Rosario Donato v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 206 F.3d 1031 (11th Cir. 2000). · Go Syfert
Rosario Donato v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 206 F.3d 1031 (11th Cir. 2000). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“he phrase 'court of the united states' in 1985(2) refers only to article iii courts and certain federal courts created by act of congress, but not to state courts.”
231 citation events (221 in the last 25 years) across 39 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: CAUSEY v. DAVIS (gamd, 2024-07-17)
Treatment trajectory · 2000 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2000 2013 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) CAUSEY v. DAVIS
M.D. Ga. · 2024 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
it is by now axiomatic that a conspiracy requires a meeting of the minds between two or more persons to accomplish a common and unlawful plan.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Stern v. Roberts (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
M.D. Ala. · 2021 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
chambliss and dickerson remain the law in this circuit.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Procaps S.A. v. Patheon, Inc.
11th Cir. · 2016 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
conspiracy requires a meeting of the minds between two or more persons to accomplish a common and unlawful plan.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) White v. City of Athens (3×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
N.D. Ala. · 2016 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
this outcome flows from the long-established conclusion that the in-tracorporate conspiracy doctrine does not apply to criminal conspiracies.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Vidurek v. Cassadine
S.D.N.Y. · 2021 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
he phrase 'court of the united states' in 1985(2) refers only to article iii courts and certain federal courts created by act of congress, but not to state courts.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Kenneth Carey v. Jonathan Kirk
11th Cir. · 2026 · confidence medium
“Simply put, under the doctrine [of intracorporate conspiracy], a corporation cannot conspire with its employees, and its employees, when acting in the scope of their employment, cannot conspire among themselves.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000).
cited Cited as authority (rule) William E. Matthews, VI v. Antaris Technologies, Inc., et al.
N.D. Ala. · 2026 · confidence medium
McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Congruex, LLC, et al. v. CCU, LLC, et al. (2×) also: Cited "see"
S.D. Fla. · 2026 · confidence medium
McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (cleaned up).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) DAVIS v. THE FRANKLIN COUNTY SCHOOL SYSTEM
M.D. Ga. · 2026 · confidence medium
The District moved to dismiss any conspiracy claim against it as barred by the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine.7 That doctrine holds that “acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Reaves v. City of Montgomery
M.D. Ala. · 2025 · confidence medium
Specifically, “[t]he intracorporate conspiracy doctrine holds that acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.” Grider v. City of Auburn, 618 F.3d 1240, 1261 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bethel v. United Parcel Service, Inc.
S.D. Ala. · 2025 · confidence medium
Under the intra-corporate conspiracy doctrine, “a corporation cannot conspire with its employees, and its employees, when acting in the scope of their employment, cannot conspire among themselves.” Denney v. City of Albany, 247 F.3d 1172 , 1190 (11th Cir. 2001) (quoting McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hopps v. City of Tampa
M.D. Fla. · 2025 · confidence medium
However, there is a “long- established conclusion that the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine does not apply to criminal conspiracies.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1035 (11th Cir. 2000).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Coleman v. Kendall
S.D.W. Va · 2025 · confidence medium
Va. Mar. 7, 2017) (citing McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000)); see also Am.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) TOBIN v. FLOWERS
N.D. Fla. · 2025 · confidence medium
Additionally, Tobin has not “provide[d] sufficient allegations to make plausible that there was a ‘meeting of the minds between two or more persons to accomplish [the] common and unlawful plan,’” which is required “[i]rrespective of the type of conspiracy alleged.” Id. (citing McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000)) (en banc).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) ECB USA, Inc. v. Savencia, S.A.
D. Del. · 2025 · confidence medium
The intra-corporate conspiracy doctrine provides that “a corporation cannot conspire with its employees, and its employees, when acting in the scope of their employment, cannot conspire among themselves.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Evans v. The City of Lynchburg
