Cohen test (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
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Cohen test in Pennsylvania

42 Pennsylvania opinions name it 3 courts 1976–2019 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (15)

CaseFollowedCited
Fried v. Friedgreen
pa · 1985 · cited in 16 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1986–2019
2 sentences

1997“However, to qualify under the Cohen exception all three factors must be met.” Fried v. Fried, 509 Pa. 89, 95 , 501 A.2d 211, 214 (1985).

1997“However, to qualify under the Cohen exception all three factors must be met.” Fried v. Fried, 509 Pa. 89, 95 , 501 A.2d 211, 214 (1985).

616
Pugar v. Grecogreen
pa · 1978 · cited in 5 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1986–1994
2 sentences

1994See also Pugar v. Greco, 483 Pa. at 74, 394 A.2d at 545 (although order denying leave to appeal without payment of the arbitration fee was collateral to the basic liability action and involved a right too important to be denied review, the Supreme Court held that the order was interlocutory because it did not adversely affect a claimed right which would be irreparably lost if review is postponed); Gottschall v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 333 Pa.Super. 493, 500 , 482 A.2d 979, 983 (1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 845 , 106 S.Ct. 134 , 88 L.Ed.2d 110 (1985) (court declined to consider the remai

1994See also Pugar v. Greco, 483 Pa. at 74, 394 A.2d at 545 (although order denying leave to appeal without payment of the arbitration fee was collateral to the basic liability action and involved a right too important to be denied review, the Supreme Court held that the order was interlocutory because it did not adversely affect a claimed right which would be irreparably lost if review is postponed); Gottschall v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 333 Pa.Super. 493, 500 , 482 A.2d 979, 983 (1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 845 , 106 S.Ct. 134 , 88 L.Ed.2d 110 (1985) (court declined to consider the remai

45
Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp.green
scotus · 1949 · cited in 6 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1987–2019
2 sentences

1995See Fried v. Fried, 509 Pa. at 94-95 , 501 A.2d at 214 (applying three part-test set forth in Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541 , 69 S.Ct. 1221 , 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949) to determine whether order is appealable under collateral order exception; further holding that all three factors must be met to qualify for the Cohen exception); Note to Rule 313 (providing that Rule 313 represents a codification of existing caselaw, i.e., Cohen and its Pennsylvania progeny).

1995See Fried v. Fried, 509 Pa. at 94-95 , 501 A.2d at 214 (applying three part-test set forth in Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541 , 69 S.Ct. 1221 , 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949) to determine whether order is appealable under collateral order exception; further holding that all three factors must be met to qualify for the Cohen exception); Note to Rule 313 (providing that Rule 313 represents a codification of existing caselaw, i.e., Cohen and its Pennsylvania progeny).

26
In Re Ford Motor Companygreen
ca3 · 1997 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1999–2004
2 sentences

2004Our Supreme Court adopted this practical application of the separability concept from the federal Third Circuit case In re Ford Motor Co., 110 F.3d 954 (3d Cir.1997), and rejected the previously employed Cohen doctrine, which found separability when the disputed order did not relate in any way to the merits of the underlying action.

2003"The overarching principle governing `importance' is that, for the purposes of the Cohen test, an issue is important if the interests that would potentially go unprotected without immediate appellate review of that issue are significant relative to the efficiency interests sought to be advanced by adherence to the final judgment rule." Ben , at 484, 729 A.2d at 552 (quoting Ford, 110 F.3d at 959 (footnote omitted)).

