comparability analysis (Washington) · Go Syfert
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comparability analysis in Washington

83 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 2000–2026 15 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (25)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Morleygreen
wash · 1998 · cited in 9 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2000–2024
2 sentences

2009See Morley, 134 Wn.2d at 606 . ¶17 The second step of the comparability analysis requires that the trial court review the facts underlying the out-of-state conviction.

2009See Morley, 134 Wash.2d at 606 , 952 P.2d 167 . ¶ 17 The second step of the comparability analysis requires that the trial court review the facts underlying the out-of-state conviction. *570 Morley, 134 Wash.2d at 606 , 952 P.2d 167 .

39
State v. McFarlandgreen
wash · 1995 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2007–2024
2 sentences

2007Ed. 2d 674 (1984); State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 77-78 , 917 P.2d 563 (1996); see also State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334-35 , 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). ¶9 In order to ascertain whether Thiefault’s counsel was deficient under Strickland’s first prong, this court must conduct a comparability analysis of the Montana conviction.

2007Ed. 2d 674 (1984); State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 77-78 , 917 P.2d 563 (1996); see also State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334-35 , 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). ¶9 In order to ascertain whether Thiefault’s counsel was deficient under Strickland’s first prong, this court must conduct a comparability analysis of the Montana conviction.

33
In re the Personal Restraint of Laverygreen
wash · 2005 · cited in 6 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2017
2 sentences

2006As long as the trial court determines that the relevant facts in a foreign court’s record have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, Lavery, 154 Wn.2d at 258 , the trial court must conduct a comparability analysis 12 and include a prior foreign conviction in calculating the defendant’s offender score. ¶50 We hold that the trial court did not violate Farnsworth’s Sixth Amendment right under Blakely by engaging in a factual comparability analysis when it calculated his offender score for sentencing. ¶51 A defendant’s offender score determines the range that sentencing courts may use when determ

2006As long as the trial court determines that the relevant facts in a foreign court's record have been proven beyond a reasonable doubt, Lavery, 154 Wash.2d at 258 , 111 P.3d 837 , the trial court must conduct a comparability analysis [12] and include a prior foreign conviction in calculating the defendant's offender score. ¶ 50 We hold that the trial court did not violate Farnsworth's sixth amendment right under Blakely by engaging in a factual comparability analysis when it calculated his offender score for sentencing. ¶ 51 A defendant's offender score determines the range that sentencing court

26
State v. Sublettgreen
wash · 2012 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2014–2026
2 sentences

2026Our Supreme Court has found that “[t]he focus of the comparability inquiry remains on the elements of the crimes, and not the defenses.” State v. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58, 89 , 292 P.3d 715 (2012) (plurality opinion).

2026Our Supreme Court has found that “[t]he focus of the comparability inquiry remains on the elements of the crimes, and not the defenses.” State v. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58, 89 , 292 P.3d 715 (2012) (plurality opinion).

23
Jenkins v. Department of Social & Health Servicesgreen
wash · 2007 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011To `presume' some recipients need fewer hours of care without individualized determination violates the comparability requirement." Jenkins, 160 Wash.2d at 300 , 157 P.3d 388 . ¶ 18 Our holding in Jenkins controls the resolution of this case.

2011Jenkins, 160 Wash.2d at 300 , 157 P.3d 388 ("To `presume' some recipients need fewer hours of care without individualized determination violates the comparability requirement."). ¶ 22 DSHS essentially argues that the presumptions in WAC 388-106-0213 create valid *1143 utilization control measures necessary to ensure that DSHS pays only for care-related needs and not for developmental needs.

22
Jenkins v. DSHSgreen
wash · 2007 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011To `presume' some recipients need fewer hours of care without individualized determination violates the comparability requirement." Jenkins, 160 Wash.2d at 300 , 157 P.3d 388 . ¶ 18 Our holding in Jenkins controls the resolution of this case.

2011Jenkins, 160 Wash.2d at 300 , 157 P.3d 388 ("To `presume' some recipients need fewer hours of care without individualized determination violates the comparability requirement."). ¶ 22 DSHS essentially argues that the presumptions in WAC 388-106-0213 create valid *1143 utilization control measures necessary to ensure that DSHS pays only for care-related needs and not for developmental needs.