W.D. Va. · 2025 · confidence medium
Va. Mar. 7, 2017) (citing McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000)); see also Am.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) PAULCIN v. CHUNN
N.D. Fla. · 2025 · confidence medium
For example, Plaintiff alleged that 2 The “intracorporate conspiracy doctrine holds that acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoted in Grider v. City of Auburn, 618 F.3d 1240, 1261 (11th Cir. 2010)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Echols v. CSX Transportation, Inc.
E.D. Va. · 2025 · confidence medium
In any event, he most certainly fails on the first two elementsFirst, “just as it is not legally possible for an individual person to conspire with himself, it is not possible for a single legal entity consisting of the corporation and its agents to conspire with itself.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Essex Capital Group, INC v. Warnell, Jr.
M.D. Fla. · 2024 · confidence medium
Civil Conspiracy To plead civil conspiracy, Essex must sufficiently allege “an agreement between two or more people to achieve an illegal objective, an overt act in furtherance of that illegal objective, and a resulting injury to the plaintiff.” Wainberg v. Mellichamp, 93 F.4th 1221 , 1225 (11th Cir. 2024) (quoting McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Diamonds Direct v. Manly Bands
D. Utah · 2024 · confidence medium
Utah courts have recognized, however, that “it is not possible for a single legal entity consisting of the corporation and its agents to conspire with itself.” Tomlinson v. NCR Corp., 296 P.3d 760, 768 (Utah Ct. App. 2013), rev’d on other grounds, 345 P.3d 523 (Utah 2014) (quoting McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Frazier v. Eagle Air Med Corporation
D. Utah · 2024 · confidence medium
Utah Sept. 11, 2013) (citing Zelinger v. Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co., 316 F.2d 47, 52 (10th Cir. 1963)). 53 Tomlinson v. NCR Corp., 2013 UT App 26, ¶ 18 , 296 P.3d 760 rev’d on other grounds, 2014 UT 55 , 345 P.3d 523 , (quoting McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000)). 54 Docket No. 66 ¶¶ 16–18.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bates v. Sequel Youth and Family Services LLC (2×)
N.D. Ala. · 2024 · confidence medium
But, as Plaintiffs note, an important exception to this doctrine exists: “the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine cannot shield corporate employees and corporations accused of criminal conspiracies.” Id. at 1039.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Johnson-Nixon v. Brunswick Housing Authority
S.D. Ga. · 2024 · confidence medium
“Irrespective of the type of conspiracy alleged [under § 1985(2)], the plaintiff must provide sufficient allegations to make plausible that there was a ‘meeting of the minds between two or more persons to accomplish [the] common and unlawful plan.’” Jimenez, 644 F. App’x at 873 (quoting McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Reaves v. City of Montgomery
M.D. Ala. · 2024 · confidence medium
Second, Mayor Reed argues that Reaves’ claim is barred by the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine, which holds that “a corporation cannot conspire with its employees, and its employees, when acting in the scope of their employment, cannot conspire among themselves.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc).13 The Court need not address Mayor Reed’s first argument because the 13 The Eleventh Circuit has held that the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine applies to public, governmental entities.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Dr. Robert H. Wainberg v. James Mellichamp
11th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
A civil conspiracy, in turn, requires “an agreement between two or more people to achieve an illegal objective, an overt act in furtherance of that illegal objective, and a resulting in- jury to the plaintiff.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Bivens Gardens Office Bldg., Inc. v. Barnett Banks Inc., 140 F.3d 898, 912 (11th Cir. 1998)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Andrews v. D'Souza
N.D. Ga. · 2023 · confidence medium
The Statute The Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 (also known as the Civil Rights Act of 1871) “was passed in response to a rising tide of Klan terrorism against blacks and Union sympathizers and was designed to proscribe conspiracies having the object or effect of frustrating the constitutional operations of government through assaults on the person, property, and liberties of individuals.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1041 (11th Cir. 2000) (cleaned up).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Smith v. Boston Red Sox
M.D. Fla. · 2023 · confidence medium
Even if the AC pled what Plaintiff asserts in her brief—that the company shared Plaintiff’s vaccination information with Plaintiff’s direct supervisor—that would also be insufficient, partly because “under basic agency principles, the acts of a corporation's agents are considered to be those of a single legal actor.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000)(citing Dussouy v. Gulf Coast Inv.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Makere v. Allstate Insurance Company
