Lowe v. Texas Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297 (Tex. 1976). · Go Syfert
Lowe v. Texas Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297 (Tex. 1976). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
896 citation events (463 in the last 25 years) across 11 distinct courts.
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Citations from separate opinions of courts that could overrule this case. This is a warning signal, not a treatment change. The flag color above is unaffected.
Dissent City of San Antonio v. Tenorio ex rel. Tenorio (2018)
“Univ. , 540 S.W.2d 297 , 301 (Greenhill, C.J. concurring)).”
Concurrence in Re State of Texas (2015)
“Although the State enjoys unique immunities, it “is subject to [procedural rules] as any other litigant.” Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tex.1976).”
Dissent Page v. Structural Wood Components, Inc. (2003)
“Dist., 659 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Tex.1983); Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tex.1976) (Greenhill, C.J., concurring); see also Chief Justice Thomas Phillips, State of the Judiciary Address (March 4, 2003), available at http:// www. supreme.courts.state.tx.us/Adviso-ry/SOJ.pdf. . 102 S.W.3d at 723. . 478 S.W.2d 786, 793 (Tex.1972). .”
Concurrence Texas Department of Criminal Justice v. Miller (2001)
“Lowe, 540 S.W.2d at 301-302 (Greenhill, C.J., concurring); Bossley, 968 S.W.2d at 341-42 . .”
Dissent Kerrville State Hospital v. Clark (1996)
“Lowe, 540 S.W.2d at 300 .”
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Kalei Merrill v. Mitchell Curry, Melinda DeFelice and Tamira Griffin, Each Individually as
Tex. App. · 2023 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
we adhere to our decisions in the past that the waiver of governmental immunity is a matter addressed to the legislature.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) In the Interest of E.M., a Child v. the State of Texas (3×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2023 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the state is not exempt from these rules of procedure but is subject to them as any other litigant.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Guillory v. Port of Houston Authority (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
Tex. · 1993 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
texas is immune from tort liability except as waived under the tort claims act
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Linell Redden, Individually and as Representative of the Estate of Robert Jones Redden, Sabre Marie Redden And Sean Michael Redden v. Denton County (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
Tex. App. · 2011 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
seven years have passed since our opinion in lowe , yet the legislature has not changed the troublesome waiver provision.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Redden v. Denton County (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
Tex. App. · 2011 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
seven years have passed since our opinion in lowe , yet the- legislature has not changed the troublesome waiver provision.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) The Board of Regents of the University of Texas System, the University of Texas System, and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center v. Gensetix, Inc.
Tex. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
“Sovereign immunity protects various divisions of state government, including state universities, from lawsuits for damages unless the Constitution or a legislative enactment waives that immunity.” Pepper Lawson Horizon Int’l Group, LLC v. Texas S. Univ., 669 S.W.3d 205 , 210 (Tex. 2023) (emphasis added); see also Texas S. Univ. v. Villareal, 620 S.W.3d 899 , 904 (Tex. 2021); Lowe v. Texas Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Powell v. City of Houston
S.D. Tex. · 2025 · confidence medium
Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298-99 (Tex. 1976) (citing TEX.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Powell v. City of Houston
S.D. Tex. · 2025 · confidence medium
Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298-99 (Tex. 1976) (citing TEX.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Texas State University and Texas State University System v. Stuart Patrick Wilkinson
Tex. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
Med. v. Tate, 77 S.W.3d 467, 472 (Tex.App.- Comm'n v. Little-Tex Insulation Co., Inc., 39 Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (refusing S.W.3d 591, 593 (Tex.2001); Lowe v. Tex. Tech interlocutory appeal because trial court's order Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex.1976); State v. was summary judgment based on immunity from Lain, 162 Tex. 549 , 349 S.W.2d 579, 580 (1961); liability rather than plea to the jurisdiction based Griffin v. Hawn, 161 Tex. 422 , 341 S.W.2d 151 , on immunity from suit). 152 (1960); Short v. W.T.
examined Cited as authority (rule) The State of Texas v. Nonparty Patient No. 1, Nonparty Patient No. 2, Nonparty Patient No. 3, Nonparty Patient No. 4, Nonparty Patient No. 5, Nonparty Patient No. 6, Nonparty Patient No. 7, and Nonparty Patient No. 8, Nonparty Patient No. 9, Nonparty Patient No. 10, and Nonparty Patient No. 11 (4×)
