federal rational basis test in Minnesota

12 Minnesota opinions name it 2 courts 1986–2018 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Minnesota courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. Russellgreen minn · 1991 · cited in 8 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1993–2018 2 sentences 2018Because Minnesota's rational-basis test is "a more stringent standard of review," Russell , 477 N.W.2d at 889 , than the federal rational-basis test, the federal test is also satisfied. 2016Russell, 477 N.W.2d at 888 (quotation omitted).4 The Minnesota Supreme Court has described the Minnesota rational basis test as “a more stringent standard of review” than the federal rational basis test, requiring “a reasonable connection between the actual, and 4 The district court applied a version of the Minnesota rational basis test that was more deferential to the legislature, relying on Gluba ex rel.	3	8
State v. Garciagreen minn · 2004 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2011–2017 2 sentences 2017See State v. Garcia, 683 N.W.2d 294, 298-99 (Minn. 2004) (describing the federal rational-basis test as "more deferential”). . 2017See State v. Garcia, 683 N.W.2d 294, 298-99 (Minn. 2004) (describing the federal rational-basis test as "more deferential”). .	1	2
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.green scotus · 1985 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1986–2011 2 sentences 2011The federal rational basis test states that “legislation is presumed to be valid and will be sustained if the classification drawn by the statute is rationally related to a legitimate state interest.” City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 440 , 105 S.Ct. 3249 , 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985). 2011The federal rational basis test states that “legislation is presumed to be valid and will be sustained if the classification drawn by the statute is rationally related to a legitimate state interest.” City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 440 , 105 S.Ct. 3249 , 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985).	1	2
STUDOR, INC. v. Stategreen minnctapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015 1 sentence 2015The federal rational-basis test requires a reviewing court to determine “whether the challenged classification has a legitimate purpose and whether it was reasonable for the lawmakers to believe that use of the challenged classification would promote that purpose.” Studor, Inc. v. State, 781 N.W.2d 403, 408 (Minn. App. 2010) (quotations omitted), review denied (Minn. July 20, 2010).	1	1
Healthstar Home Health, Inc. v. Jessongreen minnctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 1 sentence 2013State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 888 (Minn.1991); Healthstar, 827 N.W.2d 444, 449-50 (discussing the difference between the Minnesota rational-basis test and the federal rational-basis test and concluding that the Minnesota rational-basis test applies); see also Kolton v. Cnty. of Anoka, 645 N.W.2d 403, 411 (Minn.2002) (holding that strict scrutiny is only applied when a legislatively created classification involves a suspect classification or a fundamental right).	1	1
Kolton v. County of Anokagreen minn · 2002 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 1 sentence 2013State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 888 (Minn.1991); Healthstar, 827 N.W.2d 444, 449-50 (discussing the difference between the Minnesota rational-basis test and the federal rational-basis test and concluding that the Minnesota rational-basis test applies); see also Kolton v. Cnty. of Anoka, 645 N.W.2d 403, 411 (Minn.2002) (holding that strict scrutiny is only applied when a legislatively created classification involves a suspect classification or a fundamental right).	1	1
Mitchell v. Steffengreen minn · 1993 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011 2 sentences 2011Justice Tomljanovich, in her dissenting opinion in Mitchell , suggested that the three-part test outlined in Russell be reserved as an intermediate level of review to be applied only when there is a semi-suspect class, or when a facially neutral statute has a disparate impact on a suspect class, as was the case in Russell. 504 N.W.2d at 210 (Tomljanovich, J., dissenting). 2011Id.	1	1
Lidberg v. Steffengreen minn · 1994 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011 1 sentence 2011In Behl, we did not mention our three-part test when applying the federal rational basis test. 17 Id. at 568 ; see also Lidberg v. Steffen, 514 N.W.2d 779, 784 (Minn.1994) (applying the federal rational basis test to an equal protection challenge for different commitment discharge procedures).	1	1
Bernthal v. City of St. Paulgreen minn · 1985 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011 1 sentence 2011Paul, 376 N.W.2d 422, 424-25 (Minn.1985).	1	1
State v. Behlgreen minn · 1997 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011 2 sentences 2011For example, in State v. Behl, we analyzed an equal protection challenge to a sentencing disparity based solely on whether a juvenile was indicted, but not convicted, of first-degree murder. 564 N.W.2d 560, 568-69 (Minn.1997). 2011In Behl, we did not mention our three-part test when applying the federal rational basis test. 17 Id. at 568 ; see also Lidberg v. Steffen, 514 N.W.2d 779, 784 (Minn.1994) (applying the federal rational basis test to an equal protection challenge for different commitment discharge procedures).	1	1
