courtroom is a structural error in Georgia

12 Georgia opinions name it 2 courts 2010–2024 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Georgia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (19)

Case	Followed	Cited
Reid v. Stategreen ga · 2010 · cited in 9 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2022 2 sentences 2022See Pyatt v. State, 298 Ga. 742, 750 (5) (784 SE2d 759) (2016) (“[E]ven structural errors are capable of forfeiture.”); Reid v. State, 286 Ga. 484, 488 (3) (c) (690 SE2d 177) (2010) (“The improper closing of a courtroom is a structural error requiring reversal only if the defendant properly objected at trial and raised the issue on direct appeal[.]”). 3. 2022See Pyatt v. State, 298 Ga. 742, 750 (5) (784 SE2d 759) (2016) (“[E]ven structural errors are capable of forfeiture.”); Reid v. State, 286 Ga. 484, 488 (3) (c) (690 SE2d 177) (2010) (“The improper closing of a courtroom is a structural error requiring reversal only if the defendant properly objected at trial and raised the issue on direct appeal[.]”). 3.	9	9
Waller v. Georgiagreen scotus · 1984 · cited in 3 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2022 2 sentences 2022XI (“In criminal cases, the defendant shall have a public and speedy trial by an impartial jury[.]”); Waller v. Georgia, 467 U. S. 39, 48 (II) (B) (104 SCt 2210, 81 LE2d 31) (1984) (“The party seeking to close 15 The improper closing of a courtroom is a structural error that requires reversal only if the defendant properly objects at trial and later raises the issue on direct appeal. 2022XI (“In criminal cases, the defendant shall have a public and speedy trial by an impartial jury[.]”); Waller v. Georgia, 467 U. S. 39, 48 (II) (B) (104 SCt 2210, 81 LE2d 31) (1984) (“The party seeking to close 15 The improper closing of a courtroom is a structural error that requires reversal only if the defendant properly objects at trial and later raises the issue on direct appeal.	2	3
Jackson v. the Stategreen gactapp · 2016 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2020–2024 2 sentences 2024“The improper closure of a courtroom is a structural error that must be remedied even without any showing of direct harm.” Jackson, supra, 339 Ga. App. at 319 (2) (b). 2024“The improper closure of a courtroom is a structural error that must be remedied even without any showing of direct harm.” Jackson, supra, 339 Ga. App. at 319 (2) (b).	2	2
State v. Abernathygreen ga · 2011 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 2 sentences 2013In the absence of an objection at trial, “the issue of closure may only be raised in the context of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) State v. Abernathy, 289 Ga. 603, 611 (5) ( 715 SE2d 48 ) (2011). 2013In the absence of an objection at trial, “the issue of closure may only be raised in the context of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) State v. Abernathy, 289 Ga. 603, 611 (5) ( 715 SE2d 48 ) (2011).	2	2
Morris v. Stategreen ga · 2020 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 2 sentences 2022See Morris v. State, 308 Ga. 520, 530 (5) (842 SE2d 45) (2020). 2022See Morris v. State, 308 Ga. 520, 530 (5) (842 SE2d 45) (2020).	1	1
Pyatt v. Stategreen ga · 2016 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 2 sentences 2022See Pyatt v. State, 298 Ga. 742, 750 (5) (784 SE2d 759) (2016) (“[E]ven structural errors are capable of forfeiture.”); Reid v. State, 286 Ga. 484, 488 (3) (c) (690 SE2d 177) (2010) (“The improper closing of a courtroom is a structural error requiring reversal only if the defendant properly objected at trial and raised the issue on direct appeal[.]”). 3. 2022See Pyatt v. State, 298 Ga. 742, 750 (5) (784 SE2d 759) (2016) (“[E]ven structural errors are capable of forfeiture.”); Reid v. State, 286 Ga. 484, 488 (3) (c) (690 SE2d 177) (2010) (“The improper closing of a courtroom is a structural error requiring reversal only if the defendant properly objected at trial and raised the issue on direct appeal[.]”). 3.	1	1
Harris v. Stategreen gactapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob	1	1