22
Kimmelman v. Morrisongreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 375 , 106 S. Ct. 2574 , 91 L.

2009See Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 375 , 106 S. Ct. 2574 , 91 L.

22
State v. Jacobsgreen
wash · 2005 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
22
State v. Jacobsgreen
wash · 2005 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
22
State v. Ballgreen
washctapp · 2005 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
22
McMillan v. McCrimongreen
ilcd · 1992 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
22
White v. Bealgreen
ca3 · 1977 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
22
Schott v. Olszewskigreen
ca6 · 2005 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
22
State v. Thiefaultgreen
wash · 2007 · cited in 10 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2007–2023
2 sentences

2020In Thiefault, the superior court conducted a comparability analysis at sentencing and found that the defendant’s federal and out-of-state convictions were comparable to their Washington counterparts. 160 Wn.2d at 413 .

2017Therefore, in a comparability analysis we may consider only those underlying facts that were "admitted, stipulated to, or proved beyond a reasonable doubt." Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d at 415 .

110
State v. Morleygreen
wash · 1998 · cited in 5 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2000–2024
2 sentences

2009See Morley, 134 Wash.2d at 606 , 952 P.2d 167 . ¶ 17 The second step of the comparability analysis requires that the trial court review the facts underlying the out-of-state conviction. *570 Morley, 134 Wash.2d at 606 , 952 P.2d 167 .

2009See Morley, 134 Wash.2d at 606 , 952 P.2d 167 . ¶ 17 The second step of the comparability analysis requires that the trial court review the facts underlying the out-of-state conviction. *570 Morley, 134 Wash.2d at 606 , 952 P.2d 167 .

15
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 5 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2007–2020
2 sentences

2007Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wash.2d 61, 77-78 , 917 P.2d 563 (1996); see also State v. McFarland, 127 Wash.2d 322, 334-35 , 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). ¶ 9 In order to ascertain whether Thiefault's counsel was deficient under Strickland's first prong, this court must conduct a comparability analysis of the Montana conviction.

2007Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wash.2d 61, 77-78 , 917 P.2d 563 (1996); see also State v. McFarland, 127 Wash.2d 322, 334-35 , 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). ¶ 9 In order to ascertain whether Thiefault's counsel was deficient under Strickland's first prong, this court must conduct a comparability analysis of the Montana conviction.

15
State v. Stevensgreen
washctapp · 2007 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2019
2 sentences

2019Typically, in reviewing an out of state conviction, the trial court conducts a comparability analysis in which “[o]ut-of-state convictions are classified according to the comparable offense definitions and sentences provided in Washington law.” State v. Stevens, 137 Wn.

2016Typically, the trial court conducts a comparability analysis where "[0Jut-of-state convictions are classified according to the comparable offense definitions and sentences provided in Washington law." State v. Stevens, 137 Wn.

12
State v. Kelleygreen
wash · 2010 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011We note that in State v. Kelley, 168 Wn.2d 72 , 226 P.3d 773 (2010) and State v. Kier, 164 Wn.2d 798 , 194 P.3d 212 (2008), our Supreme Court suggested that clear legislative intent, as gleaned from legislative history, is reviewed in conjunction with the express statutory language, part of the comparability analysis, and like express statutory language that legislative history is outcome determinative and overrides the results of the same evidence test.

2011Calle, 125 Wash.2d at 777 , 888 P.2d 155 . [10] We note that in State v. Kelley, 168 Wash.2d 72 , 226 P.3d 773 (2010) and State v. Kier, 164 Wash.2d 798 , 194 P.3d 212 (2008), our Supreme Court suggested that clear legislative intent, as gleaned from legislative history, is reviewed in conjunction with the express statutory language part of the comparability analysis, and like express statutory language that legislative history is outcome determinative and overrides the results of the same evidence test.

12
State v. Kiergreen
wash · 2008 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011We note that in State v. Kelley, 168 Wn.2d 72 , 226 P.3d 773 (2010) and State v. Kier, 164 Wn.2d 798 , 194 P.3d 212 (2008), our Supreme Court suggested that clear legislative intent, as gleaned from legislative history, is reviewed in conjunction with the express statutory language, part of the comparability analysis, and like express statutory language that legislative history is outcome determinative and overrides the results of the same evidence test.

