Terrance Shaw v. Paul Kemper, 52 F.4th 331 (7th Cir. 2022). · Go Syfert
Terrance Shaw v. Paul Kemper, 52 F.4th 331 (7th Cir. 2022). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“we have no difficulty concluding that a handicapped-accessible toilet for disabled prisoners amounts to a service, the denial of which could establish a claim under either statute.”
65 citation events (65 in the last 25 years) across 11 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Jose Montanez v. Paula Price (ca3, 2025-10-08)
Treatment trajectory · 2023 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2023 2024 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 41 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Jose Montanez v. Paula Price
3rd Cir. · 2025 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
we have no difficulty concluding that a handicapped-accessible toilet for disabled prisoners amounts to a service, the denial of which could establish a claim under either statute.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Thompson v. RJD CF Warden
S.D. Cal. · 2025 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
shaw's confinement 25 to a wheelchair and incontinence render him disabled within the meaning of the 26 ada.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Hunter v. Illinois Department of Corrections
S.D. Ill. · 2024 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
we have no difficulty concluding that a handicapped-accessible toilet for disabled prisoners amounts to a service, the denial of which could establish a claim under either .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Harley M. Brady v. Illinois Department of Corrections, et al.
S.D. Ill. · 2026 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Ashley Gandy v. Christopher Schmaling, et al.
E.D. Wis. · 2026 · confidence medium
To state a claim under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the plaintiff’s allegations must suggest that he is a “‘qualified individual with a disability’ who was ‘denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities’ from the prison ‘by reason of such disability.’” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (quoting 42 U.S.C. §12132 ).
cited Cited as authority (rule) William A. White v. Robert Kenneth Decker, United States of America, Federal Bureau of Prisons
S.D. Ind. · 2026 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Donte Henderson v. Warren DeWolfe, et al.
N.D. Ill. · 2026 · confidence medium
See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A; Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199 , 213–14 (2007); Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 333 (7th Cir. 2022).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Donte Henderson v. Officer Leonardo, et al.
N.D. Ill. · 2026 · confidence medium
See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A; Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199 , 213–14 (2007); Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 333 (7th Cir. 2022).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Christopher M. Hubbert v. Christopher Lane
S.D. Ind. · 2025 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
cited Cited as authority (rule) RODRIGUEZ v. INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
S.D. Ind. · 2025 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022); Lacy v. Cook County, Illinois, 897 F.3d 847, 862 (7th Cir. 2018).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Ward v. Baker
N.D. Ind. · 2025 · confidence medium
To obtain damages under either statute, he “must identify intentional conduct (and not mere negligence) by a named defendant.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Johnson v. Laporte County Sherriffs Dept
N.D. Ind. · 2025 · confidence medium
To recover damages under the ADA, he “must identify intentional conduct (and not mere negligence) by a named defendant.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
cited Cited as authority (rule) SCHROCK v. INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS (IDOC)
S.D. Ind. · 2025 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Powell v. Illinois Department of Corrections
N.D. Ill. · 2024 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022); Jaros v. Ill.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Torres v. Wexford Health Sources Incorporated
S.D. Ill. · 2024 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Brown v. Fromolz
E.D. Wis. · 2024 · confidence medium
To state a claim under the ADA/RA, Brown must plead facts suggesting that he is a “qualified individual with a disability” who “by reason of such disability” was “denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Latrona Renee Moore v. Western Illinois Correctional Center
7th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022); Lacy, 897 F.3d at 862 . “[A] plaintiff can establish intentional discrimination in a Ti- tle II damage action by showing deliberate indifference.” No. 22-1929 17 Lacy, 897 F.3d at 863 .
examined Cited as authority (rule) Bernard v. Illinois Department of Corrections (3×) also: Cited "see"
N.D. Ill. · 2023 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Armour v. Santos
S.D. Ill. · 2023 · confidence medium
A “program” is “anything a prison does” and includes “all of the operations of a prison.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F. 4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2021).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Cooper v. School City of Hammond
N.D. Ind. · 2023 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lee Brown v. Dawn Fofana (2×) also: Cited "see"
7th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
E.g., Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022), citing § 12132 and 28 C.F.R. § 35.130 (b)(7)(i) (reversing dismissal of prisoner’s Title II claim).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lee A. Brown v. Michael Meisner (2×) also: Cited "see"
7th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
E.g., Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022), citing § 12132 and 28 C.F.R. § 35.130 (b)(7)(i) (reversing dismissal of prisoner’s Title II claim).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Torres v. Wexford Health Sources Incorporated