M.D. Fla. · 2023 · confidence medium
Thus, regardless of which subsection applies, “the plaintiff must provide sufficient allegations to make plausible that there was a ‘meeting of the minds between two or more persons to accomplish [the] common and unlawful plan.’” See Jimenez v. Wizel, 644 F. App’x 868, 873 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000)). “[W]here the plaintiff fails to allege an agreement, the pleading is deficient and subject to dismissal.” Mickens, 181 F. App’x at 876 (citing Bailey, 956 F.2d at 1122 ).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Moss v. Inch
M.D. Fla. · 2023 · confidence medium
“The intracorporate conspiracy doctrine holds that acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hill v. North Mobile Nursing and Rehabilitation
S.D. Ala. · 2023 · confidence medium
Third, to the extent Plaintiff alleges North Mobile Nursing and Odom conspired together, such claim also fails under the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine, which holds “a corporation cannot conspire with its employees, and its employees, when acting in the scope of their employment, cannot conspire among themselves.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Ford v. Smitherman
M.D. Ala. · 2023 · confidence medium
Brown and Ellison argue that Warren’s claim is barred by the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine.5 “The intracorporate conspiracy doctrine holds that acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.” Denney v. City of Albany, 247 F.3d 1172 , 1190 (11th Cir. 2001) (quoting McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Baugh v. Austal USA, LLC
S.D. Ala. · 2023 · confidence medium
However, as noted by the Eleventh Circuit in McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc): The intracorporate conspiracy doctrine holds that acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) C H v. ASHLEY
N.D. Fla. · 2022 · confidence medium
Intracorporate Conspiracy Doctrine Finally, C.H.’s civil conspiracy claims also are barred by the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine, pursuant to which a legal entity—such as the School District or the School Board—“cannot conspire with its employees, and its employees, when acting in the scope of their employment, cannot conspire among themselves.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000);13 see also Denney, 247 F.3d at 1190.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Prince v. Hui Huliau
N.D. Ala. · 2022 · confidence medium
The doctrine “holds that acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). “[U]nder the doctrine, a corporation cannot conspire with its employees, and its employees, when acting in the scope of their employment, cannot conspire among themselves.” Id.; see also Denney v. City of Albany, 247 F.3d 1172 , 1190-91 (11th Cir. 2001).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hatfield v. Cottages on 78th Community
10th Cir. · 2022 · confidence medium
Indeed, “[a]s a general rule, ‘it is not possible for a single legal entity consisting of the corporation and its agents to conspire with itself,’ because they do not constitute two separate persons.” Tomlinson v. NCR Corp., 296 P.3d 760, 768 (Utah Ct. App. 2013) (citing McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000)), rev’d on other grounds, 345 P.3d 523 (Utah 2014).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Glenn v. Cleveland Brothers, Inc.(MAG+)
M.D. Ala. · 2022 · confidence medium
“It is by now axiomatic that a conspiracy requires a meeting of the minds between two or more persons to accomplish a common and unlawful plan.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Christopher Tavorris Wilkins
11th Cir. · 2022 · confidence medium
It need not be accompanied by “the use of physical or eco- nomic threat.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1040 (11th Cir. 2000).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Glenn v. Cleveland Brothers, Inc.(MAG+)
M.D. Ala. · 2021 · confidence medium
Irrespective of the type of conspiracy alleged, the plaintiff must provide sufficient allegations to make plausible that there was a “meeting of the minds between two or more persons to accomplish a common and unlawful plan.” See McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Johnson v. Colbert County Alabama
N.D. Ala. · 2021 · confidence medium
An exception exists for “criminal conspiracies where the conduct violates the federal criminal code.” Grider v. City of Auburn, 618 F.3d 1240, 1263 (citing McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1034 (11th Cir. 2000)).7 6 In Denney, the Eleventh Circuit rejected the plaintiffs’ § 1985 conspiracy claims where the two alleged conspirators were employed by the city, the employees allegedly conspired in the firefighter promotion process, and “no outsiders [were] alleged to be involved.” 247 F.3d at 1191.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hernandez v. Pasco County Sheriff's Department
M.D. Fla. · 2021 · confidence medium