Wise v. Stategreen ga · 2017 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob	1	1
Strickland v. Washingtongreen scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob	1	1
Tolbert v. Stategreen gactapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017Further, the right to a public trial extends to voir dire.) (citation omitted); Waller v. Georgia, 467 U. S. 39, 46 ( 104 SCt 2210 , 81 LE2d 31) (1984) (The First Amendment right to a public trial belongs to the press and the public.). 7 The facts surrounding the alleged closure are discussed in Division 3 (b), infra, wherein we address the related claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 8 See Tolbert v. State, 321 Ga.App. 637, 638 (1) ( 742 SE2d 152 ) (2013) (Even if the trial court improperly excluded the public from the courtroom, the defendant waived appellate review of such exclusion 2017Further, the right to a public trial extends to voir dire.) (citation omitted); Waller v. Georgia, 467 U. S. 39, 46 ( 104 SCt 2210 , 81 LE2d 31) (1984) (The First Amendment right to a public trial belongs to the press and the public.). 7 The facts surrounding the alleged closure are discussed in Division 3 (b), infra, wherein we address the related claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 8 See Tolbert v. State, 321 Ga.App. 637, 638 (1) ( 742 SE2d 152 ) (2013) (Even if the trial court improperly excluded the public from the courtroom, the defendant waived appellate review of such exclusion	1	1
Grier v. Stategreen ga · 2001 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob	1	1
Jordan v. Stategreen ga · 1981 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob	1	1
Dye v. Stategreen gactapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob	1	1
Veal v. Stategreen ga · 2016 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob	1	1
Benson v. Stategreen ga · 2014 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob	1	1
Robinson v. Stategreen ga · 2003 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob	1	1
Jessie Earl Purvis v. James Crosbygreen ca11 · 2006 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010Glover v. State, supra; Purvis v. Crosby, 451 F.3d 734, 740-741 (III) (11th Cir.2006); State v. Butterfield, 784 P.2d 153, 156-157 (Utah 1989). 2010Glover v. State, supra; Purvis v. Crosby, 451 F3d 734, 740-741 (III) (11th Cir. 2006); State v. Butterfield, 784 P2d 153, 156-157 (Utah 1989).	1	1
Craven v. Stategreen gactapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010Craven v. State, 292 Ga. App. 592, 594 (1) (b) ( 664 SE2d 921 ) (2008). 3. 2010Craven v. State, 292 Ga. App. 592, 594 (1) (b) ( 664 SE2d 921 ) (2008). 3.	1	1
State v. Butterfieldgreen utah · 1989 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010Glover v. State, supra; Purvis v. Crosby, 451 F.3d 734, 740-741 (III) (11th Cir.2006); State v. Butterfield, 784 P.2d 153, 156-157 (Utah 1989). 2010Glover v. State, supra; Purvis v. Crosby, 451 F3d 734, 740-741 (III) (11th Cir. 2006); State v. Butterfield, 784 P2d 153, 156-157 (Utah 1989).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Georgia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (1)

Case	Cited	Years
Rankin v. State green ga · 2004 1 sentence 2017“Indeed, to hold otherwise would encourage defense counsel to manipulate the justice system by intentionally failing to object in order to ensure an automatic reversal on appeal.”) (citation omitted). 9 See Benson v. State, 294 Ga. 618, 621 (2) ( 754 SE2d 23 ) (2014); Reid, 286 Ga. at 487 (3) (c). 10 On Count 85, the jury found the Appellant guilty of robbery as a lesser included offense of armed robbery. 11 See Wise v. State, 300 Ga. 593, 595-596 (1) ( 797 SE2d 447 ) (2017). 12 See Rankin, 278 Ga. at 705 . 13 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984). 14 Rob	1	2017–2017

Statutes the citing opinions construe

GA § 17-8-58 (3) GA § 24-14-8 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

GA 12 (2010–2024) IL 2 (2013–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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