United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350 (5th Cir. 2003). · Go Syfert
United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350 (5th Cir. 2003). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
34 citation events (34 in the last 25 years) across 8 distinct courts.
Treatment trajectory · 2003 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2003 2014 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 19 distinct citers. How cited ↗
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Arcia-Hernandez
5th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir. 2003) (interpreting § 2L1.2, comment. (n.1(B)(iv)) (2001)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Tremayne Dozier (2×) also: Cited "see"
7th Cir. · 2020 · confidence medium
In United States v. Rivera‐Perez, the defendant was convicted of illegal reentry after deportation and objected to using his prior conviction for a Texas state jail felony to increase his base No. 18‐3447 7 offense level under the Guidelines. 322 F.3d 350, 351 (5th Cir. 2003).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Tremayne Dozier (2×) also: Cited "see"
7th Cir. · 2020 · confidence medium
In United States v. Rivera‐Perez, the defendant was convicted of illegal reentry after deportation and objected to using his prior conviction for a Texas state jail felony to increase his base No. 18‐3447 7 offense level under the Guidelines. 322 F.3d 350, 351 (5th Cir. 2003).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Terry Dixon
5th Cir. · 2018 · confidence medium
United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir. 2003).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Carlos Lobo
5th Cir. · 2017 · confidence medium
Any violation of Section 220(a), however, “exposes a defendant to a *312 sentence of imprisonment” of at least two years, United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir. 2003); see Cal. Penal Code § 220 (a), and is therefore “punishable for a term exceeding one year,” § 2L1.2, comment, (n.2).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Rene Romero (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
4th Cir. · 2012 · confidence medium
“Texas case law indicates that a crime remains a felony even if punished as a misdemeanor under § 12.44.” United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir.2003).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Derek Powell
5th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
See § 4B1.2, comment. (n.l); United States v. Harrimon, 568 F.3d 531 , 534 n. 3 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 130 S.Ct. 1015 , 175 L.Ed.2d 621 (2009); United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 351-52 (5th Cir.2003).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Adolfo Martinez-Padron
5th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
Accordingly, the offense qualifies as a “felony” for purposes of § 2L1.2. § 2L1.2, comment, (n.2); United States v. Riverar-Perez 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir.2003).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Lechuga
3rd Cir. · 2008 · confidence medium
The use of the word “punishable” makes clear that the definition of felony turns on the maximum sentence that could result from a conviction for that offense, “irrespective of the actual sentence imposed.” United States v. Hernandez-Garduno, 460 F.3d 1287, 1293 (10th Cir.2006); see also United States v. Murillo, 422 F.3d 1152, 1153-54, 1155 (9th Cir.2005) (continuing to hold, after Blakely, that “in determining whether a state conviction is punishable for more than one year’s imprisonment for purposes of a federal criminal statute predicated on a prior felony conviction or for fede…
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Battin
5th Cir. · 2007 · confidence medium
United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 351-52 (5th Cir.2003).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Ortiz-Galindo v. United States
W.D. Tex. · 2007 · confidence medium
United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir.2003) (per curiam).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Nava-Zamora
10th Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
Nevertheless, “a crime remains a felony even if punished as a misdemeanor under § 12.44.” United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir.2003) (citing Fite v. State, 60 S.W.3d 314, 320 (Tex.Ct.
cited Cited "see" United States v. Roel Melendez-Davila
5th Cir. · 2020 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir. 2003).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Eduardo Cruz-De Jesus
5th Cir. · 2016 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir. 2003); United States v. Caicedo-Cuero, 312 F.3d 697, 705-06 (5th Cir. 2002).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Jose Alfaro-Enriquez
5th Cir. · 2016 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir.2003) (per curiam).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Reyna
5th Cir. · 2008 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 351-52 (5th Cir.2003).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Battin
W.D. Tex. · 2006 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir.2003) (“Texas case law indicates that a crime remains a felony even if punished as a misdemeanor under § 12.44”); see also United States v. Brown, 86 Fed.Appx. 779, 780 (5th Cir.2004)(not published) (“Because Brown’s guilty plea to a state jail felony exposed him to the possibility of a sentence of more than one year in prison, these convictions count as felonies ... despite the fact that Brown received a misdemeanor sentence under Tex. Penal Code § 12.44(a)”); see also Fite v. State, 60 S.W.3d 314, 320 (Tex.App.—Houst…
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Gamez-Ale
5th Cir. · 2004 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir.2003); cf. Dickerson v. New Banner Inst., Inc., 460 U.S. 103, 113 , 103 S.Ct. 986 , 74 L.Ed.2d 845 (1983) (“It was plainly irrelevant to Congress whether the individual in question actually receives a prison term; the statute imposes disabilities on one convicted of ‘a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.’ ”) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 922 (g)(1) (1976 & Supp.
cited Cited "see" United States v. Brown
5th Cir. · 2004 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Rivera-Perez, 322 F.3d 350, 352 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 123 S.Ct. 2625 , 156 L.Ed.2d 641 (2003).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Agustin RIVERA-PEREZ, Defendant-Appellant
02-50619.
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
Feb 12, 2003.
322 F.3d 350
Joseph H. Gay, Jr., Asst. U.S. Atty., Ellen A. Lockwood, San Antonio, TX, for Plaintiff-Appellee., Donna F. Coltharp, San Antonio, TX, for Defendantí-Appellant.
Jolly, Jones, Garza.
Cited by 21 opinions  |  Published
PER CURIAM:

Agustín Rivera-Perez appeals the sentence imposed after he pleaded guilty to one count of illegally reentering the United States after having been convicted of a felony and deported.

