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) M.V. v. Bravo Media LLC
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
Thus, even without recourse to CPLR 202, plaintiff's common-law causes of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress (Count 5), reckless inflectional of emotional distress (Count 8), and sexual assault and battery (Counts 11-13) are all time-barred by New York's statute of limitations. ( See CPLR 215[3] [one-year limitations period for actions to recover damages for assault and battery]; Jarusauskaite v Almod Diamonds, Ltd. , 198 AD3d 458 , 459 [1st Dept 2021] [one-year limitations period for intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress].) [FN5] However, New York's sta…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hernandez v. Laundress, LLC
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
(Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87 [1994]; JF Capital Advisors, LLC v Lightstone Group, LLC, 25 NY3d 759, 764 [2015].) The court's inquiry is limited to assessing the legal sufficiency of the plaintiffs pleadings; accordingly, its only function is to determine whether the facts as alleged fit within a cognizable legal theory.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Seungook Kong v. Laundress, LLC.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
(Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 88 [1994].) Accordingly, the court's role in a motion to dismiss is not to determine whether a plaintiff can ultimately establish its allegations, or whether there is evidentiary support for the complaint.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Baron v. Laundress, LLC
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
(Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 88 [1994].) Accordingly, the court's role in a motion to dismiss is not to determine whether a plaintiff can ultimately establish its allegations, or whether there is evidentiary support for the complaint.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Neel v. New York Univ.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
(Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87 [1994]; JF Capital Advisors, LLC v Lightstone Group, LLC, 25 NY3d 759, 764 [2015].) A court's inquiry is limited to assessing the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff's pleadings-that is, whether the facts set forth by the plaintiff sufficiently apprise the court and the defendants of the transactions and/or occurrences that make up the material elements of a cause of action.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Impark HSW LLC v. RFR Realty LLC
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
Further, on such a motion, the complaint is to be construed liberally and all reasonable inferences must be drawn in favor of the plaintiff (see Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87 [1994]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Quinn v. QVC Group, Inc.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
Under CPLR 3211 (a) (7), the movant has the burden to demonstrate that the complaint, construed liberally in favor of the plaintiff, states no legally cognizable cause of action (Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994]; see also Goshen v Mut.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Board of Mgrs. of the 12 E. 88th St. Condominium v. 12 E. 88th LLC
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
CPLR § 3211(a)(1) allows for a complaint to be dismissed if there is a “defense founded upon documentary evidence.” Dismissal is only warranted under this provision if “the documentary evidence submitted conclusively establishes a defense to the asserted claims as a matter of law.” Leon v. Martinez, 84 N.Y.2d 83, 88 [1994].
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Trinity Bldrs. of N.Y., Inc. v. Titanium Constr. Servs., Inc.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
CPLR § 3211(a)(1) allows for a complaint to be dismissed if there is a “defense founded upon documentary evidence.” Dismissal is only warranted under this provision if “the documentary evidence submitted conclusively establishes a defense to the asserted claims as a matter of law.” Leon v. Martinez, 84 N.Y.2d 83, 88 [1994].
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Belzberg v. Leonidov
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
CPLR § 3211(a)(1) allows for a complaint to be dismissed if there is a “defense founded upon documentary evidence.” Dismissal is only warranted under this provision if “the documentary evidence submitted conclusively establishes a defense to the asserted claims as a matter of law.” Leon v. Martinez, 84 N.Y.2d 83, 88 [1994].
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Matter of Levine (Calleo)
N.Y. Surr. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
When the court considers the dismissal of a pleading it must "accept the facts as alleged in the [pleading] as true, accord ... the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory," even if the pleading is "inartfully drafted" (Leon v Martinez, 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994] citing Marone v Marone, 50 NY2d 481, 484 [1980], Rovella v Orofino Realty Co. Inc., 40 NY2d 633, 634 [1976], and Guggenheimer v Ginzburg, 43 NY2d 268, 275 [1977]; see also Matter ofNew York City Asbestos Litigation, 14 AD3d 112, 122-123 [1st De…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Shibley v. City of New York (2×)
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
Turning now to Motion Seq. 003, on a motion to dismiss brought under CPLR § 3211 (a)(7), the court must "accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord the plaintiff the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory" ( Leon v Martinez , 84 NY2d 83, 87-88 [1994][citations omitted]).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Xavier Leon Et Al., Respondents,
v.
Wilfredo Martinez, Defendant, and Pearlman, Apat & Futterman Et Al., Appellants
New York Court of Appeals.
Jul 7, 1994.
638 N.E.2d 511
POINTS OF COUNSEL, Rivkin, Radler & Kremer, Uniondale (Evan H. Krinick and John M. Denby of counsel), for appellants., Razis & Ross, P. C., Long Island City (George J. Razis and Avery Friedman of counsel), for respondents.
Levine.
Cited by 4,179 opinions  |  Published
3 passages pin-cited by 4 cases
Pinpoint authority: #48,613 of 633,719
Citer courts: Second Circuit (3) · S.D. New York (3)

OPINION OF THE COURT

Levine, J.