Greene v. Commissioner of the Minnesota Department of Human Servicesgreen minn · 2008 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 1 sentence 2010Under the federal rational-basis test, a reviewing court determines whether the challenged classification has a “legitimate purpose” and whether it was “reasonable for the lawmakers to believe that use of the challenged classification would promote that purpose.” Greene v. Comm’r of Minn. Dep’t of Human Servs., 755 N.W.2d 713, 729 (Minn.2008) (quoting W. & S. Life Ins.	1	1
State v. Hershbergergreen minn · 1990 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994See also Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24 , 91 S.Ct. 1780, 1787-88 , 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720-21 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 444-45 , 83 S.Ct. 328, 343-44 , 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 , 69 S.Ct. 894, 895-96 , 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949); see also Rotunda & Nowak, supra § 20.47 at 296 (citing federal cases). [6] See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a di 1994See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a different test under the state constitution, and reasons for applying a more stringent standard for reviewing challenged classifications under the state equal protection provision); State v. Hershberger, 462 N.W.2d 393, 397-98 (Minn.), vacated, 495 U.S. 901 , 110 S.Ct. 1918 , 109 L.Ed.2d 282 (1990) (noting that language in the Minnesota Constitution regarding freedom of expression is "distinctively stronger” than the federal counterpart, bu	1	1
Cohen v. Californiagreen scotus · 1971 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994See also Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24 , 91 S.Ct. 1780, 1787-88 , 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720-21 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 444-45 , 83 S.Ct. 328, 343-44 , 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 , 69 S.Ct. 894, 895-96 , 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949); see also Rotunda & Nowak, supra § 20.47 at 296 (citing federal cases). [6] See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a di 1994See also Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24 , 91 S.Ct. 1780, 1787-88 , 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720-21 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 444-45 , 83 S.Ct. 328, 343-44 , 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 , 69 S.Ct. 894, 895-96 , 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949); see also Rotunda & Nowak, supra § 20.47 at 296 (citing federal cases). [6] See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a di	1	1
Loew v. Hagerle Brothersgreen minn · 1948 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993 2 sentences 1993See footnote 5, infra. This “three part test” can be traced back to Loew v. Hagerle Brothers, 226 Minn. 485 , 33 N.W.2d 598 (1948), and even beyond; interestingly, Loew was really a special legislation challenge, not an equal protection case. 1993See footnote 5, infra. This “three part test” can be traced back to Loew v. Hagerle Brothers, 226 Minn. 485 , 33 N.W.2d 598 (1948), and even beyond; interestingly, Loew was really a special legislation challenge, not an equal protection case.	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Minnesota. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (15)

Case	Cited	Years
Western & Southern Life Ins. Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization of Cal. green scotus · 1981 2 sentences 2010Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization, 451 U.S. 648, 668 , 101 S.Ct. 2070, 2083 , 68 L.Ed.2d 514 (1981)). 2010Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization, 451 U.S. 648, 668 , 101 S.Ct. 2070, 2083 , 68 L.Ed.2d 514 (1981)).	2	1986–2010
Gluba Ex Rel. Gluba v. Bitzan & Ohren Masonry green minn · 2007 1 sentence 2016Gluba v. Bitzan & Ohren Masonry, 735 N.W.2d 713 , 721–23 (Minn. 2007) (stating, in a constitutional challenge to a workers’ compensation statute, “We have consistently concluded that it is proper to defer to the legislature in matters concerning the desirability of statutory classifications affecting the regulation of economic activity and the distribution of economic benefits” (quotations omitted)).	1	2016–2016
Terminiello v. Chicago green scotus · 1949 2 sentences 1994See also Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24 , 91 S.Ct. 1780, 1787-88 , 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720-21 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 444-45 , 83 S.Ct. 328, 343-44 , 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 , 69 S.Ct. 894, 895-96 , 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949); see also Rotunda & Nowak, supra § 20.47 at 296 (citing federal cases). [6] See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a di 1994See also Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24 , 91 S.Ct. 1780, 1787-88 , 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720-21 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 444-45 , 83 S.Ct. 328, 343-44 , 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 , 69 S.Ct. 894, 895-96 , 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949); see also Rotunda & Nowak, supra § 20.47 at 296 (citing federal cases). [6] See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a di	1	1994–1994
