Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351 (5th Cir. 2007). · Go Syfert
Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351 (5th Cir. 2007). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“in this case, intervenors have identified chandler as the rico person and falcon steel as the rico enterprise. this allegation is sufficient to demonstrate that the rico person, an individual employee of the corporation, is distinct from the rico enterprise, the corporation itsel…”
149 citation events (149 in the last 25 years) across 13 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Vanderbilt Mortg. and Finance, Inc. v. Flores (txsd, 2010-08-25)
Treatment trajectory · 2007 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2007 2016 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Vanderbilt Mortg. and Finance, Inc. v. Flores (4×) also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see, e.g."
S.D. Tex. · 2010 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
in this case, intervenors have identified chandler as the rico person and falcon steel as the rico enterprise. this allegation is sufficient to demonstrate that the rico person, an individual employee of the corporation, is distinct from the rico enterprise, the corporation itsel…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Deep South Operating LLC v. DSO Projects LLC, et al. (2×)
N.D. Miss. · 2026 · confidence medium
The Court will analyze whether DSO’s pleadings meet the substantive requirements to support the alleged violations of subsections (a), (c), and (d).4 “To state a claim under subsection (a), a plaintiff must allege an injury from the use or investment of racketeering income.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 356 (5th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) EnvTech v. DeBusk (2×) also: Cited "see"
5th Cir. · 2026 · confidence medium
It also makes it “unlawful for any person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of subsection . . . (c) of this section.” Id. § 1962(d). 6 Both subsections require proof of three elements: “(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” D&T Partners, L.L.C. v. Baymark Partners Mgmt., L.L.C., 98 F.4th 198 , 204–05 (5th Cir. 2024) (quoting Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Yu Hin Chan v. Karen May Bacdayan, Kevin C. McClanahan, Carmen A. Pacheco, Dawn Hill-Kearse, Wavny Toussaint, and Re/Max
E.D. La. · 2026 · confidence medium
Plaintiff also appears to sue under 18 U.S.C. § 1962 (d), the conspiracy prong of the RICO Act.7 “Regardless of subsection, RICO claims under § 1962 have three common elements: (1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (internal quotations and 6 R.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Travis C. Mills et al v. Rocket Mortgage LLC et al (2×)
W.D. La. · 2025 · confidence medium
RICO claims brought under § 1962 have three common elements: “(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting World of Faith World Outreach Center Church, Inc. v. Sawyer, 90 F.3d 118, 121-22 (5th Cir. 1996)); see also St.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Belton v. Regions Bank NA
M.D. La. · 2025 · confidence medium
Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting Word of Faith World Outreach Ctr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Nelson v. Bill Hood Auto Group
E.D. La. · 2025 · confidence medium
New Orleans, Louisiana this 26th day of June, 2025. &, TRICHE LF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 21 “TBlecause the core of a RICO civil conspiracy is an agreement to commit predicate acts, a RICO civil conspiracy complaint, at the very least, must allege specifically such an agreement.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 357 (5th Cir. 2007).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Davis Jr. v. Jose Chapa Law Firm
S.D. Tex. · 2025 · confidence medium
Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (Sth Cir. 2007).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Barnum v. Welch
E.D. La. · 2025 · confidence medium
Germain v. Howard, 556 F.3d 261, 263 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007)).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Peel v. cPaperless LLC dba SafeSend (4×)
S.D. Tex. · 2024 · confidence medium
Alvarez, 2020 WL 2061491 , at *4 (quoting Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Crosswell v. Martinez Cecias Rodriguez
5th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
“Regardless of subsection, RICO claims under § 1962 have three common elements: ‘(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.’” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting Word of Faith World Outreach Ctr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Visintine v. NavyArmy Community Credit Union
S.D. Tex. · 2024 · confidence medium
