Frezzo v. United States (1984)

Cf. Doe v. Duling, 603 F.Supp. 960 (E.D.Va.1985) (state statutes prohibiting fornication and cohabitation by unmarried adults unconstitutional), vacated on other grounds, 782 F.2d 1202 (4th Cir.1986); see also Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984); Wilson v. Taylor, 733 F.2d 1539 (11th Cir.1984); but cf. Andrade v. City of Phoenix, 692 F.2d 557, 565 (9th Cir.1982) (Wallace, J., concurring…

See, e.g., Thome v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459 , 469-71 & n. 11 (9th Cir.1983) (admitting polygraph questions into evidence in action by employee against employer and polygraph examiner for sexual discrimination in firing and in administration of the polygraph), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984); Smiddy v. Varney, 665 F.2d 261, 265 (9th Cir.1981) (polygraph evidence admitted when polygraph examination of defendant was cause of unlawful arrest…

See, e.g., United States v. Liebo, 923 F.2d 1308, 1313 (8th Cir.1991) (quoting United States v. Gustafson, 728 F.2d 1078, 1084 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984)).

Id. at 678 ; see also Jones v. State of Ga., 725 F.2d 622, 623 (11th Cir.) (“exceptions” to this “generally preferable approach” exist when plaintiff’s claim has no plausible foundation or is clearly foreclosed by Supreme Court precedent), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 316 (1984); United States ex. rel.

Id. at 972 ; see also, United States v. Gustafson, 728 F.2d 1078, 1083 (8th Cir.) (trial court vested with broad discretion to admit other crimes evidence), ce rt. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984).

Id. at 458-459 ; see also Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459, 469-470 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983) (even the government’s heightened interest in the context of police officers did not justify questions concerning an applicant’s off-duty sexual relations and history of abortion and/or miscarriage).

These are the kind of interests aptly characterized by Justice Brandeis as "the right to be let alone." Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438, 468 , 48 S.Ct. 564, 572 , 72 L.Ed. 944 (1928) (Brandeis, J., dissenting). 24 Id. at 458-459 ; see also Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459, 469-470 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1983) (even the government's heightened interest in the context of police officers did not justify questio…

See, e.g., United States v. Gustafson, 728 F.2d 1078, 1081-84 (8th Cir.) (letter from bank examiner criticizing banking transaction), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984); United States v. Durant, 324 F.2d 859, 862-64 (7th Cir.1963) (warning by tax examiners that practice of taking corporate tax deductions for personal expenditures was improper), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 906 , 84 S.Ct. 1165 , 12 L.Ed.2d 177 (1964).

See United States v. Gustafson, 728 F.2d 1078, 1083 (8th Cir.) (evidence of wrongdoing “similar in kind and reasonably close in time to the charge at trial” was clear and convincing), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984).

See Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459, 469 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984); see also Whalen, 429 U.S. at 606-07 , 97 S.Ct. at 879-80 , (Brennan, J., concurring) (“a statute that did effect such a [serious] deprivation [of privacy] would only be consistent with the Constitution if it were necessary to promote a compelling state interest”).

See Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459, 469 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984); see also Whalen, 429 U.S. at 606-07 , 97 S.Ct. at 879-80 , (Brennan, J., concurring) ("a statute that did effect such a [serious] deprivation [of privacy] would only be consistent with the Constitution if it were necessary to promote a compelling state interest").

See Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459 , 464 n. 5 (9th Cir.1983) (district court’s conclusion that party has stated a prima facie case and hence has shifted the burden is reviewed de novo), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984); F. James & G.C.

See Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459, 469 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984).

See Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459, 469 (9th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984); see also Whalen, 429 U.S. at 606-07 , 97 S.Ct. 869 (Brennan, J., concurring) ("a statute that did effect such a [serious] deprivation [of privacy] would only be consistent with the Constitution if it were necessary to promote a compelling state interest").

See Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459, 469 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 315 (1984); see also Whalen, supra. (Brennan, J., concurring) (“a statute that did effect such a [serious] deprivation [of privacy] would only be consistent with the constitution if it were necessary to promote a compelling state interest”).

See Jones v. State of Georgia, 725 F.2d 622, 623 (11th Cir.) (court faced with motions to dismiss based on subject-matter jurisdiction and other grounds must address jurisdiction first), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 316 (1984).

This rule permits a trial judge to exclude even relevant evidence if, in the court’s sound discretion, it determines that the probative value of the evidence “is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Rule 403; see United States v. Gustafson, 728 F.2d 1078, 1083 (8th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 …

See, e.g., Jones v. State of Georgia, 725 F.2d 622 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 979 , 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 316 (1984).

Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1350, at 548 (1969) (footnote omitted); accord Jones v. Georgia, 725 F.2d 622 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 105 S.Ct. 380 , 83 L.Ed.2d 316 (1984).