S.D. Ill. · 2023 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (citations omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Tony Love v. Frank Vanihel
7th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
We “liberally construe prisoner complaints,” like Love’s habeas petition, “filed without the assistance of a lawyer.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Tony Love v. Frank Vanihel
7th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
We “liberally construe prisoner complaints,” like Love’s habeas petition, “filed without the assistance of a lawyer.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Tony Love v. Frank Vanihel
7th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
We “liberally construe prisoner complaints,” like Love’s habeas petition, “filed without the assistance of a lawyer.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sayles v. LaPorte County Jail (2×)
N.D. Ind. · 2023 · confidence medium
And Title II of the ADA applies to anything a public entity does.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (quotation marks and citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sayles v. LaPorte County Jail (2×)
N.D. Ind. · 2023 · confidence medium
And Title II of the ADA applies to anything a public entity does.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (quotation marks and citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hildreth v. Wills
S.D. Ill. · 2023 · confidence medium
Count 2 To state a claim under Title II of the ADA, Plaintiff’s “allegations must suggest that he is a ‘qualified individual with a disability’ who was ‘denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities’ from the prison ‘by reason of such disability.’” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F. 4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12132 ).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Decker v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
S.D. Ill. · 2023 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Torres v. Baldwin (3×) also: Cited "see"
S.D. Ill. · 2023 · confidence medium
Furthermore, in order for Plaintiff to recover compensatory damages, he must show “intentional conduct (and not mere negligence)” which has been interpreted to mean he must show the defendant “acted with deliberate indifference to rights conferred by the ADA and Rehabilitation Act.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (citations omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) TAYLOR v. ZATECKY
S.D. Ind. · 2023 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022); Jaros v. Ill.
examined Cited as authority (rule) Schoch v. I.D.O.C. (3×)
N.D. Ind. · 2023 · confidence medium
Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (citing 28 C.F.R. § 35.130 (b)(7) and 28 C.F.R. § 41.53 ).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Williams v. State of Illinois
S.D. Ill. · 2023 · confidence medium
Furthermore, in order for Plaintiff to recover compensatory damages, she must show “intentional conduct (and not mere negligence) by a named defendant,” which has been interpreted to mean she must show the defendant “acted with deliberate indifference to rights conferred by the ADA and Rehabilitation Act.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (citations omitted).
discussed Cited "see" Leischner v. Coeur D'Alene County Sheriff's Office (2×)
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord, Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (“We have no difficulty concluding that a handicapped-accessible toilet for disabled prisoners amounts to a service, the denial of which could establish a claim under either statute [the ADA or RA].”3 See United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151, 157 (2006) (observing that the refusal to accommodate disability-related needs for ‘hygiene’ could constitute the denial of a service)”); Bernard v. Illinois Dep't of Corr., No. 3:20-CV-50412, 2023 WL 8650374 , at *2-3 (N.D.
discussed Cited "see" Leischner v. Coeur D'Alene County Sheriff's Office (2×)
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord, Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022) (“We have no difficulty concluding that a handicapped-accessible toilet for disabled prisoners amounts to a service, the denial of which could establish a claim under either statute [the ADA or RA].”3 See United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151, 157 (2006) (observing that the refusal to accommodate disability-related needs for ‘hygiene’ could constitute the denial of a service)”); Bernard v. Illinois Dep't of Corr., No. 3:20-CV-50412, 2023 WL 8650374 , at *2-3 (N.D.
cited Cited "see" VW v. South Bend Community School Corporation
N.D. Ind. · 2024 · signal: see · confidence high
See Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
discussed Cited "see" Cesca v. Western Illinois University Board of Trustees
C.D. Ill. · 2024 · signal: see · confidence high
See 3 The Seventh Circuit has discussed or mentioned Georgia in majority opinions mainly in the context of prisons, see Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022); Barrett v. Wallace, 570 F. App’x 598 , 600 n.1 (7th Cir. 2014); Jaros, 684 F.3d at 670 ; Norfleet v. Walker, 684 F.3d 688, 690 (7th Cir. 2012); Morris v. Kingston, 368 F. App’x 686, 689 (7th Cir. 2010); Toeller v. Wis. Dep’t of Corr., 461 F.3d 871 , 874–76 (7th Cir. 2006) (FMLA), but also access to the courts, King v. Marion Cir. Ct., 868 F.3d 589, 593 (7th Cir. 2017), and bar examinations, Brewer, 270 F. App’x at 4…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Benjamin McBroom v. Ill. Dept. of Corr., Jeremiah Brown (2×)
S.D. Ill. · 2025 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See e.g., Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." McBroom v. Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC) (2×)
S.D. Ill. · 2025 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See e.g., Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 334 (7th Cir. 2022).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Terrance Shaw
v.
Paul Kemper
21-3265.
Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.
Oct 25, 2022.
52 F.4th 331
Scudder.
Cited by 38 opinions  |  Published  |  civil
In the