2011Calle, 125 Wash.2d at 777 , 888 P.2d 155 . [10] We note that in State v. Kelley, 168 Wash.2d 72 , 226 P.3d 773 (2010) and State v. Kier, 164 Wash.2d 798 , 194 P.3d 212 (2008), our Supreme Court suggested that clear legislative intent, as gleaned from legislative history, is reviewed in conjunction with the express statutory language part of the comparability analysis, and like express statutory language that legislative history is outcome determinative and overrides the results of the same evidence test.

12
State v. Cruzred
wash · 1999 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
State v. Cruzred
wash · 1999 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
State v. Lazcanogreen
washctapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
State v. Crossgreen
wash · 2006 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
State v. Crossgreen
wash · 2006 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
State v. Birchgreen
washctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (55)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Olsen green
wash · 2014
2 sentences

2024Olsen, 180 Wn.2d at 472-73 .

2022State v. Olsen, 180 Wn.2d 468, 472 , 325 P.3d 187 (2014).

52015–2024
State v. Thiefault green
wash · 2007
2 sentences

2021State v. Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d 409, 414 , 158 P.3d 580 (2007).

2017Here, the trial court calculated Canha's offender score using four out-of-state convictions but it failed to perform a comparability analysis.^ This court could either remand to the superior court for a comparability analysis, see State v. Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d 409,420 , 158 P.3d 580 (2007), or perform the comparability analysis and remand to the superior court for resentencing if necessary.

52007–2021
State v. Jordan green
wash · 2014
2 sentences

2025Jordan, 180 Wn.2d at 465 .

2024State v. Jordan, 180 Wn.2d 456, 465 , 325 P.3d 181 (2014).

22024–2025
Apprendi v. New Jersey green
scotus · 2000
2 sentences

2024Accordingly, a comparability analysis regarding the “fact of conviction” would continue to fall under the exception to the rule articulated in Apprendi. 530 U.S. at 490 .

2017Here, we choose to perform the comparability analysis and remand for resentencing. 2 Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 , 120 8.

22017–2024
State v. Releford green
washctapp · 2009
2 sentences

2024Restraint of Canha, 189 Wn.2d 359 , 367, 402 P.3d 266 (2017). “[T]o establish factual comparability, the State need independently prove only those facts that, when alleged by the State, have not been admitted by the defendant.” State v. Releford, 148 Wn.

2014VRP ( Oct. 5, 2012 at 11). rel No. 44042 -3 -II these facts can be relied upon by a sentencing court conducting a comparability analysis. 148 Wn.

22014–2024
State v. Stevens neutral
washctapp · 2007
2 sentences

2019App. 460, 465 , 153 P.3d 903 (2007) (citing RCW 9.94A.525(3)).

2016App. 460, 465 , 153 P.3d 903 (2007) (citing RCW 9.94A.525(3».

22016–2019
State v. Arndt green
washctapp · 2014
2 sentences

2019A comparability analysis covers (1) ‘legal comparability,” and (2) “factual comparability.” Arndt, 179 Wn.

2016A comparability analysis covers (1) "legal comparability," and (2) "factual comparability." Arndt, 179 Wn.

22016–2019
State v. Davis red
wash · 2012
2 sentences

2018E.g., DavisII , 175 Wash.2d at 354 -55 , 290 P.3d 43 (finding death sentence proportionate even though, with respect to every comparability factor, the number of life sentences imposed vastly exceeded the number of death sentences imposed); Cross, 156 Wash.2d at 631 -34 , 132 P.3d 80 (affirming death sentence even though (1) "the death penalty has not been sought in cases at least as brutal," (2) *190 the single aggravating circumstance of multiple victims as part of a common scheme or plan does not weigh either for or against finding of proportionality, (3) the defendant had minimal criminal

2018E.g., DavisII , 175 Wash.2d at 354 -55 , 290 P.3d 43 (finding death sentence proportionate even though, with respect to every comparability factor, the number of life sentences imposed vastly exceeded the number of death sentences imposed); Cross, 156 Wash.2d at 631 -34 , 132 P.3d 80 (affirming death sentence even though (1) "the death penalty has not been sought in cases at least as brutal," (2) *190 the single aggravating circumstance of multiple victims as part of a common scheme or plan does not weigh either for or against finding of proportionality, (3) the defendant had minimal criminal

22018–2018
Department of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, L.L.C. green
wash · 2002
2 sentences

2014RCW 9.94A.525(3) Does Not Require Comparability ofSelf-Defense Laws When interpreting the meaning of statutes, '"[t]he court's fundamental objective is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature's intent."' State v. Pannell, 173 Wn.2d 222, 226-27 , 267 P.3d 349 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting Dep 't ofEcology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9 , 43 P.3d 4 (2002)).

