Ingram v. Smith (1982)

To prove a single conspiracy, “the government must show that each alleged member agreed to participate in what he knew to be a collective venture directed toward a common goal.” United States v. Maldonado-Rivera, 922 F.2d 934, 963 (2d Cir.1990) (quoting United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 876 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 *230 (1982)), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 111 S.Ct. 2811 , 115 L.Ed.2d 984 (1991).

Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 5.Ct. 3494, 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1042 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982) (“the Supreme Court has not determined what limitations, if any, the Constitution imposes on Congress”).

See, e.g., Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1042 (9th Cir. 1982) ("The scope of this very limited judicial review has not been further defined"), cert.denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See, e.g., United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 876 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Ashley, 555 F.2d 462, 467-68 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 869 , 98 S.Ct. 210 , 54 L.Ed.2d 147 (1977).

See, e.g., United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 878 (2d Cir.1981) (Oakes, J., concurring) ("To the individual law enforcement officer, the circumstances for a warrantless search and seizure always appear exigent."), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

In view of the minimal nature of the government agents’ intrusion and the need for continued surveillance, or an effective substitute therefor, if the controlled delivery of the narcotics was to be effective, see Illinois v. Andreas, supra, 463 U.S. at 773 , 103 S.Ct. at 3325 , id. at 781-82 , 103 S.Ct. at 3329-30 (Brennan, J., dissenting), a reasonable argument might have been made that, under the peculiar facts of this case, there was an “ ‘urgent need’ that ‘justified]’ a…

“Where, as here, the indictment contains a conspiracy charge, ‘uncharged acts may be admissible as direct evidence of the conspiracy itself.’ ” United States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641, 682 (2d Cir.1997) (quoting United States v. Thai, 29 F.3d 785, 812 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 977 , 115 S.Ct. 456 , 130 L.Ed.2d 364 (1994)), cert. denied, 524 U.S. 905 , 118 S.Ct. 2063 , 141 L.Ed.2d 140 (1998). “ ‘[I]n order to prove a single conspiracy,’ ” rather than multiple conspiraci…

See, e.g., United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 876-77 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See, e.g., United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 876-77 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See also Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 (9th Cir.) (whether or not valid under state law, marriage of two males does not confer spousal status under Federal Immigration Act), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See also Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1041-42 (9th Cir.) (rejecting claim that strict scrutiny should apply to statute according preferential immigration status to heterosexual, but not to homosexual, spouses of United States citizens on grounds that cases including Mandel and Fiallo allow for only a limited judicial review of Congress’ decision to admit or exclude aliens), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 , 1041 & n. 3 (9th Cir.) (the Fourteenth Amendment does not apply to the federal government, but the Fifth Amendment contains an equal protection component), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

Dorman, 435 F.2d at 391 , quoted in Martinez-Gonzalez, 686 F.2d at 100 ; see also United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 878-80 (2d Cir.1981) (Oakes, J., concurring), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See, e.g., United States v. Stine, 675 F.2d 69 (3d Cir.), cert, denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Lawson, 670 F.2d 923 (10th Cir. 1982); United States v. Lowe, 654 F.2d 562 (9th Cir.1981); United States v. Smith, 618 F.2d 280 (5th Cir.), cert, denied, 449 U.S. 868 , 101 S.Ct. 203 , 66 L.Ed.2d 87 (1980); United States v. Consuelo-Gonzalez, 521 F.2d 259 (9th Cir.1975) (en banc).

See also United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 876 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See also United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 876 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 869-70 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Vasquez, 638 F.2d 507, 529-32 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 975 , 102 S.Ct. 528 , 70 L.Ed.2d 396 (1981); United States v. Mapp, 476 F.2d 67, 75 (2d Cir. 1973).

See United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 874 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982) (contents of bag in plain view since bag in plain view and defendant told police what was in bag; statements demonstrate a reduced expectation of privacy); United States v. Candella, 469 F.2d 173, 175 (2d Cir.1972) (guns in contain er in defendant’s house were in plain view since container was in plain view and defendant told police that guns w…

See United States v. Snyder, 668 F.2d 686, 690-91 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See, e.g., id. (22 days); United States v. Fama, 758 F.2d 834, 838 (2d Cir.1985) (5 weeks); United States v. Rowell, 903 F.2d 899, 903 (2d Cir.1990) (18 months).

See, e.g., id. (22 days); United States v. Fama, 758 F.2d 834, 838 (2d Cir.1985) (5 weeks); United States v. Rowell, 903 F.2d 899, 903 (2d Cir.1990) (18 months). 46 Plaintiffs complain that because the Boylan affidavit did not state when the informant himself learned of the planned delivery, stating only that Boylan had received the information from the informant "[i]n the past week," the information might have been quite stale.

See Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1041 (9th Cir.) (declining to consider whether homosexual couple had fundamental "right to marry" which was infringed by immigration statute, and holding that "[e]ven if it were [a fundamental right], we would not apply a strict scrutiny standard of review to the statute" given Congress's plenary power over immigration), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); see also Anetekhai, 876 F.2d at 1218 (Marriage …

See Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1041 (9th Cir.) (declining to consider whether homosexual couple had fundamental “right to marry” which was infringed by immigration statute, and holding that “[e]ven if it were [a fundamental right], we would not apply a strict scrutiny standard of review to the statute” given Congress’s plenary power over immigration), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); see also Anetekhai, 876 F.2d at 1218 (Marriage …

Refusing to allow for attempts in Sec. 3B1.3 would be inconsistent with the Commission's overall Guidelines policy on attempts. 16 The Guidelines treat attempts that are not covered by a specific offense guideline the same as completed offenses when "the defendant completed all the acts the defendant believed necessary for successful completion of the offense or the circumstances demonstrate that the defendant was about to complete all such acts but for the apprehension or i…

See United States v. Snyder, 668 F.2d 686, 690-91 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Santiago, 528 F.2d 1130 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 972 , 96 S.Ct. 2169 , 48 L.Ed.2d 795 (1970); cf. United States v. Ford, 632 F.2d 1354 (9th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 934 , 101 S.Ct. 1399 , 67 L.Ed.2d 369 (1981); United States v. Andreen, 628 F.2d 1236 (9th Cir.1980); United States v. Felice, 481 F.Supp. 79 (N.D.

See also Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1040 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982) (INS interpretation of 8 U.S.C. § 1151 (b) of the Act).

See also Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1040 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982) (INS interpretation of 8 U.S.C. § 1151 (b) of the Act).

See United States v. Feola, supra, at 1090-91. “[W]hen the supporting facts ‘present a picture of continuing conduct or an ongoing activity, ... the passage of time between the last described act and the presentation of the application becomes less significant.’” United States v. Ortiz, 143 F.3d 728, 732 (2d Cir.1998) (quoting United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 867 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982)), cert. denied sub no…

See United States v. Martino , 664 F.2d 860 , 874 (2d Cir. 1981), cert. denied , 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982) (contents of bag in plain view since bag in plain view and defendant told police what was in bag; statements demonstrate a reduced expectation of privacy); United States v. Candella , 469 F.2d 173 , 175 (2d Cir. 1972) (guns in container in defendant's house were in plain view since container was in plain view and defendant told police that …

Macklin, 902 F.2d at 1326 ; United States v. Matya, 541 F.2d 741, 745 (8th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1091 , 97 S.Ct. 1101 , 51 L.Ed.2d 536 (1977); see also United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 868 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1042 (9th Cir.), citing Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong, 426 U.S. 88 , 96 S.Ct. 1895 , 48 L.Ed.2d 495 (1976), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

Macklin, 902 F.2d at 1326 ; United States v. Matya, 541 F.2d 741, 745 (8th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1091 , 97 S.Ct. 1101 , 51 L.Ed.2d 536 (1977); see also United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 868 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See U.S. v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 868 (2d Cir.1981) (use of pen registers and acquisition of telephone records would have been unavailing since they wouldn’t identify the participants to a telephone conversation, and would thus be unlikely to uncover defendant's partners in crime), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982). 8 .

See also United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Bruner, 657 F.2d 1278 (D.C.Cir.1981).

See also, United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); Edmondson v. United States, 402 F.2d 809 (10th Cir.1968).

See United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 867 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860 , 864 n. 3 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Sisca, 503 F.2d 1337, 1343 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1008 , 95 S.Ct. 142 , 328, 42 L.Ed.2d 118 , 283 (1974).

See United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860 , 864 n. 3 (2d Cir.1981), cert, denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Sisca, 503 F.2d 1337, 1343 (2d Cir.), cert, denied, 419 U.S. 1008 , 95 S.Ct. 142 , 328, 42 L.Ed.2d 118 , 283 (1974).

See United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 868 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Johnson, 645 F.2d 865, 867 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 991 , 101 S.Ct. 1692 , 68 L.Ed.2d 192 (1981); United States v. Atkins, 618 F.2d 366, 371 (5th Cir.1968).

The court also stated that the liberal examination given staleness in a protracted criminal conduct case "is even more defensible in wiretap cases than in ordinary warrant cases, since no tangible objects which can be quickly carried off are sought." Id.; see also United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 866-67 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Webster, 639 F.2d 174, 178-79 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S.…

The court also stated that the liberal examination given staleness in a protracted criminal conduct case "is even more defensible in wiretap cases than in ordinary warrant eases, since no tangible objects which can be quickly carried off are sought.” Id.; see also United States v. Martino, 664 F.2d 860, 866-67 (2d Cir.1981), ce rt. denied, 458 U.S. 1110 , 102 S.Ct. 3493 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Webster, 639 F.2d 174, 178-79 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S…

In fact, several years after Loving , when the Minnesota Supreme Court rejected a constitutional challenge to that State's prohibition against marriage by members of the same sex in a decision that distinguished Loving on the ground that "there is a clear distinction between a marital restriction based merely upon race and one based upon the fundamental difference in sex," Nelson, supra, 191 N.W. 2d at 187 , the Supreme Court dismissed an appeal from that decision "for want …

See, e.g., Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036, 1041 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); Anetekhai v. INS, 876 F.2d 1218, 1221-22 (5th Cir.1989); Almario v. Attorney General, 872 F.2d 147, 150-51 (6th Cir.1989).

See United States v. Snyder, 668 F.2d 686, 690 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. *62 3494, 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Santiago, 528 F.2d 1130, 1133-34 (2d Cir.) cert. denied, 425 U.S. 972 , 96 S.Ct. 2169 , 48 L.Ed.2d 795 (1976).

See e.g., Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 , 1041 n. 3 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982).

See also United States v. Snyder, 668 F.2d 686, 689-90 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1111 , 102 S.Ct. 3494 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1373 (1982); United States v. Gregory, 611 F.Supp. 1033, 1041 (S.D.N.Y.1985).