RICO claims “have three common elements: (1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007).5 To establish the “pattern” element, a plaintiff must “show both a relationship between the predicate offenses … and the threat of continuing activity.” D&T Partners, L.L.C. v. Baymark Partners Mgmt., L.L.C., 94 F.4th 198 , 205 (5th Cir. 2024) (citing Malvino v. Delluniversita, 840 F.3d 223, 231 (5th Cir. 2016)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) D&T Partners v. Baymark Partners (2×)
5th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
See id. §§ 1962 (a), (c) & (d).5 Though the subsections are distinct, each shares three common elements: “(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting Word of Faith World Outreach Ctr.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Peel v. cPaperless LLC dba SafeSend
S.D. Tex. · 2024 · confidence medium
Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Leyva v. Bascai, Inc.
W.D. Tex. · 2024 · confidence medium
Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Toth Enterprises II, P.A v. Forage (3×) also: Cited "see"
W.D. Tex. · 2023 · confidence medium
Germain v. Howard, 556 F.3d 261, 263 (5th Cir. 2009) (citing Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Energium Health v. Ali M Gabali
N.D. Tex. · 2023 · confidence medium
To state a civil RICO claim under any of the relevant subsections, a plaintiff must adequately allege “(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (Sth Cir. 2007) (quoting Word of Faith World Outreach Ctr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Munck Wilson Mandala LLP v. Jordan
N.D. Tex. · 2023 · confidence medium
A pattern of racketeering activity “consists of two or more predicate criminal acts that are (1) related and (2) amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Amuneke-Nze v. Crain
W.D. Tex. · 2023 · confidence medium
Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Green v. Hall Davis and Sons
M.D. La. · 2023 · confidence medium
Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007), citing Word of Faith, 90 F.3d at 122 (quoting In re Burzynski, 989 F.2d 733 , 741–42 (5th Cir.1993)) (“RICO claims under § 1962 have three common elements: ‘(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.’”)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company v. Misra, M.D
W.D. Tex. · 2023 · confidence medium
Germain v. Howard, 556 F.3d 261, 263 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (quoting Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) DOH Oil Company v. Kahle
W.D. Tex. · 2023 · confidence medium
And once there is a final title determination, the operator will cease suspending royalties and pay revenue to whomever the Court determines to 34 Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting Sawyer, 90 F.3d at 122 ). 35 H.J.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Megatel Homes LLC v. Moayedi (2×) also: Cited "see"
N.D. Tex. · 2022 · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1962(b), plaintiffs must set forth sufficient allegations to “show a causal nexus between their injuries and the Defendants’ acquisition or maintenance of an interest in the enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 357 (5th Cir. 2007); see also Crowe v. Henry, 43 F.3d 198, 205 (5th Cir. Memorandum Opinion and Order - Page 19 1995) (“As to subsection (b), a plaintiff must show that his injuries were proximately caused by a RICO person gaining an interest in, or control of, the enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity.”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) D&T Partners LLC v. Baymark Partners LP
N.D. Tex. · 2022 · confidence medium
Inc., 492 U.S. at 242; Malvino, 840 F.3d at 232 (listing cases finding that closed periods of less than twelve months were not a “substantial period,” while four years was); Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 356 (5th Cir. 2007) (finding two years sufficient for pleading a substantial period of time).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Meier v. UHS of Delaware, Inc.
E.D. Tex. · 2022 · confidence medium
Snow Ingredients, Inc. v. SnoWizard, Inc., 833 F.3d 512 , 523–24 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007)). “‘Racketeering activity’ means any of the predicate acts specified in § 1961(1).” Zastrow v. Hous.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Megatel Homes LLC v. Moayedi
N.D. Tex. · 2021 · confidence medium
Racketeering Activity “Racketeering activity consists of two or more predicate criminal acts that are (1) related and (2) amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (citing Word of Faith World Outreach Ctr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Megatel Homes LLC v. Moayedi (2×) also: Cited "see"
N.D. Tex. · 2021 · confidence medium