23
Gottschall v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.green
pa · 1984 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1987–1994
2 sentences

1994See also Pugar v. Greco, 483 Pa. at 74, 394 A.2d at 545 (although order denying leave to appeal without payment of the arbitration fee was collateral to the basic liability action and involved a right too important to be denied review, the Supreme Court held that the order was interlocutory because it did not adversely affect a claimed right which would be irreparably lost if review is postponed); Gottschall v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 333 Pa.Super. 493, 500 , 482 A.2d 979, 983 (1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 845 , 106 S.Ct. 134 , 88 L.Ed.2d 110 (1985) (court declined to consider the remai

1994See also Pugar v. Greco, 483 Pa. at 74, 394 A.2d at 545 (although order denying leave to appeal without payment of the arbitration fee was collateral to the basic liability action and involved a right too important to be denied review, the Supreme Court held that the order was interlocutory because it did not adversely affect a claimed right which would be irreparably lost if review is postponed); Gottschall v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 333 Pa.Super. 493, 500 , 482 A.2d 979, 983 (1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 845 , 106 S.Ct. 134 , 88 L.Ed.2d 110 (1985) (court declined to consider the remai

23
Zarnecki v. Shepegigreen
pa · 1987 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1988–1990
2 sentences

1990See Fried v. Fried, 509 Pa. 89, 94 , 501 A.2d 211, 214 (1985); see also Zarnecki v. Shepegi, 367 Pa.Super. 230 , 532 A.2d 873 (1987).

1990See Fried v. Fried, 509 Pa. 89, 94 , 501 A.2d 211, 214 (1985); see also Zarnecki v. Shepegi, 367 Pa.Super. 230 , 532 A.2d 873 (1987).

22
Commonwealth v. Cassidygreen
pa · 1989 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1990–1994
2 sentences

1990See Commonwealth v. Cassidy, 390 Pa.Super. 359, 361 , 568 A.2d 693, 695 (1985) (second prong of Cohen test met as order disqualifying defendant’s counsel implicates sixth amendment right of United States Constitution).

1990See Commonwealth v. Cassidy, 390 Pa.Super. 359, 361 , 568 A.2d 693, 695 (1985) (second prong of Cohen test met as order disqualifying defendant’s counsel implicates sixth amendment right of United States Constitution).

12
Elderkin, Martin, Kelly, Messina & Zamboldi v. Sedneygreen
pa · 1986 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
2 sentences

1987The suggestion made in Elderkin, Martin, Kelly, Massina & Zamboldi v. Sedney, 354 Pa.Super. 253, 256 , 511 A.2d 858, 859 (1986) that because of Fried , “the appropriate test to be applied in determining finality is the three prong Cohen test,” is disapproved.

1987The suggestion made in Elderkin, Martin, Kelly, Massina & Zamboldi v. Sedney, 354 Pa.Super. 253, 256 , 511 A.2d 858, 859 (1986) that because of Fried , “the appropriate test to be applied in determining finality is the three prong Cohen test,” is disapproved.

12
Fidelity Bank v. Dudengreen
pa · 1987 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
2 sentences

1987In Fidelity Bank v. Duden, 361 Pa.Super. 124 , 521 A.2d 958 (1987), we stated: . . .

1987In Fidelity Bank v. Duden, 361 Pa.Super. 124 , 521 A.2d 958 (1987), we stated: . . .

12
Van Doren v. Mazurkiewiczgreen
pacommwct · 1997 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002See Van Doren v. Mazurkiewicz, 695 A.2d 967, 971 (Pa.Cmwlth.1997) (stating that “[t]he ripeness doctrine is ... premised on the notion that ‘judicial machinery should be conserved for problems which are real and present or imminent, not squandered on problems which are abstract or hypothetical or remote.' ") (Citations omitted). .

2002See Van Doren v. Mazurkiewicz, 695 A.2d 967, 971 (Pa.Cmwlth.1997) (stating that "[t]he ripeness doctrine is ... premised on the notion that `[j]udicial machinery should be conserved for problems which are real and present or imminent, not squandered on problems which are abstract or hypothetical or remote.'") (Citations omitted). [15] Section 17.2 of the Lease-back Lease Agreements provides as follows: The Authority shall not amend, modify, alter, assign or otherwise change the [Phillies/Eagles] Lease once fully executed in any way which would materially adversely affect the obligations of the

11
Geniviva v. Friskgreen
pa · 1999 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999Id. at 1213-14. “[T]he overarching principle governing ‘importance’ is that, for the purposes of the Cohen test, an issue is important if the interests that would potentially go unprotected without immediate appellate review of that issue are significant relative to the efficiency interests sought to be advanced by adherence to the final judgment rule.” Ford Motor Company, 110 F.3d at 959 (footnote deleted).