Tex. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
Courts in the State of Texas have routinely emphasized this point: “[T]he State is not exempt from these rules of procedure but is subject to them as any other litigant.” Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tex. 1976); see also State v. Naylor, 466 S.W.3d 783, 792 (Tex. 2015) (“[W]here the Legislature has given no indication to the contrary the State must abide by the same rules to which private litigants are beholden”); 4 see also id.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Johnny Partain v. State of Texas
Tex. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608, 611 (Tex. 2000); Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ. 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) In Re Nonparty Patient No. 1, Nonparty Patient No. 2, Nonparty Patient No. 3, Nonparty Patient No. 4, Nonparty Patient No. 5, Nonparty Patient No. 6, Nonparty Patient No. 7, Nonparty Patient No. 8, Nonparty Patient No. 9, Nonparty Patient No. 10, and Nonparty Patient No. 11 v. the State of Texas
Tex. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
Courts in the State of Texas have routinely emphasized this point: “[T]he State is not exempt from these rules of procedure but is subject to them as any other litigant.” Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tex. 1976); see also State v. Naylor, 466 S.W.3d 783, 792 (Tex. 2015) (“where the Legislature has given no indication to the contrary the State must abide by the same rules to which private litigants are beholden”); see also id.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) The State of Texas v. Nonparty Patient No. 1, Nonparty Patient No. 2, Nonparty Patient No. 3, Nonparty Patient No. 4, Nonparty Patient No. 5, Nonparty Patient No. 6, Nonparty Patient No. 7, and Nonparty Patient No. 8, Nonparty Patient No. 9, Nonparty Patient No. 10, and Nonparty Patient No. 11
Tex. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
Courts in the State of Texas have routinely emphasized this point: “[T]he State is not exempt from these rules of procedure but is subject to them as any other litigant.” Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tex. 1976); see also State v. Naylor, 466 S.W.3d 783, 792 (Tex. 2015) (“where the Legislature has given no indication to the contrary the State must abide by the same rules to which private litigants are beholden”); see also id.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Drakos v. City of Meadows Place
S.D. Tex. · 2025 · confidence medium
Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298-99 (Tex. 1976) (citing TEX.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Stephani Del Rio and Andrew Del Rio, as Next Friends of \Noelle\" and \"Luke
unknown court · 2025 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Robinson v. Central Texas MHMR Ctr., 780 S.W.2d 169, 171 (Tex. 1989) (concluding that mental health facility that provided swimming attire to epileptic patient but did not provide life preserver waived immunity); Lowe v. Texas Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 300 (Tex. 1976) (finding no immunity for university that provided uniform and equipment to football player but failed to provide knee brace); Overton Mem’l Hosp. v. McGuire, 518 S.W.2d 528, 529 (Tex. 1975) (determining that hospital bed lacking side rails, which was provided by city-owned and -operated hospital, was defective).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Andrew Narvaez D/B/A Texas Fabricators v. Montgomery County
Tex. App. · 2024 · confidence medium
According to the County, the TTCA waives immunity for a negligence claim only in “three general areas: ‘use of publicly owned automobiles, premises defects, and injuries arising out of conditions or use of property.’” See Tex. Dept. of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608, 611 (Tex. 2000) (quoting Lowe v. Tex. Tech 2 Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Flynn v. Van Meter
S.D. Tex. · 2024 · confidence medium
Lowe v Texas Tech University, 540 SW2d 297, 298 (Tex 1976); see also Tex Gov Code §572.002(10)(B).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Melissa Brown v. the State of Texas and Texas Department of Health and Human Services
Tex. App. · 2024 · confidence medium
Dist., 659 S.W.2d 30, 32-33 (Tex. 1983) (concluding that immunity was waived in wrongful death action because hospital’s misreading of graphs and charts produced by electrocardiographic equipment constituted use of tangible property); Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298, 300 (Tex. 1976) (holding immunity was waived when football player sued state university for personal injuries because university’s furnishing of defective equipment constituted use of tangible property).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Pena v. Madrid
S.D. Tex. · 2024 · confidence medium