And, Florida’s limited waiver of sovereign immunity in § 768.28, Florida Statutes, does not constitute consent to be sued in federal court under corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). § 1983.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Martinez Verde v. Pasco County Sheriff's Department
M.D. Fla. · 2021 · confidence medium
Under the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine, “acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) SCANZ TECHNOLOGIES, INC v. JEWMON ENTERPRISES, LLC
S.D. Fla. · 2021 · confidence medium
While the While the Defendants correctly note that the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine “holds that acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000), the Defendants fail to acknowledge that while Westphal and Sykes may be members of JewMon Enterprises, LLC, the Defendants do not allege JewMon, and the other corporate entity Defendants are related.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. WAVEFRONT, LLC
D.N.J. · 2021 · confidence medium
Ga. 2012) (concluding that the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine did not apply to the FCA claim in that case because the relator alleged conduct that would violate the FCA and 18 U.S.C. § 371 ; there is an exception to the doctrine for criminal conspiracies under 18 U.S.C. § 371 ; and the doctrine “cannot shield the same conspiracy, 20 alleging the same criminal wrongdoing, from civil liability” (quoting McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1034 (11th Cir. 2000)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Feng v. Walsh
S.D. Fla. · 2020 · confidence medium
Corp., 976 So. 2d 92, 94 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008)). “[A] conspiracy requires a meeting of the minds between two or more persons to accomplish a common and unlawful plan.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (citing Bivens Gardens Office Bldg., Inc. v. Barnett Banks of Fla., Inc., 140 F.3d 898, 912 (11th Cir. 1998)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Jarvis v. Taylor
M.D. Ala. · 2020 · confidence medium
McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) MorningStar Fellowship Church v. York County South Carolina
D.S.C. · 2020 · confidence medium
Under the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine, “a corporation [and municipality] cannot conspire with its employees, and, its employees, when acting in the scope of their employment, cannot 18 conspire among themselves.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036-37 (11th Cir. 2000); see also Nelson Radio & Supply Co. v. Motorola, Inc., 200 F.2d 911, 914 (5th Cir. 1952) (“a corporation cannot conspire with itself any more than a private individual can, and it is the general rule that the acts of the agent are the acts of the corporation.”); Michelin v. Jenkins, 704 F. Supp 1…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Michael Hogan v. City of Fort Walton Beach
11th Cir. · 2020 · confidence medium
“The intracorporate conspiracy doctrine holds that acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Dyal v. Gardner
M.D. Fla. · 2020 · confidence medium
Yet, under the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine “acts of corporate agents are attributed to the corporation itself, thereby negating the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Doe v. The University of South Alabama
S.D. Ala. · 2020 · confidence medium
The doctrine, which applies only to civil causes of action, “developed out of basic agency principles that attribute the actions of a corporation's agents to the corporation itself, which negates ‘the multiplicity of actors necessary for the formation of a conspiracy.’ ” White, 169 F. Supp.3d at 1269 (quoting McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir. 2000)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Merchant One, Inc. v. TLO, Inc.
S.D. Fla. · 2020 · confidence medium
Corp., 575 So.2d 673, 676 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) “Just as it is not legally possible for an individual to conspire with himself, it is not possible for a single legal entity consisting of the corporation and its agents to conspire with itself.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d 1031, 1036 (11th Cir.2000) (citing Dussouy v. Gulf Coast Inv.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Rosario Donato
v.
American Telephone and Telegraph Company
97-2428.
Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
Mar 7, 2000.
206 F.3d 1031

206 F.3d 1031 (11th Cir. 2000)

Rosario DONATO, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 97-2428.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

March 7, 2000.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.

Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, BLACK, Circuit Judge, and HOEVELER[*], Senior District Judge[**]

PER CURIAM:

1

We affirm the district court's dismissal of Appellant's complaint on the basis of the opinion rendered by the Supreme Court of Florida, Donato v. AT & T Co., No. SC93534, --- So.2d ---- (Fla. Jan.20, 2000).

2

AFFIRMED.

Notes:

*

Honorable William M. Hoeveler, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Florida, sitting by designation.

**

Chief Judge R. Lanier Anderson, III, did not participate in this decision. This decision is rendered by a quorum. 28 U.S.C. § 46(d).