11
United States v. Francis Curcio and Gus Curciogreen
ca2 · 1982 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
United States v. Armin George Phillipsgreen
ca6 · 1983 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
cluster 328022green
ca5 · 1975 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
National Recovery Systems v. Perlmangreen
pa · 1987 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
Hutchison v. Luddygreen
pasuperct · 1992 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
2 sentences

1994But see Hutchison v. Luddy (II), 414 Pa.Super. at 143-144 , 606 A.2d at 907 (majority opinion) (denial of request for protective order regarding materials in secret church archive deemed collateral to the plaintiffs main tort action against the defendants). 8 We accordingly find that the first prong of the Cohen test has not been met. *357 Appellants likewise have not satisfied the second element as they have failed to identify any right involved which is too important to be denied review.

1994But see Hutchison v. Luddy (II), 414 Pa.Super. at 143-144 , 606 A.2d at 907 (majority opinion) (denial of request for protective order regarding materials in secret church archive deemed collateral to the plaintiffs main tort action against the defendants). 8 We accordingly find that the first prong of the Cohen test has not been met. *357 Appellants likewise have not satisfied the second element as they have failed to identify any right involved which is too important to be denied review.

11

Also cited on this issue (31)

CaseCitedYears
Doe v. Commonwealth green
pacommwct · 1987
2 sentences

1999When courts have applied the Cohen doctrine to discovery orders, they have held them to be “separable and collateral” only when they did not relate in any way to the merits of the action itself. 105 Pa.Cmwlth. at 487 , 524 A.2d at 1065 .

1999When courts have applied the Cohen doctrine to discovery orders, they have held them to be “separable and collateral” only when they did not relate in any way to the merits of the action itself. 105 Pa.Cmwlth. at 487 , 524 A.2d at 1065 .

41990–1999
Brady v. Pettit green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

1994See also Pugar v. Greco, 483 Pa. at 74, 394 A.2d at 545 (although order denying leave to appeal without payment of the arbitration fee was collateral to the basic liability action and involved a right too important to be denied review, the Supreme Court held that the order was interlocutory because it did not adversely affect a claimed right which would be irreparably lost if review is postponed); Gottschall v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 333 Pa.Super. 493, 500 , 482 A.2d 979, 983 (1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 845 , 106 S.Ct. 134 , 88 L.Ed.2d 110 (1985) (court declined to consider the remai

1994See also Pugar v. Greco, 483 Pa. at 74, 394 A.2d at 545 (although order denying leave to appeal without payment of the arbitration fee was collateral to the basic liability action and involved a right too important to be denied review, the Supreme Court held that the order was interlocutory because it did not adversely affect a claimed right which would be irreparably lost if review is postponed); Gottschall v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 333 Pa.Super. 493, 500 , 482 A.2d 979, 983 (1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 845 , 106 S.Ct. 134 , 88 L.Ed.2d 110 (1985) (court declined to consider the remai

31987–1994
Bell v. Beneficial Consumer Discount Co. green
pa · 1975
2 sentences

1990This doctrine was recognized by our own Supreme Court in Bell v. Consumer Discount Co., 465 Pa. 225 , 348 A.2d 734 (1975), and it has been held that each of the three Cohen factors must be satisfied.

1990This doctrine was recognized by our own Supreme Court in Bell v. Consumer Discount Co., 465 Pa. 225 , 348 A.2d 734 (1975), and it has been held that each of the three Cohen factors must be satisfied.