But here, the squad car seat does not lack a safety feature analogous to a hospital bed lacking guard rails, and Mr. Pena has not alleged that it was otherwise 6 See Docket Number 20 at 7 (citing Overton Mem’l Hosp., 518 S.W.2d 528, 529 (Tex. 1975) (immunity waived where patient in city-owned hospital fell from a bed lacking guardrails)); Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 300 (Tex. 1976) (immunity waived where university failed to provide plaintiff with protective gear as part of his football uniform); and Robinson v. Cent.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) City of Houston v. John Anthony Branch (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2024 · confidence medium
Rather, the City points to dicta from Lowe v. Texas Tech University, 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976), stating that “The [Texas Tort Claims Act] provide[s] for waiver of governmental immunity in three general areas: use of publicly owned automobiles, premises defects, and injuries arising out of conditions or use of property.” Lowe was a case involving a football injury to a Texas Tech player, and it did not involve the motor- vehicle immunity waiver.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jerry L. Bangmon v. Latonia Jones and Rodney Simon
Tex. App. · 2023 · confidence medium
The TTCA waives immunity from liability in three general areas: “use of publicly owned automobiles, premises defects, and injuries arising out of conditions or use of property.” Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608, 611 (Tex. 2000) (quoting Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976)); Tex. Civ.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Texas Woman's University v. Jody T. Rodriguez
Tex. App. · 2022 · confidence medium
Ctr. – El Paso v. Niehay, 641 S.W.3d 761 , 767 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2022, pet. filed) (per curiam) (citing Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) City of Cedar Park v. Juan Delapena, Individually and as Next Friend of C.D.L.P., a Minor And Korina Delapena, Individually and on Behalf of the Estate of C. D., a Minor
Tex. App. · 2022 · confidence medium
Regardless, the integral safety component doctrine is limited to negligent “use of tangible personal property.” Id.; see, 12 e.g., Robinson, 780 S.W.2d at 169 (providing swimming attire without a life preserver); Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 300 (Tex. 1976) (providing a football uniform without a knee brace); Overton Mem’l Hosp. v. McGuire, 518 S.W.2d 528, 529 (Tex. 1975) (per curiam) (providing a hospital bed without bed rails).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Harris County, Texas v. Paul Davidson
Tex. App. · 2022 · confidence medium
Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976).
cited Cited as authority (rule) City of Brownsville v. Lili Nezzer
Tex. App. · 2022 · confidence medium
Coll. v. Beavers, 218 15 Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976); Robinson v. Cent.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Pickett v. Texas Tech Univ
5th Cir. · 2022 · confidence medium
Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976); see also Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Doe, 519 U.S. 425 , 429–30 (1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) City of Dallas v. Reggie Ruffin
Tex. App. · 2021 · confidence medium
The TTCA waives immunity from liability in three general areas: “use of publicly owned automobiles, premises defects, and injuries arising out of conditions or use of property.” Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608, 611 (Tex. 2000) (quoting Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976)); TEX.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Walter Zawislak, M.D. v. the Texas A&M University Health Science Center
Tex. App. · 2021 · confidence medium
Id. at 300 (providing football uniform without knee brace); see Bishop, 156 S.W.3d at 584.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Suran Wije v. David A. Burns, the University of Texas at Austin, Jane Doe, and John Doe
Tex. App. · 2020 · confidence medium
Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976); see TEX.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Champion v. Texas Southern University
S.D. Tex. · 2020 · confidence medium
Lowe v Texas Tech University, 540 SW2d 297, 298 (Tex 1976); see also Hancerling v Texas A&M University, 986 SW2d 373, 374 (Tex App—Houston [1st Dist] 1999).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Garcia v. City of McAllen, Texas
S.D. Tex. · 2020 · confidence medium
(In re Griffith), 485 S.W.3d 529, 534 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (“[A] suit against a government officer in his official capacity is effectively a suit against the entity of which the official is an agent, and he has the same immunity enjoyed by the entity unless he has acted ultra vires.”) 105 Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976). 106 Dkt.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Galveston County, Texas v. Bonnie Quiroga
Tex. App. · 2020 · confidence medium
Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Juan Enriquez v. Eduardo Orihuela, M.D.
Tex. App. · 2019 · confidence medium
Code Ann. §§ 65.02 (a)(8), 74.001; Lowe v. Texas Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976).
cited Cited as authority (rule) CKJ Trucking, LP. and Stephen Jack Bond v. the City of Honey Grove
Tex. App. · 2019 · confidence medium
Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608, 611 (Tex. 2000); Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Julio A. Hernandez and Rocio Martinez v. Enes M. Kanlic, M.D. El Paso County Hospital District D/B/A University Medical Center And Texas Tech Health Sciences Center
Tex. App. · 2019 · confidence medium
Hernandez responded by filing an amended petition, that added this single sentence allegation against UMC: 2 See Lowe v. Texas Tech University, 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976)(State universities are state agencies and share the State’s immunity); Texas Tech University Health Sciences Ctr.-El Paso v. Bustillos, 556 S.W.3d 394 , 400 n.6 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2018, no pet.). 3 A separate body of law has developed around the requirements of that notice.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) City of Houston v. Frank Gutkowski, Individually, Frank Gutkowski, as Representative for the Estate of Patricia Gutkowski, Tammie Rene Gutkowski and Carl Gutkowski
Tex. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
But in some cases, the court has held that “when a plaintiff alleges that property used by the state lacks an integral safety component, immunity is waived under section 101.021(2).” Id. (citing Lowe v. Texas Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 300 (Tex. 1976)); see also Robinson v. Cent.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Laura Constantino v. Dallas County Hospital District D/B/A Parkland Health & Hospital System A/K/A Parkland Memorial Hospital (2×)
Tex. App. · 2016 · confidence medium
Tex. MHMR Ctr., 780 S.W.2d 169, 171 (Tex. 1989) and Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 300 (Tex. 1976)).
examined Cited as authority (rule) John Sampson v. the University of Texas at Austin (4×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. · 2016 · confidence medium
Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex.1976); see Tex. Crv.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Darrell J. Harper v. State (2×)
Tex. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298-99 (Tex. 1976) ........................8, 9 Nebout v. City of Hitchcock, 71 F. Supp. 2d 702, 707 (S.D.
examined Cited as authority (rule) John Doe v. Board of Directors of the State Bar of Texas Commission for Lawyer Discipline And Linda Acevedo, in Her Official Capacity as the Chief Disciplinary Counsel of the State Bar of Texas (3×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex.1976).
examined Cited as authority (rule) in the Guardianship of Lonnie Phillips, Jr., an Incapacitated Person (4×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Application of Law to Facts Texas Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex.1976); See also Greenhill, Should Governmental Immunity for Torts be [19] Federal Sign promised to build the scoreboards in Re–Examined, and, If So, by Whom? 31 Tex. B.J. 1036, exchange for TSU's promise to pay for them.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Billy Joe Henderson v. Iowa Colony, Iowa Colony Police Department and Louis C. Hearn, Jr.
Tex. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976).
examined Cited as authority (rule) John Doe v. Board of Directors of the State Bar of Texas Commission for Lawyer Discipline And Linda Acevedo, in Her Official Capacity as the Chief Disciplinary Counsel of the State Bar of Texas (3×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex.1976).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Nikki Sides Individually and on Behalf of the Estate of Thomas Middleton v. Texas Department of Criminal Justice (2×)
Tex. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547 , 554–55 (Tex. 2000) .......................................................... 9,10 City of Sugarland v. Ballard, 174 S.W.3d 259, 267-68 (Tex. App.-Houston (1st Dist.) 2005) ..................... 5 County of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Texas 2002) ................................................................. 10 Cowan, 128 S.W.3d at 246 ........................................................................................ 5 Dallas County Mental Health and Mental Retardation v. Bossley, 968 S.W.2d 339, 243 (Tex. 1998) ..............................…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Michelle Hall v. Robert Robinson
5th Cir. · 2015 · confidence medium
Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Michelle Hall v. Robert Robinson
5th Cir. · 2015 · confidence medium
Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex.1976).
cited Cited as authority (rule) in Re State of Texas
Tex. · 2015 · confidence medium
Although the State enjoys unique immunities, it “is subject to [procedural rules] as any other litigant.” Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tex.1976).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Andy LOWE, Petitioner,
v.
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY, Respondent
B-5756.
Texas Supreme Court.
Jul 14, 1976.
540 S.W.2d 297
Garner, Vickers, Purdom & Nelson, Robert E. Garner, Lubbock, and Paul Spillman, Wellington, for petitioner., John Hill, Atty. Gen., Jack Sparks, Asst. Atty. Gen., Austin, for respondent.
Steakley, Greenhill, McGee, Doughty.
Cited by 568 opinions  |  Published
2 passages pin-cited by 2 cases
Pinpoint authority: #39,719 of 633,719
Citer courts: Court of Appeals of Texas (2)