National Ass'n for the Advancement of Colored People v. Button green scotus · 1963 2 sentences 1994See also Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24 , 91 S.Ct. 1780, 1787-88 , 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720-21 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 444-45 , 83 S.Ct. 328, 343-44 , 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 , 69 S.Ct. 894, 895-96 , 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949); see also Rotunda & Nowak, supra § 20.47 at 296 (citing federal cases). [6] See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a di 1994See also Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24 , 91 S.Ct. 1780, 1787-88 , 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720-21 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 444-45 , 83 S.Ct. 328, 343-44 , 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 , 69 S.Ct. 894, 895-96 , 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949); see also Rotunda & Nowak, supra § 20.47 at 296 (citing federal cases). [6] See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a di	1	1994–1994
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan green scotus · 1964 2 sentences 1994See also Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24 , 91 S.Ct. 1780, 1787-88 , 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720-21 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 444-45 , 83 S.Ct. 328, 343-44 , 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 , 69 S.Ct. 894, 895-96 , 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949); see also Rotunda & Nowak, supra § 20.47 at 296 (citing federal cases). [6] See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a di 1994See also Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24 , 91 S.Ct. 1780, 1787-88 , 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720-21 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 444-45 , 83 S.Ct. 328, 343-44 , 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 , 69 S.Ct. 894, 895-96 , 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949); see also Rotunda & Nowak, supra § 20.47 at 296 (citing federal cases). [6] See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a di	1	1994–1994
Texas v. New Mexico green scotus · 1990 2 sentences 1994See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a different test under the state constitution, and reasons for applying a more stringent standard for reviewing challenged classifications under the state equal protection provision); State v. Hershberger, 462 N.W.2d 393, 397-98 (Minn.), vacated, 495 U.S. 901 , 110 S.Ct. 1918 , 109 L.Ed.2d 282 (1990) (noting that language in the Minnesota Constitution regarding freedom of expression is "distinctively stronger” than the federal counterpart, bu 1994See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a different test under the state constitution, and reasons for applying a more stringent standard for reviewing challenged classifications under the state equal protection provision); State v. Hershberger, 462 N.W.2d 393, 397-98 (Minn.), vacated, 495 U.S. 901 , 110 S.Ct. 1918 , 109 L.Ed.2d 282 (1990) (noting that language in the Minnesota Constitution regarding freedom of expression is "distinctively stronger” than the federal counterpart, bu	1	1994–1994
In re Disbarment of Dawes green scotus · 1990 2 sentences 1994See also Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 24 , 91 S.Ct. 1780, 1787-88 , 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269-70 , 84 S.Ct. 710, 720-21 , 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 444-45 , 83 S.Ct. 328, 343-44 , 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 , 69 S.Ct. 894, 895-96 , 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949); see also Rotunda & Nowak, supra § 20.47 at 296 (citing federal cases). [6] See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a di 1994See, e.g., State v. Russell, 477 N.W.2d 886, 887-89 (Minn.1991) (discussion of the federal rational basis test, precedent in state law for application of a different test under the state constitution, and reasons for applying a more stringent standard for reviewing challenged classifications under the state equal protection provision); State v. Hershberger, 462 N.W.2d 393, 397-98 (Minn.), vacated, 495 U.S. 901 , 110 S.Ct. 1918 , 109 L.Ed.2d 282 (1990) (noting that language in the Minnesota Constitution regarding freedom of expression is "distinctively stronger” than the federal counterpart, bu	1	1994–1994
Schwartz v. Talmo green minn · 1973 2 sentences 1993Miller cites Montgomery Ward Co. v. Comm’r of Taxation, 216 Minn. 307 , 12 N.W.2d 625 (1943), which relies on the federal rational basis test, but then also cites Schwartz v. Talmo, 295 Minn. 356 , 205 N.W.2d 318 (1973), appeal dismissed, 414 U.S. 803 , 94 5.Ct. 130, 38 L.Ed.2d 39 (1973) for what has come to be called the “three part test.” Miller, supra at 356 . 1993Miller cites Montgomery Ward Co. v. Comm’r of Taxation, 216 Minn. 307 , 12 N.W.2d 625 (1943), which relies on the federal rational basis test, but then also cites Schwartz v. Talmo, 295 Minn. 356 , 205 N.W.2d 318 (1973), appeal dismissed, 414 U.S. 803 , 94 5.Ct. 130, 38 L.Ed.2d 39 (1973) for what has come to be called the “three part test.” Miller, supra at 356 .	1	1993–1993
Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Commissioner of Taxation green minn · 1943 2 sentences 1993Miller cites Montgomery Ward Co. v. Comm’r of Taxation, 216 Minn. 307 , 12 N.W.2d 625 (1943), which relies on the federal rational basis test, but then also cites Schwartz v. Talmo, 295 Minn. 356 , 205 N.W.2d 318 (1973), appeal dismissed, 414 U.S. 803 , 94 5.Ct. 130, 38 L.Ed.2d 39 (1973) for what has come to be called the “three part test.” Miller, supra at 356 . 1993Miller cites Montgomery Ward Co. v. Comm’r of Taxation, 216 Minn. 307 , 12 N.W.2d 625 (1943), which relies on the federal rational basis test, but then also cites Schwartz v. Talmo, 295 Minn. 356 , 205 N.W.2d 318 (1973), appeal dismissed, 414 U.S. 803 , 94 5.Ct. 130, 38 L.Ed.2d 39 (1973) for what has come to be called the “three part test.” Miller, supra at 356 .	1	1993–1993
Saukkola v. Airtex Industries neutral minn · 1981 2 sentences 1993See, e.g., McKnight, Minnesota Rational Relation Test: The Lochner Monster in the 10,000 Lakes, 10 Wm.Mitchell L.Rev. 709 (1984); Haskell’s, Inc. v. Sopsic, 313 N.W.2d 921 (1981). 1993See, e.g., McKnight, Minnesota Rational Relation Test: The Lochner Monster in the 10,000 Lakes, 10 Wm.Mitchell L.Rev. 709 (1984); Haskell's, Inc. v. Sopsic, 313 N.W.2d 921 (1981).	1	1993–1993
Miller Brewing Co. v. State green minn · 1979 2 sentences 1993Miller cites Montgomery Ward Co. v. Comm’r of Taxation, 216 Minn. 307 , 12 N.W.2d 625 (1943), which relies on the federal rational basis test, but then also cites Schwartz v. Talmo, 295 Minn. 356 , 205 N.W.2d 318 (1973), appeal dismissed, 414 U.S. 803 , 94 5.Ct. 130, 38 L.Ed.2d 39 (1973) for what has come to be called the “three part test.” Miller, supra at 356 . 1993Miller cites Montgomery Ward Co. v. Comm'r of Taxation, 216 Minn. 307 , 12 N.W.2d 625 (1943), which relies on the federal rational basis test, but then also cites Schwartz v. Talmo, 295 Minn. 356 , 205 N.W.2d 318 (1973), appeal dismissed, 414 U.S. 803 , 94 S.Ct. 130 , 38 L.Ed.2d 39 (1973) for what has come to be called the "three part test." Miller, supra at 356 .	1	1993–1993
Howell v. Jones green scotus · 1973 2 sentences 1993Miller cites Montgomery Ward Co. v. Comm’r of Taxation, 216 Minn. 307 , 12 N.W.2d 625 (1943), which relies on the federal rational basis test, but then also cites Schwartz v. Talmo, 295 Minn. 356 , 205 N.W.2d 318 (1973), appeal dismissed, 414 U.S. 803 , 94 5.Ct. 130, 38 L.Ed.2d 39 (1973) for what has come to be called the “three part test.” Miller, supra at 356 . 1993Miller cites Montgomery Ward Co. v. Comm'r of Taxation, 216 Minn. 307 , 12 N.W.2d 625 (1943), which relies on the federal rational basis test, but then also cites Schwartz v. Talmo, 295 Minn. 356 , 205 N.W.2d 318 (1973), appeal dismissed, 414 U.S. 803 , 94 S.Ct. 130 , 38 L.Ed.2d 39 (1973) for what has come to be called the "three part test." Miller, supra at 356 .	1	1993–1993
Binkley v. Manufacturer's Life Insurance green scotus · 1973 1 sentence 1993Miller cites Montgomery Ward Co. v. Comm'r of Taxation, 216 Minn. 307 , 12 N.W.2d 625 (1943), which relies on the federal rational basis test, but then also cites Schwartz v. Talmo, 295 Minn. 356 , 205 N.W.2d 318 (1973), appeal dismissed, 414 U.S. 803 , 94 S.Ct. 130 , 38 L.Ed.2d 39 (1973) for what has come to be called the "three part test." Miller, supra at 356 .	1	1993–1993
Wegan v. Village of Lexington green minn · 1981 2 sentences 1986By footnote in a 1981 opinion, Wegan v. Village of Lexington, 309 N.W.2d 273 , 281 n. 14 (Minn.1981), we indicated the rational basis standard under the Minnesota constitution differed from the federal standard. 1986By footnote in a 1981 opinion, Wegan v. Village of Lexington, 309 N.W.2d 273 , 281 n. 14 (Minn.1981), we indicated the rational basis standard under the Minnesota constitution differed from the federal standard.	1	1986–1986
Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co. green scotus · 1981 2 sentences 1986Clover Leaf Creamery, 449 U.S. at 461 , 101 S.Ct. at 722 . [2] The decision in the case of City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 3249 , 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985), for example, is only the most recent example of this phenomenon and creates substantial uncertainty about the intensity of review embodied in the federal rational basis standard. 1986Clover Leaf Creamery, 449 U.S. at 461 , 101 S.Ct. at 722 . [2] The decision in the case of City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 3249 , 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985), for example, is only the most recent example of this phenomenon and creates substantial uncertainty about the intensity of review embodied in the federal rational basis standard.	1	1986–1986

Where else courts name it

MN 12 (1986–2018) TX 9 (1994–2025) NM 8 (2016–2025) AK 6 (1982–2011) IA 6 (2004–2019) NJ 4 (1993–2004) PA 2 (2020–2024) OH 2 (2016–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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