2014RCW 9.94A.525(3) Does Not Require Comparability of Self-Defense Laws ¶12 When interpreting the meaning of statutes, “ ‘[t]he court’s fundamental objective is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature’s intent.’ ” State v. Pannell, 173 Wn.2d 222, 226-27 , 267 P.3d 349 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9 , 43 P.3d 4 (2002)). ¶13 We have repeatedly recognized that the legislature purposefully created the SRA scheme broadly in order to “ ‘ensure that defendants with equivalent prior convictions are treated “the same way, regardless of

22014–2014
State v. Pannell green
wash · 2011
2 sentences

2014RCW 9.94A.525(3) Does Not Require Comparability of Self-Defense Laws ¶12 When interpreting the meaning of statutes, “ ‘[t]he court’s fundamental objective is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature’s intent.’ ” State v. Pannell, 173 Wn.2d 222, 226-27 , 267 P.3d 349 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9 , 43 P.3d 4 (2002)). ¶13 We have repeatedly recognized that the legislature purposefully created the SRA scheme broadly in order to “ ‘ensure that defendants with equivalent prior convictions are treated “the same way, regardless of

2014RCW 9.94A.525(3) Does Not Require Comparability of Self-Defense Laws ¶12 When interpreting the meaning of statutes, “ ‘[t]he court’s fundamental objective is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature’s intent.’ ” State v. Pannell, 173 Wn.2d 222, 226-27 , 267 P.3d 349 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9 , 43 P.3d 4 (2002)). ¶13 We have repeatedly recognized that the legislature purposefully created the SRA scheme broadly in order to “ ‘ensure that defendants with equivalent prior convictions are treated “the same way, regardless of

22014–2014
State, Dept. of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn green
wash · 2002
2 sentences

2014RCW 9.94A.525(3) Does Not Require Comparability ofSelf-Defense Laws When interpreting the meaning of statutes, '"[t]he court's fundamental objective is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature's intent."' State v. Pannell, 173 Wn.2d 222, 226-27 , 267 P.3d 349 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting Dep 't ofEcology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9 , 43 P.3d 4 (2002)).

2014RCW 9.94A.525(3) Does Not Require Comparability of Self-Defense Laws ¶12 When interpreting the meaning of statutes, “ ‘[t]he court’s fundamental objective is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature’s intent.’ ” State v. Pannell, 173 Wn.2d 222, 226-27 , 267 P.3d 349 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9 , 43 P.3d 4 (2002)). ¶13 We have repeatedly recognized that the legislature purposefully created the SRA scheme broadly in order to “ ‘ensure that defendants with equivalent prior convictions are treated “the same way, regardless of

22014–2014
State v. Kier green
wash · 2008
2 sentences

2011We note that in State v. Kelley, 168 Wn.2d 72 , 226 P.3d 773 (2010) and State v. Kier, 164 Wn.2d 798 , 194 P.3d 212 (2008), our Supreme Court suggested that clear legislative intent, as gleaned from legislative history, is reviewed in conjunction with the express statutory language, part of the comparability analysis, and like express statutory language that legislative history is outcome determinative and overrides the results of the same evidence test.

2011Calle, 125 Wash.2d at 777 , 888 P.2d 155 . [10] We note that in State v. Kelley, 168 Wash.2d 72 , 226 P.3d 773 (2010) and State v. Kier, 164 Wash.2d 798 , 194 P.3d 212 (2008), our Supreme Court suggested that clear legislative intent, as gleaned from legislative history, is reviewed in conjunction with the express statutory language part of the comparability analysis, and like express statutory language that legislative history is outcome determinative and overrides the results of the same evidence test.