Racketeering Activity “Racketeering activity consists of two or more predicate criminal acts that are (1) related and (2) amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (citing Word of Faith World Outreach Ctr.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hebert v. Central Intelligence Agency
W.D. La. · 2021 · confidence medium
Mgmt., L.L.C., 838 F.3d 629, 636 (5th Cir. 2016) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1964 (c)). 36 Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007). 37 St.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United Healthcare Services Inc v. Next Health LLC (2×) also: Cited "see"
N.D. Tex. · 2021 · confidence medium
RICO violation claims “have three common elements: (1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007); 18 U.S.C. § 1962 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Gregory Sullo and Brian Zimmerman v. Felix Michael Kubosh A/K/A Kubosh Bail Bonding, Paul Kubosh A/K/A Kubosh Law Office
Tex. App. · 2020 · confidence medium
Snow Ingredients, Inc. v. SnoWizard, Inc., 833 F.3d 512 , 523–24 (5th Cir. 2016); Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Cothran v. Koomson
E.D. Tex. · 2020 · confidence medium
To establish the first prong of a Section 1962 claim, a plaintiff must adequately plead that a defendant is: “(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (quotations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jacob Davis v. City of Alvarado
5th Cir. · 2020 · confidence medium
“Regardless of subsection, RICO claims under § 1962 have three common elements: ‘(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control 4 To the extent Davis also challenges the district court’s denial of his request for declaratory relief, we conclude that the district court did not err in doing so because a plaintiff is not entitled to a declaratory judgment when a court must dismiss his underlying claims. 5 For this reason, we do not reach the magistrate judge’s recommendation that Dill and Omotoya ar…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mastec Renewables Puerto Rico LLC v. Mammoth Energy Services, Inc.
S.D. Fla. · 2020 · confidence medium
United States v. Busacca, 936 F.2d 232, 238 (6th Cir. 1991); Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 356 (5th Cir. 2007) (finding continuity where “there [wa]s no reason to suppose that [the defendants’] systematic victimization allegedly begun [years earlier] would not have continued indefinitely had the [p]laintiffs not filed th[eir] lawsuit”); Allwaste, Inc. v. Hecht, 65 F.3d 1523, 1530 (9th Cir. 1995) (noting that the “[d]efendant[s’] willingness to participate in the kickback scheme and their affirmative misrepresentations . . . demonstrate[d] that if they had not been fortuitously inte…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) ESPOT, Inc. v. MyVue Media, LLC
E.D. Tex. · 2020 · confidence medium
Plaintiffs seeking to establish an open-ended RICO pattern instead must show “either that the predicate acts establish a ‘specific threat of repetition extending indefinitely into the future’ or ‘that the predicates are a regular way of conducting the defendant’s ongoing legitimate business.’” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting Word of Faith, 90 F.3d at 122 ).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Burrell v. Concept Ag. LLC
N.D. Miss. · 2020 · confidence medium
The Fifth Circuit has held that “[t]o state a claim under [1962](a), a plaintiff must allege an injury from the use or investment of racketeering income.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 356 (5th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) JMF Medical, LLC v. Team Health, LLC (2×)
M.D. La. · 2020 · confidence medium
(Id. at 22 (citing Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007))).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) 6315 Magazine, LLC v. Flot Nola, LLC (2×)
E.D. La. · 2020 · confidence medium
To plead a RICO claim under any subsection of § 1962, a plaintiff must allege “(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Arruda v. Curves International, Inc.
W.D. Tex. · 2020 · confidence medium
Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007). 1.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Alvarez v. Martinez
S.D. Tex. · 2020 · confidence medium
In order to state a claim under RICO, a plaintiff must establish that a person has engaged in (1) a pattern of racketeering activity that is (2) connected to an “enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 11 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Gregory Sullo and Brian Zimmerman v. Felix Michael Kubosh A/K/A Kubosh Bail Bonding, Paul Kubosh A/K/A Kubosh Law Office
Tex. App. · 2019 · confidence medium
Snow Ingredients, Inc. v. SnoWizard, Inc., 833 F.3d 512 , 523–24 (5th Cir. 2016); Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) GFRS Equipment Leasing Fund II LLC v. Nguyen