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-3265
TERRANCE SHAW,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.

PAUL KEMPER, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Wisconsin.
No. 21-cv-49 — J.P. Stadtmueller, Judge.
____________________

ARGUED OCTOBER 4, 2022 — DECIDED OCTOBER 25, 2022
____________________

Before SCUDDER, ST. EVE, and JACKSON-AKIWUMI, Circuit
Judges.

SCUDDER, Circuit Judge. Terrance Shaw, a former Wiscon- sin inmate, is confined to a wheelchair and incontinent. Three times in 2018 he defecated on himself after being unable to access the handicapped toilet within the Racine Correctional Institution. Each time the bathroom was occupied by a non- disabled inmate, and each time Shaw complained about the lack of access, his grievances resulted in nothing changing,

2 No. 21-3265

with the prison staff saying that they could neither reserve re- stroom time nor control the actions of other inmates. Shaw then brought suit alleging violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation Act. But the district court, in screening the complaint, concluded that Shaw failed to state a claim and dismissed the action. Having taken our own look at Shaw’s complaint, we believe that he alleged enough to survive screening and therefore return the case to the dis- trict court for further proceedings. I Shaw’s complaint supplies the operative factual allega- tions, which we accept as true. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). Prepared on a prison typewriter, and without the benefit of counsel, Shaw’s complaint stands out for its clarity and pre- cision. He alleged that three times in 2018 he needed to use the handicapped bathroom but was unable to because non- disabled prisoners occupied it. Each instance ended with Shaw defecating on himself. After the first two incidents, Shaw alerted prison staff, who asserted that they could not control what toilets other inmates used or reserve the handi- capped stall solely for his use. On the third occasion, Shaw sought to find another bathroom by painfully dragging him- self along the ground for about 180 feet before finally giving up and (again) defecating on himself. Shaw’s complaint alleged violations of the ADA, the Re- habilitation Act, and various constitutional rights. Before al- lowing the defendants to be served and fulfilling the screen- ing obligation imposed by 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a), the district court addressed the ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims and

No. 21-3265 3

concluded that Shaw, while unquestionably a qualified per- son with a disability, failed to allege a denial of access to any prison service and instead complained only about an “incon- venience” of prison life. Shaw appeals, now represented—indeed, well repre- sented—by lawyers from the non-profit organization Rights Behind Bars. II The district court should have permitted Shaw’s ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims to survive dismissal at screening. A District courts have a duty to screen civil lawsuits from prisoners and to dismiss any complaint that “is frivolous, ma- licious, or fails to state a claim.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1). To survive dismissal, a prisoner plaintiff need only plead suffi- cient facts to suggest a plausible claim for relief. See Smith v. Dart, 803 F.3d 304, 309 (7th Cir. 2015) (citing Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) and Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “Plausibility is not an exacting standard.” Ja- ros v. Illinois Dep’t of Corr., 684 F.3d 667, 672 (7th Cir. 2012). And we liberally construe prisoner complaints, like Shaw’s, filed without the assistance of a lawyer. See Perez v. Fenoglio, 792 F.3d 768, 776 (7th Cir. 2015). To state a claim under Title II of the ADA, Shaw’s allega- tions must suggest that he is a “qualified individual with a disability” who was “denied the benefits of the services, pro- grams, or activities” from the prison “by reason of such disa- bility.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. The enactment’s implementing reg- ulations also require the prison to make reasonable modifica- tions to its policies or practices to avoid denying Shaw a