Rivera contends that his sentence deprived him of due process of law because the indictment did not allege the prior conviction, which he contends is an element of the offense. Rivera concedes that this claim is foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998), and he seeks only to preserve the issue for Supreme Court review in light of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000). Apprendi did not overrule Almendarez-Torres. See United States v. Dabeit, 231 F.3d 979, 984 (5th Cir.2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1202, 121 S.Ct. 1214, 149 L.Ed.2d 126 (2001). This argument provides no basis for relief.

Rivera contends that his sentence must be vacated because his prior conviction did not warrant a 16-level increase in the offense level. The offense level for illegal reentry after deportation is increased by 16 levels “[i]f the defendant previously was deported, or unlawfully remained in the United States after'—a conviction for a felony that is ... a crime of violence!)]” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(l)(A) (Nov.2001). Rivera’s conviction for attempted indecency with a minor by exposure constitutes a “crime of violence.” See United States v. Zavala-Sustaita, 214 F.3d 601, 607 (5th Cir.2000); United States v. Rayo-Valdez, 302 F.3d 314, 316 (5th Cir.2002). Rivera argues, however, that the attempted-indecency conviction was not a “felony” crime of violence because, according to his plea agreement and Tex. Penal Code § 12.44, he was subject to no more than one year in prison.

The applicable guideline comment defines “felony” as “any federal, state, or local offense punishable by imprisonment[*352] for a term exceeding one year.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, comment. (n.l(B)(iv)). Attempted indecency with a minor by exposure is a Texas state jail felony punishable by a maximum sentence of two years. See Tex. Penal Code §§ 21.11, 15.01(d), 12.04(4) & (5), 12.35(a). However, Rivera’s plea bargain provided that his case would be handled in accordance with Tex. Penal Code § 12.44, which allows punishment as if the crime were a Class A misdemeanor with a one-year maximum sentence, and Rivera was sentenced to 90 days. See Tex. Penal Code §§ 12.44(a), 12.21(2).

We may look to Texas law to provide guidance as to the proper characterization of the prior crime. See United States v. Vasquez-Balandran, 76 F.3d 648, 650 (5th Cir.1996). Texas case law indicates that a crime remains a felony even if punished as a misdemeanor under § 12.44. See Fite v. State, 60 S.W.3d 314, 320 (Tex.Ct.App.2001) (conviction, not actual punishment under § 12.44, determines nature of offense; enhancement barred on other grounds); Arriola v. State, 49 S.W.3d 374, 375-76 (Tex.Ct.App.2000) (prior felony conviction treated as felony for enhancement purposes even though punished as misdemeanor under § 12.44(a)); Hadnot v. State, 851 S.W.2d 378, 379 (Tex.Ct.App.1993) (same). The plain language of § 12.44 indicates that the crime remains “the felony committed” even though the defendant may be punished as if for a misdemeanor. Tex. Penal Code § 12.44(a). In addition, Rivera’s plea-bargain states, with emphasis, that, although Rivera was being punished as for a misdemeanor, the judgment “shall constitute A FINAL FELONY CONVICTION FOR DEFENDANTS

In our recent case, United States v. Caicedo-Cuero, 312 F.3d 697 (5th Cir.2002), the defendant’s offense level was increased where he had previously pleaded guilty to Texas state-jail felony of marijuana possession. Caicedo-Cuero, 312 F.3d at 699. At the time of the prior offense, Texas law provided a maximum sentence of two years but mandated that first-offenders should get suspended sentences and probation. Id. (citations omitted). We rejected the defendant’s contention that the mandatory suspension and probation removed his prior crime from a definition of “felony” punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. Id. at 703-OS. We concluded that the prior conviction was a “felony” because Texas law characterized it as such and because the statute “provided for a maximum term of imprisonment of two years,” regardless of the fact that the defendant was not sentenced to more than one year. Id. at 705-06; see also United States v. Arellano-Torres, 303 F.3d 1173, 1178-79 (9th Cir.2002), cited in Caicedo-Cuero. The mandatory suspension of sentence in Caicedo-Cuero did not change the fact that, absent circumstances peculiar to the particular defendant, the crime was “punishable” by more than a year’s imprisonment.

We apply the essential reasoning of Caicedo-Cuero to the present case and hold that a crime is a “felony” for purposes of U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(l) and commentary note l(B)(iv) if, by the terms of the criminal statute, a conviction exposes a defendant to a sentence of imprisonment of more than one year, regardless whether the defendant is sentenced under Texas Penal Code § 12.44.

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.