N.D. Tex. · 2019 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 356 (5th Cir. 2007) (holding that the plaintiffs had sufficiently pled “a continuity of racketeering activity, or its threat” when the defendants engaged in at least a two-year scheme involving repeated international travel to convince up to 200 or more victims to participate in a fraudulent scheme, emphasizing the finding that there were multiple victims and the criminal activity might have continued had the plaintiffs not filed the lawsuit).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Provost v. First Guaranty Bank
E.D. La. · 2019 · confidence medium
Because Plaintiff identified Duhon as the “person” and First Guaranty Bank as the “enterprise,” this “allegation is sufficient to demonstrate that the RICO person, an individual employee of the corporation, is distinct from the RICO enterprise, the corporation itself.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 357 (5th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Brickley ex rel. CryptoMetrics, Inc. Creditors' Trust v. ScanTech Identification Beams Systems, LLC (2×)
W.D. Tex. · 2017 · confidence medium
To state a RICO claim, plaintiffs must allege the following elements: “(1) a person who engage's in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Snow Ingredients, Incorporated v. SnoWizard
5th Cir. · 2016 · confidence medium
Tó establish a civil-RICO claim, a plaintiff must establish three common ele *524 ments: “(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham, v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting Word of Faith World Outreach Ctr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Allstate Insurance Co. v. Benhamou
S.D. Tex. · 2016 · confidence medium
It is not until his reply (Doc. 21) that the KPMG case and Article Ill’s requirement that claims not be "too conjectural or hypothetical” are raised. , Compare Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 357 (5th Cir.2007) (holding that a corporate employee who is alleged to be a RICO enterprise person is sufficiently distinct from corporation as enterprise), and Cedric Kushner, 533 U.S. at 164 , 121 S.Ct. 2087 (holding that owners of corporations who are alleged RICO enterprise persons are sufficiently distinct from the corporation as the enterprise), with Foufas, 867 F.2d at 881 (holding that a comp…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Richard Wolf v. Bank of America, N.A., et a
5th Cir. · 2016 · confidence medium
Claims under RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1962 , have three common elements: “(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir.2007) (quoting Word of Faith World Outreach Ctr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Puerto Rico Medical Emergency Group, Inc. v. Iglesia Episcopal Puertorriqueña, Inc.
D.P.R. · 2015 · confidence medium
Operating Co. v. Cigna Healthcare, 781 F.3d 182, 202 (5th Cir.2015) (explaining that,. to state a section 1962(b) claim, plaintiff had to show that its injuries “were proximately caused by a RICO person gaining an interest in, or control of, the enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity” (quoting Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 357 (5th Cir.2007))).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Zastrow v. Houston Auto Imports Greenway Ltd.
5th Cir. · 2015 · confidence medium
A pattern of racketeering activity “consists of two or more predicate criminal acts that are (1) related and (2) amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.” Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir.2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).
examined Cited as authority (rule) North Cypress Medical Center Operating Co. v. Cigna Healthcare (3×)
5th Cir. · 2015 · confidence medium
Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir.2007). 111 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) David v. Signal International, LLC
E.D. La. · 2014 · confidence medium
Abraham v. Singh, 480 F.3d 351, 355 (5th Cir.2007).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Roy ABRAHAM; Et Al., Plaintiffs, Roy Abraham; Jacob George; Cicil Antony Akkara; Appala Raju Allipilli; Samuel Kutty Ampazhatthummootil; Et Al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
B.J. SINGH, Individually Etc.; Et Al., Defendants, Chad Chandler, Individually; Falcon Steel Structures, Inc., Defendants-Appellees
05-30860.
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
Feb 26, 2007.
480 F.3d 351
Bill Kent Felty (argued), Tulsa, OK, Brent D. Burley, The Burley Law Firm, Gonzales, LA, for Plaintiffs-Appellants., Michael Reese Davis (argued), L.J. Hy-mel, Hymel, Davis & Petersen, LLC, Baton Rouge, LA, for Defendants-Appellees.
Jones, Wiener, Barksdale.
Cited by 76 opinions  |  Published
Pinpoint authority: bottom 56%
EDITH H. JONES, Chief Judge:

What began with' promising hopes for employment in the United States culminated in this RICO lawsuit by Indian citizens who were recruited under false pretenses to become steelworkers in Louisiana. The Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) dismissal of their claim that Defendants violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1968, Because the Plaintiffs have adequately pled a pattern of racketeering activity and stated claims under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) and (d), we REVERSE the dismissal of their RICO claim and REMAND for further proceedings.

I. BACKGROUND

According to the allegations in a lengthy complaint, the Plaintiffs were recruited by Chad Chandler between November 2000 and December 2002 to travel to the United States to work for his company, Falcon Steel Structures, Inc. (“Falcon Steel”). To persuade Plaintiffs to travel to the United States, Chandler allegedly made various misrepresentations regarding the terms of their employment and permanent resident status. Among other things, Chandler promised the Plaintiffs full-time employment for at least two years at Falcon[*354] Steel. Defendants obtained H2B visas for Plaintiffs, which they allege bound them to Falcon Steel,- and arranged their transportation from India to Houma, Louisiana. In return, each Plaintiff paid Chandler between $7,000 and $20,000, often by obtaining loans in India at high interest rates.

Upon arriving in the United States, Plaintiffs found that things were not as promised. Contrary to what they had been told, Falcon Steel was not a manufacturing facility and had no jobs for them. Defendants confiscated their passports and housed them in poor conditions with little food. Chandler threatened Plaintiffs with punitive measures for complaining about the lack of employment or food. Plaintiffs were limited in their ability to find other work because of their limited-purpose visas, and those who inquired about employment elsewhere were threatened with imprisonment and deportation. Those Plaintiffs who found other employment, often by being “farmed out” by Falcon Steel, were assessed arbitrary fees and had their wages skimmed. Chandler also demanded an additional $5,000 for the already promised permanent resident status.

Defendants continued their unlawful scheme, Plaintiffs alleged, until this lawsuit was filed in January 2004. Plaintiffs sued Chandler and Falcon Steel, alleging human trafficking, state law claims of breach of contract and fraudulent inducement, and RICO violations. The alleged racketeering acts included money laundering, peonage, visa fraud, immigration violations, Travel Act violations, and Hobbs Act extortion. As required by local rules, Plaintiffs prepared a precisely worded RICO statement.

Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Concluding that the Plaintiffs had not shown that the predicate acts posed a threat of continuing racketeering activity, "the district court granted the motion, dismissed the RICO claim, and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ state-law claims. Plaintiffs now appeal. [1]

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This court reviews de novo the district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Nolen v. Nucentrix Broadband Networks Inc., 293 F.3d 926, 928 (5th Cir.2002). We accept all of the Plaintiffs’ allegations as true and uphold the district court’s dismissal “only if it appears that no relief could be granted under any set of facts that could be proven consistent with the allegations.” Word of Faith World Outreach Ctr. Church, Inc. v. Sawyer, 90 F.3d 118, 122 (5th Cir.1996) (quoting Rubinstein v. Collins, 20 F.3d 160, 166 (5th Cir.1994)); Crowe v. Henry, 43 F.3d 198, 203 (5th Cir.1995).

III. DISCUSSION

A. Pattern of Racketeering Activity

Plaintiffs allege that Defendants violated 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a), (b), (c), and (d). These RICO subsections state, in their simplest terms, that:

(a) a person who has received income from a pattern of racketeering activity cannot invest that income in an enterprise;
(b) a person cannot acquire or maintain an interest in an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering;
(c) a person who is employed by or associated with an enterprise cannot conduct the affairs of the enterprise[*355] through a pattern of racketeering activity; and
(d) a person cannot conspire to violate subsections (a), (b), or (c).

Crowe, 43 F.3d at 203. Regardless of subsection, RICO claims under § 1962 have three common elements: “(1) a person who engages in (2) a pattern of racketeering activity, (3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct, or control of an enterprise.” Word of Faith, 90 F.3d at 122 (quoting In re Burzynski, 989 F.2d 733, 741-42 (5th Cir.1993)).

As in Word of Faith, the central issue in this appeal is whether the Plaintiffs adequately pled a “pattern of racketeering activity.” See id. “Racketeering activity” consists of two or more predicate criminal acts that are (1) related and (2) “amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.” Id. (citing H.J. Inc. v. Nw. Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 239, 109 S.Ct. 2893, 2900, 106 L.Ed.2d 195 (1989)).

The district court assumed that the Plaintiffs had sufficiently alleged that the predicate acts were related. Addressing the continuity prong, however, the court found that the predicate acts did not pose a threat of continuing racketeering activity. We, too, need only address the continuity prong of the analysis.

In H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 492 U.S. 229, 109 S.Ct. 2893, 106 L.Ed.2d 195 (1989), the Supreme Court held, “[c]ontinuity is both a closed- and open-ended concept, referring either to a closed period of repeated conduct, or past conduct that by its nature projects into the future with a threat of repetition.” Id. at 241, 109 S.Ct. at 2902. Plaintiffs have alleged open-ended continuity, which can be shown by demonstrating either that the predicate acts establish a “specific threat of repetition extending indefinitely into the future” or “that the predicates are a regular way of conducting the defendant’s ongoing legitimate business.” Word of Faith, 90 F.3d at 122 (quoting H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 242-43, 109 S.Ct. at 2902). As the Court noted in H.J. Inc., “Congress was concerned in RICO with long-term criminal conduct.” 492 U.S. at 242, 109 S.Ct. at 2902.