31983–1990
Commonwealth v. Johnson green
pa · 1998
2 sentences

2003Consistent with the Cohen exception, the Supreme Court in Johnson recognized the entitlement of. criminal defendants to an immediate appeal depends on whether such an appeal is “necessary to ensure that they would not be deprived of a constitutional right.” Johnson, 550 Pa. at 303 , 705 A.2d at 833 . ¶ 10 To illustrate when an immediate appeal would be “necessary,” the Court contrasted the case of an order denying a motion to dismiss based upon double jeopardy absent a trial court finding that the motion is frivolous with the case of an order denying a motion to suppress evidence.

2003Consistent with the Cohen exception, the Supreme Court in Johnson recognized the entitlement of. criminal defendants to an immediate appeal depends on whether such an appeal is “necessary to ensure that they would not be deprived of a constitutional right.” Johnson, 550 Pa. at 303 , 705 A.2d at 833 . ¶ 10 To illustrate when an immediate appeal would be “necessary,” the Court contrasted the case of an order denying a motion to dismiss based upon double jeopardy absent a trial court finding that the motion is frivolous with the case of an order denying a motion to suppress evidence.

22003–2003
Commonwealth v. Bonaparte green
pa · 1987
2 sentences

1990See Fried v. Fried, supra, 501 A.2d at 214 ; Commonwealth v. Bonaparte, 366 Pa.Super. 182 , 184-185 n. 1, 530 A.2d 1351 , 1352 n. 1 (1987) (applying the Cohen test).

1990See Fried v. Fried, supra, 501 A.2d at 214 ; Commonwealth v. Bonaparte, 366 Pa.Super. 182 , 184-185 n. 1, 530 A.2d 1351 , 1352 n. 1 (1987) (applying the Cohen test).

21988–1990
Malenfant v. Ruland green
pasuperct · 1980
2 sentences

1990In Malenfant v. Ruland, 274 Pa.Super. 506 , 418 A.2d 521 (1980), we analyzed a factual and procedural puzzle similar to the one presented in this case by utilizing the three-prong Cohen test as outlined by our supreme court in Pugar .

1990In Malenfant v. Ruland, 274 Pa.Super. 506 , 418 A.2d 521 (1980), we analyzed a factual and procedural puzzle similar to the one presented in this case by utilizing the three-prong Cohen test as outlined by our supreme court in Pugar .

21985–1990
McDonald v. McDonald green
pasuperct · 1993
2 sentences

2019Thus, we find that, under the Cohen exception, this order is immediately appealable as a collateral order.3 See Cohen, supra at 546 ; McMahon, supra at n.1 ; McDonald, supra at 605 ; Griffin, supra at 88- 89.4 Thus, we proceed to address the merits of Wife's appeal. 3 Husband does not address the issue of appealability in his brief.

2019Thus, we find that, under the Cohen exception, this order is immediately appealable as a collateral order.3 See Cohen, supra at 546 ; McMahon, supra at n.1 ; McDonald, supra at 605 ; Griffin, supra at 88- 89.4 Thus, we proceed to address the merits of Wife's appeal. 3 Husband does not address the issue of appealability in his brief.

12019–2019
McMahon v. McMahon green
pasuperct · 1998
2 sentences

2019Thus, we find that, under the Cohen exception, this order is immediately appealable as a collateral order.3 See Cohen, supra at 546 ; McMahon, supra at n.1 ; McDonald, supra at 605 ; Griffin, supra at 88- 89.4 Thus, we proceed to address the merits of Wife's appeal. 3 Husband does not address the issue of appealability in his brief.

2019Thus, we find that, under the Cohen exception, this order is immediately appealable as a collateral order.3 See Cohen, supra at 546 ; McMahon, supra at n.1 ; McDonald, supra at 605 ; Griffin, supra at 88- 89.4 Thus, we proceed to address the merits of Wife's appeal. 3 Husband does not address the issue of appealability in his brief.