Lead Opinion

STEAKLEY, Justice.

We are required to determine if the allegations of Andy Lowe in his suit against Texas Tech University for personal injuries invoked the waiver of governmental immunity provisions of the Texas Tort Claims Act, Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 6252-19 (1970), and entitle him to a trial. The trial court held that they do not, sustaining pleas to the jurisdiction and in abatement filed by Texas Tech; this action was affirmed by the Court of Civil Appeals, 530 S.W.2d 337. Our view is otherwise and we accordingly reverse the judgments below and remand the cause to the trial court.

Lowe alleged that he sustained an injury to his left knee while playing varsity football for Texas Tech; and that on a later occasion the knee was reinjured, the result of which was total and permanent disablement. He further alleged, as pertinent here, that “the coaching staff, management, and trainers” of Texas Tech were negligent in these respects:

In failing to furnish proper equipment, braces, and/or supporting devices to Plaintiff;
In failing to permit Plaintiff to wear proper equipment, braces and supporting devices available;
In furnishing equipment, uniforms and pads which were defective;
In refusing to permit Plaintiff to wear proper and correctly prescribed equipment, braces and supporting devices.

Texas Tech correctly states that the State is not liable for torts of its officers or agents in the absence of a constitutional or statutory provision therefor. Texas Highway Department v. Weber, 147 Tex. 628, 219 S.W.2d 70 (1949); and that a State agency such as Texas Tech shares this governmental immunity. Walsh v. University of Texas, 169 S.W.2d 993 (Tex.Civ.App.-El Paso 1942, writ ref’d); Texas Technological College v. Fry, 278 S.W.2d 480 (Tex.Civ.App.-Amarillo 1954, no writ). See also Greenhill & Murto, Governmental Immunity, 49 Tex.L.Rev. 462 (1971). We adhere to our decisions in the past that the waiver of governmental immunity is a matter addressed to the Legislature.

The Texas Tort Claims Act was enacted by the Legislature in 1970. The statute provided for waiver of governmental immunity in three general areas: use of publicly owned automobiles, premises defects, and injuries arising out of conditions or use of property. The statute calls for liberal construction to effectuate its purposes (Section 13). The problem before us for determination at this stage of the proceeding is whether Lowe’s allegations of negligence state a case within the waiver of immunity provided in the following provision of the statute:

Sec. 3. Each unit of government in the state shall be liable for money damages for property damage or personal injuries or death when proximately caused by the negligence or wrongful act or omission of any officer or employee acting within the[*299] scope of his employment or office arising from the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle and motor-driven equipment, other than motor-driven equipment used in connection with the operation of floodgates or water release equipment by river authorities created under the laws of this state, under circumstances where such officer or employee would be personally liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of this state, or death or personal injuries so caused from some condition or some use of tangible property, real or personal, under circumstances where such unit of government, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of this state. Such liability is subject to the exceptions contained herein, and it shall not extend to punitive or exemplary damages. Liability hereunder shall be limited to $100,000 per person and $300,000 for any single occurrence for bodily injury or death and to $10,000 for any single occurrence for injury to or destruction of property.

We paraphrase that portion of Section 3 pertinent here as follows:

Each unit of government in the state shall be liable for money damages for death or personal injuries so caused (i. e., when proximately caused by the negligence or wrongful act or omission of any officer or employee acting within the scope of his employment or office) from some condition or some use of tangible property under circumstances where there would be private liability.

If the above quoted allegations of Lowe state a case for recovery within these waiver of immunity provisions, the abatement and dismissal of Lowe’s suit was in error, and he is entitled to a trial.