Nevertheless, “[i]t is unnecessary to delve into the arcane concepts of a closed-end or open-ended continuity under RICO” in cases “where alleged RICO predicate acts are part and parcel of a single, otherwise lawful transaction,” for in such cases, “a ‘pattern of racketeering activity’ has not been shown.” 'Word of Faith, 90 F.3d at 123. For example, in Word of Faith, we held that a church had failed to satisfy the continuity requirement where the church alleged predicate acts involving the production of television news programs that were part of a single, lawful endeavor. Id.

Following Word of Faith, the district court found that the Plaintiffs’ RICO claim failed for lack of continuity because the only adequately alleged predicate acts took place in the context of the Plaintiffs’ recruitment and entry into the United States. The court reasoned that, as in Word of Faith, the Defendants’ actions were part of a single transaction because the predicate acts—recruiting, collecting fees, and obtaining fraudulent visas—all took place in the past. The court concluded that the predicate acts neither threatened long-term criminal activity nor constituted Defendants’ regular way of conducting their business.

In light of the liberal pleading standard with which the Plaintiffs’ allegations must be viewed, see Jones v. Bock, — U.S. —, 127 S.Ct. 910, 919, 166 L.Ed.2d 798 (2007), the district court erred in turning the Supreme Court’s explanation of the continuity prong into a stringent pleading[*356] requirement. See Whelan v. Winchester Prod. Co., 319 F.3d 225, 231 (5th Cir.2003); see also H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 241, 109 S.Ct. at 2902 (“[Showing continuity] may be done in a variety of ways, thus making it difficult to formulate in the abstract any general test for continuity. We can, however, begin to delineate the requirement.”). For pleading purposes, we must determine whether a pattern of racketeering has been alleged that is sufficiently similar to what the Supreme Court contemplated in its H.J., Inc. discussion and what this Court has held to constitute a pattern of racketeering activity. At this early stage, a plaintiffs burden is not tied to the precise language that the Supreme Court used but to the Court’s general explanation of the statute. Thus, the Court itself provided examples of how the continuity element may be satisfied and cautioned that the analysis “depends on the specific facts of each case ... [and] cannot be fixed in advance with such clarity that it will always be apparent.” Id. at 242-43, 109 S.Ct. at 2902.

Based on these standards, Plaintiffs have sufficiently pled “a continuity of racketeering activity, or its threat.” Id. at 241, 109 S.Ct. at 2902. The Plaintiffs did not allege predicate acts “extending over a few weeks or months and threatening no future criminal conduct.” Id. at 242, 109 S.Ct. at 2902. Rather, they alleged that the Defendants engaged in at least a two-year scheme involving repeated international travel to convince up to 200 or more Indian citizens to borrow thousands of dollars to travel to the United States only to find upon their arrival that things were not as they had been promised. See, e.g., United States v. Delgado, 401 F.3d 290, 298 (5th Cir.2005); Abell v. Potomac Ins. Co., 946 F.2d 1160, 1168 (5th Cir.1991). Moreover, the allegations include not just Plaintiffs’ recruitment in India but also their treatment in the United States. Unlike our precedents identifying a single illegal transaction, there are multiple victims, and there is no reason to suppose that this systematic victimization allegedly begun in November 2000 would not have continued indefinitely had the Plaintiffs not filed this lawsuit. Cf. Word of Faith, 90 F.3d at 123; In re Burzynski, 989 F.2d 733, 743 (5th Cir.1993); Calcasieu Marine Nat’l Bank v. Grant, 943 F.2d 1453, 1464 (5th Cir.1991); Howell Hydrocarbons, Inc. v. Adams, 897 F.2d l83, 193 (5th Cir.1990); Delta Truck & Tractor, Inc. v. J.I. Case Co., 855 F.2d 241, 244 (5th Cir.1988).

After a careful review of the complaint, we are confident that the allegations satisfy the liberal pleading standard and allege continuity of racketeering activity. The district court erred in granting the Defendants’ motion to dismiss on this basis.

B. Violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a), (b), (c), and (d)

Defendants also contend that the Plaintiffs have failed to adequately allege violations of the RICO subsections. See Crowe, 43 F.3d at 205. We agree that the complaint fails even the liberal pleading standard for subsections (a) and (b), but Plaintiffs have adequately alleged violations of subsections (c) and (d).