12019–2019
Commonwealth, Department of Corrections v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Board green
pacommwct · 2010
2 sentences

2017In so holding,- we turned to the Cohen framework, which “requires two inquiries: the amount at risk financially and the type of procedural rules governing each proceeding.” Id. at 613 .

2017In so holding,- we turned to the Cohen framework, which “requires two inquiries: the amount at risk financially and the type of procedural rules governing each proceeding.” Id. at 613 .

12017–2017
Ben v. Schwartz green
pa · 1999
2 sentences

2003"The overarching principle governing `importance' is that, for the purposes of the Cohen test, an issue is important if the interests that would potentially go unprotected without immediate appellate review of that issue are significant relative to the efficiency interests sought to be advanced by adherence to the final judgment rule." Ben , at 484, 729 A.2d at 552 (quoting Ford, 110 F.3d at 959 (footnote omitted)).

2003“The overarching principle governing ‘importance’ is that, for the purposes of the Cohen test, an issue is important if the interests that would potentially go unprotected without immediate appellate review of that issue are significant relative to the efficiency interests sought to be advanced by adherence to the final judgment rule.” Ben , at 484, 729 A.2d at 552 (quoting Ford, 110 F.3d at 959 (footnote omitted)).

12003–2003
Griffin v. Griffin green
pa · 1989
2 sentences

1998Furthermore, in Griffin v. Griffin, 384 Pa.Super. 210 , 558 A.2d 86 (1989), this Court held that an order directing husband to dispose of alleged marital assets was appealable as the assets would be dissipated prior to the finalization of the underlying litigation.

1998Furthermore, in Griffin v. Griffin, 384 Pa.Super. 210 , 558 A.2d 86 (1989), this Court held that an order directing husband to dispose of alleged marital assets was appealable as the assets would be dissipated prior to the finalization of the underlying litigation.

11998–1998
Commonwealth v. Miller green
pasuperct · 1991
2 sentences

1994Id., 406 Pa.Super. at 210 , 593 A.2d at 1309-1310 .

1994Id., 406 Pa.Super. at 210 , 593 A.2d at 1309-1310 .

11994–1994
Darabant v. Atwood Home Builders, Inc. neutral
pasuperct · 1980
2 sentences

1994This Court noted that in an earlier case, Darabant v. Atwood Home Builders, Inc., 281 Pa.Super. *174 153, 421 A.2d 1194 (1980), an order striking a settlement agreement and placing the case on the trial list was held to be neither a final order under Pa.R.A.P. 341 nor an appealable interlocutory order under Pa.R.A.P. 311. 1 In Darabcmt this Court did not evaluate the order’s appealability under the Cohen doctrine, however.

1994This Court noted that in an earlier case, Darabant v. Atwood Home Builders, Inc., 281 Pa.Super. *174 153, 421 A.2d 1194 (1980), an order striking a settlement agreement and placing the case on the trial list was held to be neither a final order under Pa.R.A.P. 341 nor an appealable interlocutory order under Pa.R.A.P. 311. 1 In Darabcmt this Court did not evaluate the order’s appealability under the Cohen doctrine, however.

11994–1994
Commonwealth v. Pikur Enterprises, Inc. green
pacommwct · 1991
2 sentences

1994In Commonwealth v. Pikur Enterprises, 142 Pa.Commw. 114, 596 A.2d 1253 (1991), the Commonwealth Court set forth the proper definition of an in limine motion as: An in limine motion is a motion or petition submitted to the court in a pending matter either pretrial or during trial whereby exclusion is sought of anticipated prejudicial evidence, keeping extraneous issues out of the underlying proceeding, precluding reference to prejudicial matters, or preventing encumbering the record with immaterial matter.

1994In Commonwealth v. Pikur Enterprises, 142 Pa.Commw. 114, 596 A.2d 1253 (1991), the Commonwealth Court set forth the proper definition of an in limine motion as: An in limine motion is a motion or petition submitted to the court in a pending matter either pretrial or during trial whereby exclusion is sought of anticipated prejudicial evidence, keeping extraneous issues out of the underlying proceeding, precluding reference to prejudicial matters, or preventing encumbering the record with immaterial matter.