We have heretofore considered this legislative language in Texas Dept. of Corrections v. Herring, 513 S.W.2d 6 (Tex.1974); McGuire v. Overton Memorial Hospital, 514 S.W.2d 79 (Tex.Civ.App-Tyler), writ ref’d n. r. e. by per curiam, 518 S.W.2d 528 (Tex.1975); Mokry v. University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, 529 S.W.2d 802 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1975, writ ref’d n. r. e.); and Beggs v. Texas Dept. of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, 496 S.W.2d 252 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1973, writ ref’d).

Herring ruled that an allegation that the state agency failed “to provide adequate medical care and treatment” does not allege a “use of tangible property” within the ambit of the Texas Tort Claims Act. We approved the holding in Beggs to the same effect, i. e., that an alleged negligent act in transferring a patient from a state hospital to a private nursing home did not involve the use of tangible property.

In McGuire, we let stand a judgment of reversal of a summary judgment in favor of a municipally operated hospital, and a remand for trial, of a suit for personal injuries caused when a patient fell while attempting to get out of bed. The allegations of negligence were the failure to provide a bed with side boards or guard rails, the failure to take proper cognizance of the condition of the patient and to anticipate and guard against the accident, the failure to exercise the care and proper attention toward the patient, and the failure to provide adequate nurses and attendants. We said:

“. . . We believe that injuries proximately caused by negligently providing a bed without bed rails are proximately caused from some condition or some use of tangible property under circumstances where a private person would be liable. Therefore, if the Hospital is found negligent in providing a bed without guard rails, it may not assert governmental immunity . . . .” (518 S.W.2d 528)

Also to the point in the light of the writing by the Court of Civil Appeals was our action of approval in Mokry. Mokry brought suit under the Tort Claims Act for personal injuries resulting from the negligent loss of his left eyeball after it had been surgically removed and while it was being prepared for laboratory examination at the University of Texas Health Science Center. The negligence alleged against the State agency was the failure to provide for[*300] use certain items of laboratory equipment, together with the failure to properly use the facilities that were employed. It was specifically held by the Court of Civil Appeals that the allegations to such effect stated a cause of action arising from some condition or use of tangible property within the purview of the Texas Tort Claims Act:

. We hold that these pleadings adequately allege a cause of action for damages from negligent acts or omissions of an employee of the state, acting within the scope of his employment, arising from some condition or use of tangible property under circumstances which the state, if it were a private person, would be liable to the plaintiff.

Gonzales v. Lubbock State School, 487 S.W.2d 815 (Tex.Civ.App.-Amarillo 1972, no writ), prominently cited by Texas Tech in support of its position, did not reach this Court for review; even so, the specific holding is not in point here, i. e., that allegations of negligence against the State agency in hiring incapable employees, in failing to maintain adequate supervision, and in failing to have a sufficient number of qualified employees, do not constitute allegations of negligence arising from some condition or use of tangible property.

The allegations in the case at bar require a construction of the statutory language of the Tort Claims Act in two respects: whether the waiver of immunity is invoked by allegations that Texas Tech through its authorized personnel was negligent in affirmatively furnishing “equipment, uniforms and pads which were defective”; and, whether the waiver is also invoked by the allegations of negligent acts of failure to furnish proper equipment and failure or refusal to permit the wearing of proper equipment. Neither the brief of Texas Tech nor the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals speaks to the former; as to the latter, Texas Tech argues in its brief, and the Court of Civil Appeals has held, that Lowe’s allegations of negligent failure to furnish the proper equipment, or to permit his wearing of proper equipment, do not state a cause of action under the waiver of immunity provisions of the statute. The rationale is that allegations to such effect do not state a case arising from some condition or some use of tangible property.

As to the first, we hold that the affirmative allegation of furnishing defective equipment to Lowe states a case within the statutory waiver of immunity arising from some condition or some use of tangible property. It is further apparent that a failure to furnish proper protective equipment for Lowe’s injured knee, if such was the case, is not distinguishable, in so far as the problem at hand is concerned, from the failure to provide bed rails for a hospital bed in McGuire, or from the failure to provide protective items of laboratory equipment in Mokry. A football uniform is composed of various items of individualized equipment and the protective equipment furnished players may vary with the individual because of his physical characteristics and the hazards of the particular position he plays. Football uniforms are designed to protect players from injury and players who have suffered a previous injury are commonly furnished special protective devices and equipment. Both the standard and specially designed protective devices are integral parts of the football uniform, e. g., special taping or knee braces furnished a player with an injured knee are as much a part of his uniform as his helmet, or shoulder pads, or whatever. So we also hold that Lowe’s allegations of a negligent failure to furnish him proper protective items of personal property, to be used as a part of the uniform furnished him, bring his case within the statutory waiver of immunity arising from some condition or some use of personal property.