22011–2011
State v. Kelley green
wash · 2010
2 sentences

2011We note that in State v. Kelley, 168 Wn.2d 72 , 226 P.3d 773 (2010) and State v. Kier, 164 Wn.2d 798 , 194 P.3d 212 (2008), our Supreme Court suggested that clear legislative intent, as gleaned from legislative history, is reviewed in conjunction with the express statutory language, part of the comparability analysis, and like express statutory language that legislative history is outcome determinative and overrides the results of the same evidence test.

2011Calle, 125 Wash.2d at 777 , 888 P.2d 155 . [10] We note that in State v. Kelley, 168 Wash.2d 72 , 226 P.3d 773 (2010) and State v. Kier, 164 Wash.2d 798 , 194 P.3d 212 (2008), our Supreme Court suggested that clear legislative intent, as gleaned from legislative history, is reviewed in conjunction with the express statutory language part of the comparability analysis, and like express statutory language that legislative history is outcome determinative and overrides the results of the same evidence test.

22011–2011
State v. Johnson neutral
washctapp · 2009
2 sentences

2010State v. Johnson, 150 Wn.

2010State v. Johnson, 150 Wash. App. 663, 676 , 208 P.3d 1265 , review denied, 167 Wash.2d 1012 , 220 P.3d 208 (2009).

22010–2010
State v. Russell green
washctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2009App. 422, 440 , 16 P.3d 664 (2001).

2008Russell, 104 Wash.App. at 442 , 16 P.3d 664 . ¶ 16 We need not address steps two and three of the comparability analysis because step one has not been satisfied.

22008–2009
State v. Russell green
washctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2009Division Three utilized the comparability analysis as articulated by this court’s earlier decision in State v. Russell, 104 Wn.

2008Russell, 104 Wash.App. at 442 , 16 P.3d 664 . ¶ 16 We need not address steps two and three of the comparability analysis because step one has not been satisfied.

22008–2009
State v. Werneth green
washctapp · 2008
2 sentences

2009Next, it considered whether “the Georgia court entered findings of fact which support the additional elements of the Washington offense,” the “factual” prong of the comparability analysis. 12 Werneth, 147 Wn.

2009Next, it considered whether "the Georgia court entered findings of fact which support the additional elements of the Washington offense," the "factual" prong of the comparability analysis. [12] Werneth, 147 Wash.App. at 554 , 197 P.3d 1195 . ¶ 26 The State argued that it had produced the necessary, additional facts at trial to prove comparability.

22009–2009
State v. Hendrickson green
wash · 1996
22007–2007
State v. Hendrickson green
wash · 1996
22007–2007
State v. Delgado green
wash · 2003
22006–2006
Schweiker v. Hogan green
scotus · 1982
22006–2006
State v. McCorkle green
washctapp · 1997
22005–2005
State v. Mutch green
washctapp · 1997
22005–2005
In re the Detention of Williams green
wash · 2002
22003–2003
In Re Detention of Williams green
wash · 2002
22003–2003
State v. Weiand green
washctapp · 1992
22002–2002
State v. Cameron green
washctapp · 1996
22000–2000
Asplundh Tree Expert Co. v. Department of Labor & Industries neutral
washctapp · 2008
12026–2026
State v. Ammons green
wash · 2005
12025–2025
State v. Batson neutral
wash · 2020
12024–2024
State v. Arndt green
wash · 1976
12024–2024
State v. Kosanke green
wash · 1945
12024–2024
State v. Blake green
wash · 2021
12021–2021
State v. Collins green
washctapp · 2008
12021–2021
State v. Ross green
wash · 2004
12020–2020
State v. Ross green
wash · 2009
12020–2020
State v. Webb green
washctapp · 2014
12020–2020
State Of Washington v. Tommie Lee Davis neutral
washctapp · 2018
12019–2019
State v. Labarbera neutral
washctapp · 2005
12019–2019
State v. Lord green
wash · 1992
12018–2018

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.525 (35) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.030 (28) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (20) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.570 (14) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.530 (10) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.41.040 (8) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.44.010 (8) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 10.73.090 (7) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.56.190 (7) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.56.200 (7) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.500 (6) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.589 (6)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

WA 83 (2000–2026) KS 10 (2016–2026) CA 8 (2002–2025) IN 3 (2001–2011)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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