4 No. 21-3265

service on account of his disability. 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(7); see also Lacy v. Cook County, 897 F.3d 847, 853 (7th Cir. 2018) (explaining that Title II’s reasonable modification require- ment parallels Title I and III’s reasonable accommodation mandate). The Rehabilitation Act likewise provides that no “quali- fied individual with a disability” shall “be denied the benefits of . . . any program” “solely by reason of her or his disability.” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). It also requires reasonable modifications of the prison’s policies or practices to avoid discrimination. See 28 C.F.R. § 41.53. For all practical purposes here, the two stat- utes are the same. See Jaros, 684 F.3d at 671–72 (comparing the acts). With Shaw no longer incarcerated, he seeks only money damages. To recover damages, Shaw must identify inten- tional conduct (and not mere negligence) by a named defend- ant. See Barnes v. Gorman, 536 U.S. 181, 187–89 (2002) (analyz- ing § 202 of the ADA and § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act). We have interpreted that obligation as one requiring Shaw to plausibly allege that the defendants acted with deliberate in- difference to rights conferred by the ADA and Rehabilitation Act. See Lacy, 897 F.3d at 862–63. With this general framework in mind, we turn to Shaw’s complaint. B All agree that Shaw’s confinement to a wheelchair and in- continence render him disabled within the meanings of the ADA and Rehabilitation Act. Shaw also plausibly alleged that the defendants intentionally denied him access to a service or program—a handicapped-accessible toilet. Under the

No. 21-3265 5

Rehabilitation Act, a “program” includes “all of the opera- tions” of the prison. 29 U.S.C. § 794(b)(1)(A). And Title II of the ADA applies to “anything a public entity does.” 28 C.F.R. Pt. 35, App. B. We have no difficulty concluding that a handi- capped-accessible toilet for disabled prisoners amounts to a service, the denial of which could establish a claim under ei- ther statute. See United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151, 157 (2006) (observing that the refusal to accommodate disability- related needs for “hygiene” could constitute the denial of a service). Finally, Shaw plausibly alleges that the defendants breached their obligation of accommodating his disability by ensuring reasonable access to a handicapped toilet. See Wis- consin Cmty. Servs., Inc. v. City of Milwaukee, 465 F.3d 737, 753 (7th Cir. 2006) (explaining that a plaintiff may state a Title II claim by showing the defendant’s refusal to provide a reason- able modification). When Shaw complained that non-disa- bled prisoners were using the accessible toilet, the prison staff allegedly did nothing to help him, saying that they had no way of controlling what bathrooms other prisoners used or reserving a particular toilet solely for Shaw. Shaw’s allegations suffice to state claims under the ADA and Rehabilitation Act. But be careful not to overread our con- clusion. All we are saying is that Shaw’s complaint included sufficient factual allegations to survive screening under § 1915A(b)(1). Shaw will still need to prove his claim and show deliberate indifference. See Lacy, 897 F.3d at 862–63. The defendants will have an opportunity on remand to offer de- fenses, including, for example, that principles of sovereign immunity shield them from any monetary liability under the ADA and to develop facts showing that prison staff

6 No. 21-3265

undertook reasonable measures to accommodate Shaw’s need (on the three occasions in question and even more gen- erally) to have reasonable access to a handicapped-accessible toilet. The district court’s contrary conclusion rooted itself in part in our prior decision in Wagoner v. Lemmon, 778 F.3d 586 (7th Cir. 2015). But we read Wagoner a different way, as an ADA and Rehabilitation Act case resolved not at the screening stage but instead on summary judgment after both parties had a chance to develop evidence in discovery. In the end, Richard Wagoner, a paraplegic inmate who challenged his transport in a poorly equipped van, could not avoid summary judgment because he “was inconvenienced with longer waits and humiliations” but received the service (transportation) and suffered no injury from the wait. Id. at 593. Here, how- ever, Shaw alleged that he endured not just delay, but instead denial of access to a handicapped toilet when he required it. For these reasons, we VACATE and REMAND for further proceedings.