A collateral problem raised by the points of error and counterpoints relates to “Lowe’s request for admissions and interrogatories” served upon Texas Tech with the recitation that such requests were made pursuant to the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, Rules 168, 169 and 170. The request was stricken by the trial court but this was held to be error as to the interrogatories by the Court of Civil Appeals, citing Texas [*301] Dept. of Corrections v. Herring, supra. The Attorney General, representing Texas Tech, appears to argue in support of the trial court action that it was not required to respond to the interrogatories because they were based, at least in part, upon the answers to requests for admissions that are impermissible by reason of Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 4411 (1966), which provides:

No admission, agreement or waiver, made by the Attorney General, in any action or suit in which the State is a party, shall prejudice the rights of the State.[1]

In Herring, we made clear that the State is not exempt from these rules of procedure but is subject to them as any other litigant. We reasoned that Rule 168 of the procedural rules operates to clarify facts; that the State will not be prejudiced by a revelation of the facts involved in a case; and that the Attorney General in responding to interrogatories seeking to elicit such facts will not be called upon to make admissions, agreements or waivers contrary to art. 4411. Of course, the State enjoys the same procedural rights under these rules as any other litigant with respect to the filing and hearing of written objections to interrogatories upon whatever basis; in addition, the Attorney General may raise for ruling the further objection that any called for admission, if made, would prejudice the rights of the State and hence would be ineffective under the provisions of art. 4411.

The judgments of the trial court and of the Court of Civil Appeals are reversed, and the cause is remanded to the trial court.

Concurring opinion by GREENHILL, C. J., in which McGEE and DOUGHTY, JJ., join.
1

The Attorney General also argues that the point of error relevant to the action of the trial court in striking Lowe’s request for admissions and interrogatories is not properly before the Appellate Courts. The argument is that a supplemental transcript containing the request and the motion to strike the request was not requested or obtained by Lowe, or filed until a date out of time. The Attorney General recognizes that the original transcript was filed in time; and that his objection to the filing of the supplemental transcript, together with his motion to strike its filing, were overruled by the Court of Civil Appeals. We regard the action of the Court of Civil Appeals as a direction to file the supplement transcript within the reasonable contemplation of Rule 428 of the Rules of Civil Procedure. Cf. Warner Const. Co. v. Blue Diamond Co., 429 S.W.2d 912 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1968, writ ref'd n. r. e.). And see Tucker, Preliminary Motions in the Appellate Courts, in STATE BAR OF TEXAS, APPELLATE PROCEDURE IN TEXAS § 15.6 (1964).

Concurrence

GREENHILL, Chief Justice

(concurring).

The purpose of this concurring opinion is to encourage the Legislature to take another look at the Tort Claims Act, and to express more clearly its intent as to when it directs that governmental immunity is waived. Speaking at least for myself, it is difficult to understand the language of the present statute and to apply it. I am not concerned with the broadness or the narrowness of the waiver. I was among those who encouraged the passage of the Act.[1] Our problem is trying to determine what the Legislature meant.

The language of Section 3 is particularly difficult to apply. As set out in the Court’s opinion, the language of Section 3, as I understand it, waives immunity where there is personal injury or death caused “from some condition or use” of tangible personal property or real property.

If the words “caused from some condition or use” of property are intended as words of a limited waiver of immunity, and if the waiver is intended to be confined to cases involving injury proximately caused by some condition or use of property which is owned or furnished by the State, we reach certain results.

But if they mean that the Legislature intended for the State to be liable in every tort case in which personal property was either used or not used, then we reach different results. This construction would[*302] amount to a general waiver in virtually all tort eases. That is not necessarily bad, but I do not think this is what the Legislature intended. It is difficult to imagine a tort case which does not involve the use, or nonuse, of some item of real or personal property; and to me, if there is a waiver in all cases where some item of personal property is either used or not used, there is virtually an unrestricted waiver of immunity-

The original version of the bill which enacted the Tort Claims Act did call for such an unrestricted waiver of immunity.[2] That version, however, was substantially modified prior to passage. It was passed only after Governor Smith had vetoed an earlier bill which provided a somewhat limited waiver.[3] The Governor’s veto message makes clear that the Governor felt that even this limited version was too broad and all-encompassing.[4] Under these circumstances, I think it is clear that the bill which was finally passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor did not contain a broad, general waiver of governmental immunity. By its express provisions, it waives immunity only in particular instances.