11994–1994
Duttry v. Talkish green
pa · 1990
2 sentences

1994In Duttry v. Talkish, 394 Pa.Superior Ct. 382, 576 A.2d 53 (1990), the plaintiff, a prisoner, filed an action seeking partial custody of and visitation rights to his minor child.

1994In Duttry v. Talkish, 394 Pa.Superior Ct. 382, 576 A.2d 53 (1990), the plaintiff, a prisoner, filed an action seeking partial custody of and visitation rights to his minor child.

11994–1994
KENTUCKY v. INDIANA Et Al. green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

1992In Gottschall v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, 333 Pa.Super. 493 , 482 A.2d 979 (1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 845 , 106 S.Ct. 134 , 88 L.Ed.2d 1 .10 (1985), this court addressed the appealability of an order which temporarily sealed documents claimed by the defendants to be privileged until a hearing could be had on the privilege issue.

1992In Gottschall v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, 333 Pa.Super. 493 , 482 A.2d 979 (1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 845 , 106 S.Ct. 134 , 88 L.Ed.2d 1 .10 (1985), this court addressed the appealability of an order which temporarily sealed documents claimed by the defendants to be privileged until a hearing could be had on the privilege issue.

11992–1992
Commonwealth v. Feagley green
pa · 1988
2 sentences

1990Consequently, I do not find this case to be appealable under the Cohen exception. 538 A.2d at 902 .

1990Consequently, I do not find this case to be appealable under the Cohen exception. 538 A.2d at 902 .

11990–1990
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Risjord green
scotus · 1981
2 sentences

1990Firestone, supra, 449 U.S. at 376 , 101 S.Ct. at 674 .

1990Firestone, supra, 449 U.S. at 376 , 101 S.Ct. at 674 .

11990–1990
Richardson-Merrell Inc. v. Koller Ex Rel. Koller green
scotus · 1985
11990–1990
United States v. Joseph Vincent Agosto, United States of America v. Deil Otto Gustafson, United States of America v. Joan Lorrain Norris green
ca8 · 1982
11989–1989
United States v. Robert Flanagan, James Keweshan, Sidney Landis and Thomas McNamee green
ca3 · 1982
11989–1989
Loney v. United States green
scotus · 1982
11989–1989
North State Chemicals, Inc. v. Strickland green
scotus · 1982
11989–1989
Uzzolino v. United States green
scotus · 1982
11989–1989
Flanagan v. United States green
scotus · 1984
11989–1989
The Borden Company v. William Sylk and Harry S. Sylk v. Penrose Industries Corporation Sylvan Seal Milk, Inc. green
ca3 · 1969
11987–1987
In Re Estate of Georgiana green
pasuperct · 1983
11985–1985
Sutliff v. Sutliff green
pa · 1984
11985–1985
Praisner v. Stocker green
pasuperct · 1983
11984–1984
Community Broadcasting Of Boston, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission green
cadc · 1976
11980–1980
Commonwealth v. Monumental Properties, Inc. green
pa · 1974
11976–1976

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 742 (5) PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 702 (3) USC § 28u.s.c.1291 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 42 (1976–2019) DC 16 (1980–2018) NY 13 (1976–2024) CA 11 (1988–2026) GA 8 (1982–2015) MD 8 (1978–2024) MA 6 (1985–2018) NJ 4 (1989–2019) AZ 3 (1987–1994) CT 3 (1983–2017) DE 3 (1955–1988) ME 3 (1976–2002) WV 3 (1995–2013) IL 3 (1983–2002) TX 3 (1999–2020) OH 2 (2004–2013) TN 2 (1979–2004) CO 2 (2024–2024) NM 2 (1993–2003) VT 2 (1993–1993) NV 2 (2017–2017)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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