Plaintiffs brought this action against defendant Wilfredo Martinez and his attorneys to enforce plaintiffs’ claim of entitlement to a portion of the proceeds of the settlement of a personal injury action by Martinez against the Hertz Corporation. The complaint alleges that, before the settlement of Martinez v Hertz Corp., at the request of plaintiffs and in consideration for plaintiffs’ care of Martinez following his accident, defendant attorney Ira Futterman drafted an agreement between plaintiffs and Martinez which Martinez executed. The agreement, annexed to the complaint, provided as follows:

"(1) I give to Gina Leon 5% of any recovery that I may get after deducting all disbursements, ex-pensesand attorney’s fees from the case of wilfredo MARTINEZ V. HERTZ CORPORATION.
[*87] "(2) I give to Xavier Leon 5% of any recovery that I may get after deducting all disbursements, expenses and attorney’s fees from the case of wil-
FREDO MARTINEZ V. HERTZ CORPORATION.
"(3) I give to Maria Macia 15% of any recovery that I may get after deducting all disbursements, expenses and attorney’s fees from the case of wil-
FREDO MARTINEZ V. HERTZ CORPORATION.”

Plaintiffs alleged that the agreement constituted a "lien” upon the proceeds of the settlement. The complaint further alleged that, contrary to the agreement, when the personal injury action was settled, defendant Futterman disbursed the entire net proceeds to Martinez and in doing so had a conflict of interest and was guilty of professional misconduct.

Defendants Futterman and the law firm Pearlman, Apat & Futterman moved to dismiss the complaint as against them pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (1) as barred by documentary evidence (i.e., the agreement between plaintiffs and Martinez) and CPLR 3211 (a) (7) for failure to state a cause of action. Plaintiffs submitted an affidavit in opposition describing in greater detail the services rendered by them to Martinez, the circumstances under which Futterman was requested to prepare the agreement, and their ongoing professional relationship with Futterman and his firm.

Supreme Court granted defendants’ motion under CPLR 3211 (a) (1), concluding that Futterman’s preparation of the agreement did not create liability on the part of him and his law firm for Martinez’s failure to honor it. Plaintiffs appealed and the Appellate Division reversed, with one Justice dissenting (193 AD2d 788). The Court held that where attorneys have notice of an assignment of a portion of their client’s recovery, they may be held liable to the assignees for paying out that recovery in disregard of the assignment. The Appellate Division granted the defendants’ motion for leave to appeal to this Court and certified the following question: "Was the decision and order of this court dated May 24, 1993, properly made?” We now affirm.

On a motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211, the pleading is to be afforded a liberal construction (see, CPLR 3026). We accept the facts as alleged in the complaint as true, accord plaintiffs the benefit of every possible favorable inference, and determine only whether the facts as alleged fit[*88] within any cognizable legal theory (Morone v Morone, 50 NY2d 481, 484; Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., 40 NY2d 633, 634). Under CPLR 3211 (a) (1), a dismissal is warranted only if the documentary evidence submitted conclusively establishes a defense to the asserted claims as a matter of law (see, e.g., Heaney v Purdy, 29 NY2d 157). In assessing a motion under CPLR 3211 (a) (7), however, a court may freely consider affidavits submitted by the plaintiff to remedy any defects in the complaint (Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., supra, at 635) and "the criterion is whether the proponent of the pleading has a cause of action, not whether he has stated one” (Guggenheimer v Ginzburg, 43 NY2d 268, 275; Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., supra, at 636). In light of these principles, we agree with the majority at the Appellate Division that the instant complaint and supporting affidavit, although inartfully drafted, adequately alleged for pleading survival purposes that the instrument prepared by Futterman was intended by all parties to effectuate a present assignment to plaintiffs of interests in the future settlement.

No particular words are necessary to effect an assignment; it is only required that there be a perfected transaction between the assignor and assignee, intended by those parties to vest in the assignee a present right in the things assigned (see, 4 Corbin, Contracts § 879, at 528 [1951]; Hinkle Iron Co. v Kohn, 229 NY 179, 182-183; Coastal Commercial Corp. v Kosojf & Sons, 10 AD2d 372, 376). [1] Thus, Professor Corbin illustrates, in a contingent fee arrangement between attorney and client, there is a difference in legal effect between the words " T will pay you a fee equal to one third of the amount collected from the defendant’ ” and the words " T now give you a one third interest in the claim as your fee’ ” or " 'You are entitled to one third of any amount that may be collected as your fee’ ” (4 Corbin, Contracts § 879, at 530 [emphasis supplied]). In the latter cases, Professor Corbin concludes, "the transaction seems to be an assignment and not a mere promise” (id., at 530). In accordance with these principles, in Speelman v Pascal (10 NY2d 313, 316, supra), we held that a document stating "I give you from my shares of profits * * * five per cent (5%) in England, and two per cent (2%) of my shares of profits in the United States” constituted a present[*89] assignment of the specified shares of future royalties to be received by the assignor (emphasis supplied). [2] Thus, although there are other inconsistent phrases in the instrument executed by Martinez, the words "I give” in the instrument are sufficient to withstand a pleadings challenge as to whether the parties intended to effect a present transfer of the specified percentages of the personal injury recovery to plaintiffs.