Coming to this case, what did the Legislature intend to waive with regard to the furnishing of, or failure to furnish, athletic equipment? The statute, paraphrased, says “some condition or use” of the uniform which was furnished. I can understand a waiver for the furnishing of a defective or broken helmet. That would be the furnishing for use of personal property in a defective condition. The statutory language “condition or use” of property implies that such property was furnished, was in bad or defective condition or was wrongly used.

We were told in the oral argument of this case by plaintiff’s counsel that the plaintiff entered the game with a knee brace. There is no suggestion that it was a defective brace. Then, we were told, a coach considered that the plaintiff was not moving fast enough, or “cutting” well enough. The coach took the plaintiff out, had him remove the brace, and put the plaintiff back in. Then the plaintiff’s knee was injured. It may be that the action of the coach constituted negligent conduct; but I fail to see how the condition of the knee brace which was furnished had anything to do with the plaintiff’s injury.

Similarly, it is argued in the plaintiff’s brief in this Court that there was a negligent failure by the trainer to tape, or properly tape, the plaintiff’s knee. The allegation is that the tape was available but not used, or properly used. So here we go again: Texas Tech did furnish tape (an item of personal property), and there is no allegation that there was anything wrong with the tape. The personal property was furnished and was not in defective condition for use. The negligence, if any, was the failure of the trainer to do an act,— tape the knee. I do not think the Legislature intended its “condition or use of property” waiver to include the alleged negligent conduct of the trainer or coach.

Carried to its logical conclusion, as I understand the Court’s opinion, it might be construed to find a waiver of immunity because the injury grew out of the nonuse (the removal) of a nondefective knee brace which was furnished; i. e., some condition or use [nonuse] of personal property. I do not think the Legislature intended this general sort of waiver.

[*303] A hypothetical example will point up the problem: assume that in a State-operated hospital, one of its doctors negligently removed the wrong kidney. In so doing, he uses tangible personal property, — a scalpel. There is no defect in the scalpel, but there is injury in the use of tangible personal property. The Legislature could provide a waiver for the negligent conduct of the doctor, but it has not. Did it intend a waiver based on the condition or use of tangible personal property, — the scalpel? I do not think so.

In any event, the Legislature will be in session in the near future; and it would be very helpful if it would give litigants and the courts guidelines which are easier to follow.

The facts of the case set out above,— about the coach’s having taken the plaintiff out to remove the brace, and the failure of the trainer to tape, are not in the pleadings; and our decision cannot turn on such a factual situation. But because these matters were made known to us in oral argument and in the plaintiff’s brief, they are subject to comment in view of a remand for trial. Among the allegations pleaded is a count that Texas Tech furnished equipment and uniforms which were defective. Taking this to be true, as we must at this stage of the game, it was error for the trial court to sustain the State’s plea in abatement. I, therefore, concur in the judgment of the Court.

McGEE and DOUGHTY, JJ., join in this concurring opinion.

1

Greenhill, Should Governmental Immunity for Torts Be Reexamined, and If So, by Whom? 31 Texas B.J. 1036 at 1072 (1968). See also, Greenhill and Murto, Governmental Immunity, 49 Texas L.Rev. 462 at 472-3 (1971).

2

House Bill 456, as originally introduced in the 61st Legislature, contained the following provisions:

Sec. 5. Insofar as the purposes of this Act are concerned, the distinction heretofore known to the common law between governmental and proprietary functions of government is hereby abolished in the State of Texas, and all functions of government, regardless of the nature thereof, are hereby declared to be proprietary in nature, it being the intent of the Legislature that no activity of any unit of government, of whatever nature or location or at whatever level, shall be exempt from the provisions of this Act.
3

House Bill 117.

4

Message from Governor Smith, Tex.H.R.J. 1921 (1969).