1. 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a)

To state a claim under subsection (a), a plaintiff must allege an injury from “the use or investment of racketeering income.” St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co. v. Williamson, 224 F.3d 425, 441 (5th Cir.2000) (citations omitted). An injury arising “solely from the predicate racketeering acts themselves is not sufficient.” Nolen, 293 F.3d at 929. In this case, Plaintiffs have alleged nothing more than that their injuries were caused by the Defendants’ “use and investment of income derived[*357] from the pattern of racketeering activity.” Plainly, Plaintiffs’ alleged injuries stem not from the use or investment of racketeering income, but from the Defendants’ alleged predicate acts of visa fraud, immigration violations, Travel Act violations, and money laundering. See id. at 929-30; Williamson, 224 F.3d at 441; cf. Crowe, 43 F.3d at 205. Conclusory allegations are insufficient to state a claim under § 1962(a). See Nolen, 293 F.3d at 928; Whelan, 319 F.3d at 230.

2. 18 U.S.C. § 1962(b)

We have interpreted subsection (b) as stating that “a person cannot acquire or maintain an interest in an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering.” Crowe, 43 F.3d at 203. Plaintiffs must show that their injuries were “proximately caused by a RICO person gaining an interest in, or control of, the enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity.” Id. at 205. Plaintiffs, again in conclusory terms, averred that the Defendants “have, through a pattern of racketeering activity, maintained ... an interest in or control of an enterprise.” Their complaint describes no facts that would show a causal relationship between their injuries and the Defendants’ acquisition or maintenance of an interest in the enterprise. See id. at 205 (“there must be a nexus between the claimed RICO violations and the injury suffered”); Old Time Enters., Inc. v. Int’l Coffee Corp., 862 F.2d 1213, 1219 (5th Cir.1989). Because of this critical deficiency, Plaintiffs’ § 1962(b) claim must be dismissed.

8. 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)

Subsection (c) prohibits any ‘“person employed by or associated with any enterprise’ from participating in or conducting the affairs of the enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity.” Crowe, 43 F.3d at 205 (emphasis in original). To state a claim under subsection (c), a plaintiff must demonstrate, inter alia, that the RICO person is distinct from the RICO enterprise. Id. at 205-06; Whelan, 319 F.3d at 229. In this case, Plaintiffs have identified Chandler as the RICO person and Falcon Steel as the RICO enterprise. This allegation is sufficient to demonstrate that the RICO person, an individual employee of the corporation, is distinct from the RICO enterprise, the corporation itself. See Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King, 533 U.S. 158, 163, 121 S.Ct. 2087, 2091, 150 L.Ed.2d 198 (2001) (“The corporate owner/employee, a natural person, is distinct from the corporation itself, a legally different entity”); Williamson, 224 F.3d at 447; see also Khurana v. Innovative Health Care Sys., Inc., 130 F.3d 143, 156 (5th Cir.1997), vacated on other grounds, Teel v. Khurana, 525 U.S. 979, 119 S.Ct. 442, 142 L.Ed.2d 397 (1998). Accordingly, Plaintiffs have alleged sufficient facts to state a claim under § 1962(c).

A 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d)

Plaintiffs have also alleged that Defendants conspired to violate § 1962(a), (b), and (c). “[B]ecause the core of a RICO civil conspiracy is an agreement to commit predicate acts, a RICO civil conspiracy complaint, at the very least, must allege specifically such an agreement.” Crowe, 43 F.3d at 206 (quoting Te l-Phonic Servs., Inc. v. TBS Int’l, Inc., 975 F.2d 1134, 1140 (5th Cir.1992)). Plaintiffs specifically alleged that the Defendants entered into an agreement and that each agreed to commit at least two predicate acts of racketeering. These allegations are specific enough to state a claim that the Defendants conspired to violate § 1962(c).

[*358] IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the Plaintiffs adequately pleaded violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) and (d) but not § 1962(a) and (b). We express no view on the ultimate determination of the Defendants’ liability. In a related matter, we are confident that, on remand, the district court will reconsider its decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction over the Plaintiffs’ state law claims. Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court’s order dismissing Plaintiffs RICO claim and REMAND to the district court for further proceedings.

REVERSED and REMANDED.

1

. Plaintiffs do not appeal the district court's dismissal of their human-trafficking claim.