Assuming that an enforceable assignment of the funds is proven, Futterman unquestionably had notice of the agreement he drafted and of the parties’ objectives in entering into that agreement. Accordingly, the allegation that Futterman paid the entirety of the funds to Martinez in disregard of the agreement is sufficient to state a cause of action (see, Sims v Brown, 6 Thomp & C 5, affd 64 NY 660; Brinkman v Moskowitz, 38 Misc 2d 950 [App Term, 2d Dept]; cf., Matter of Kelly, 23 NY2d 368, 382; see also, Tri City Roofers v Northeastern Indus. Park, 61 NY2d 779, 780-781; Continental Purch. Co. v Van Raalte Co., 251 App Div 151, 152). We of course express no opinion as to whether an enforceable assignment of the funds and its derivative claim against defendants will ultimately be established; we conclude only that there are sufficient allegations in the complaint and supporting affidavit to withstand defendants’ motion to dismiss.

We reject the law firm defendants’ argument that compliance with the alleged assignment would have required them to violate their ethical duties to their client Martinez under Code of Professional Responsibility DR 9-102. Even if the sole attorney-client relationship that existed here was between defendants and Martinez (but see, infra, at 90), we conclude that defendants’ argument fails for two reasons. First, the cited Disciplinary Rule mandates only that an attorney pay to the client those funds in the possession of the attorney "which the client * * * is entitled to receive” (Code of Professional Responsibility DR 9-102 [C] [4] [emphasis supplied]), which is not the case to the extent that the client has conveyed a right to those funds by an enforceable assignment.[*90] Second, DR 9-102 explicitly creates ethical duties running to third parties as to funds in the possession of the attorney to which those third parties are entitled (see, DR 9-102 [C] [1], [2]). Assuming an enforceable assignment by Martinez to plaintiffs is proven, upon execution of that assignment, Martinez’s interest in that portion of the recovery vested in the plaintiffs as assignees, and Futterman was then ethically obligated not only to notify the plaintiffs upon his receipt of the funds (DR 9-102 [C] [1]) but also to pay the funds to plaintiffs as the persons then entitled to receive them (DR 9-102 [C] [4]). We hold, therefore, that under the circumstances alleged here, DR 9-102 does not preclude this cause of action.

Moreover, we conclude that the averments of the complaint and its supporting affidavit are sufficient, if believed, to support an inference of an attorney-client relationship between plaintiffs and the law firm defendants in the drafting of the agreement (see, Matter of Priest v Hennessy, 51 NY2d 62, 68-69), and that those defendants committed either legal malpractice or breached fiduciary obligations in drafting the instrument or by remitting the entire settlement proceeds to Martinez. The complaint alleges that Futterman was requested by both Martinez and plaintiffs to prepare the instrument. The affidavit of plaintiff Xavier Leon avers that the firm had previously represented the plaintiffs in unrelated matters, that Futterman "advised [plaintiffs] to obtain an affidavit in writing” from Martinez, that Futterman discussed the matter with both Martinez and plaintiffs before consenting to draft the agreement, that the firm continued to represent plaintiffs subsequent to Martinez’s execution of the agreement, and that "[Pearlman, Apat & Futterman] were Wilfredo Martinez’s attorneys and they were our attorneys”. Whether or not such a relationship and the claims derived therefrom are ultimately proven, we conclude that these allegations are also sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs, and the certified question answered in the affirmative.

Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Simons, Titone, Bellacosa, Smith and Ciparick concur.

Order affirmed, etc.

1

. An assignment may properly relate to a future or conditional right which is adequately identified, such as the personal injury action recovery here (Speelman v Pascal, 10 NY2d 313, 318-319; see also, 4 Corbin, Contracts § 874; Restatement [Second] of Contracts §§ 320, 321).

2

. See also Fairbanks v Sargent (104 NY 108, 113) where this Court found a present assignment in the words of an instrument providing that a party "is to have one-sixth of whatever amount of money, securities, or property shall be received on account of such claims as shall be settled without suit, and one-third of whatever amount of money, securities or property shall be collected, or in any way be realized or received (whether on settlement or without settlement), on account of such of said claims as shall be put in suit”.