63 Pennsylvania opinions name it 13 courts 1987–2026 3 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Mascaro v. Youth Study Centergreen2 sentences2002The trial court stated that “[b]ased upon our reading of caselaw and the mandate that the exceptions to governmental immunity be narrowly construed, Mascaro v. Youth Study Center, 514 Pa. 351 , 523 A.2d 1118 (1987), as a matter of law and regardless of what ‘new evidence’ is discovered, the Health Department’s actions taken pursuant to its statutory duty do not equate with Merrymead Farm’s animals *980 being in the control of the Health Department.” September 11, 2001 Trial Court Op. at 6. 2002The trial court stated that “[b]ased upon our reading of caselaw and the mandate that the exceptions to governmental immunity be narrowly construed, Mascaro v. Youth Study Center, 514 Pa. 351 , 523 A.2d 1118 (1987), as a matter of law and regardless of what ‘new evidence’ is discovered, the Health Department’s actions taken pursuant to its statutory duty do not equate with Merrymead Farm’s animals *980 being in the control of the Health Department.” September 11, 2001 Trial Court Op. at 6. | 6 | 17 |
WURTH BY WURTH v. City of Philadelphiagreen2 sentences2001In Wurth v. City of Philadelphia, 136 Pa. Commw. 629 , 584 A.2d 403 (1990), the court held: “[t]he affirmative defense of governmental immunity may be raised by preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer where that defense is apparent on the face of the pleading; that is, that a cause of action is made against a governmental body and it is apparent on the face of the pleading that the cause of action does not fall within any of the exceptions to governmental immunity. 2001In Wurth v. City of Philadelphia, 136 Pa. Commw. 629 , 584 A.2d 403 (1990), the court held: “[t]he affirmative defense of governmental immunity may be raised by preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer where that defense is apparent on the face of the pleading; that is, that a cause of action is made against a governmental body and it is apparent on the face of the pleading that the cause of action does not fall within any of the exceptions to governmental immunity. | 2 | 5 |
Love v. City of Philadelphiared2 sentences2001Pennsylvania courts must apply narrowly the exceptions to governmental immunity, including this ‘motor vehicle’ exception.” See also, Love v. City of Philadelphia, 518 Pa. 370, 373-74 , 543 A.2d 531, 533 (1998); Mascaro v. Youth Study Center, 514 Pa. 351, 361 , 523 A.2d 1118, 1123 (1987). 2001Pennsylvania courts must apply narrowly the exceptions to governmental immunity, including this ‘motor vehicle’ exception.” See also, Love v. City of Philadelphia, 518 Pa. 370, 373-74 , 543 A.2d 531, 533 (1998); Mascaro v. Youth Study Center, 514 Pa. 351, 361 , 523 A.2d 1118, 1123 (1987). | 2 | 4 |
Gale v. City of Philadelphiagreen2 sentences2016"In accordance with the General Assembly's expressed intent to insulate local agencies from tort liabilities, the statutory language of the exceptions to governmental immunity contained in Subsection 8542(b) of the Tort Claims Act must be construed narrowly; immunity remains the rule." Gale v. City of Phila., 86 A.3d 318 , 320 (Pa.Cmwlth.2014). 2016And, as indicated above, "[i]n accordance with the General Assembly's expressed intent to insulate local agencies from tort liabilities, the statutory language of the exceptions to governmental immunity contained in Subsection 8542(b) of the Tort Claims Act must be construed narrowly; immunity remains the rule. " Gale v. City of Phila., 86 A.3d 318 , 320 (Pa.Cmwlth.2014) (emphasis added) (citation omitted). | 1 | 4 |
Lindstrom v. City of Corrygreen2 sentences2009Finally, the negligent action must fall within one of the exceptions to governmental immunity set forth in 42 Pa.C.S. § 8542(b).” Lindstrom v. City of Corry, 563 Pa. 579 , 763 A.2d 394 (2000). 2009Finally, the negligent action must fall within one of the exceptions to governmental immunity set forth in 42 Pa.C.S. § 8542(b).” Lindstrom v. City of Corry, 563 Pa. 579 , 763 A.2d 394 (2000). | 1 | 3 |
Orange Stones Co. v. City of Readinggreen2 sentences2023Regarding sovereign immunity, although Rule 1030 indicates that immunity ordinarily must be raised in New Matter, “a party may raise the affirmative defense of immunity as a preliminary objection where it is clearly applicable on the face of the complaint; that is, that a cause of action is made against a governmental body and it is apparent on the face of the pleading that the cause of action does not fall within any of the exceptions to governmental immunity.” Orange Stones Co. v. City of Reading, 87 A.3d 1014, 1022 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014) (citation omitted). 2021However, a party may raise the defense as 20 a preliminary objection “where it is clearly applicable on the face of the complaint; that is, that a cause of action is made against a governmental body and it is apparent on the face of the pleading that the cause of action does not fall within any of the exceptions to governmental immunity.” Orange Stones, 87 A.3d at 1022 . | 1 | 2 |
Gilius v. Bd. of Supv., Fairview T.green2 sentences1989Here, as in Gilius v. Board of Supervisors of Fairview Township, 122 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 371 , 552 A.2d 327 (1988), none of Appellants’ allegations of negligence fit within any of the exceptions to governmental immunity encompassed under subsection 8542(b) of the Code. 1989Here, as in Gilius v. Board of Supervisors of Fairview Township, 122 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 371 , 552 A.2d 327 (1988), none of Appellants’ allegations of negligence fit within any of the exceptions to governmental immunity encompassed under subsection 8542(b) of the Code. | 1 | 2 |
Combs v. Borough of Ellsworthgreen2 sentences2014The Court first acknowledged the cases which held that “preliminary objections raising the immunity defense may be considered if the opposing party waives the procedural defect.” Combs, 615 A.2d at 463 (emphasis added.) The Court, however, rejected this approach and held: Even if, in the present matter, this defect had not been waived by appellants, the Court traditionally has reasoned that: the affirmative defense of governmental immunity may be raised by preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer where that defense is apparent on the face of the pleading; that is, that a cause of act 2002No. 1030(a): "[A]ll affirmative defenses including ... immunity from suit ... shall be pleaded in a responsive pleading under the heading 'New Matter'.” In Combs v. Borough of Ellsworth, 151 Pa.Cmwlth. 21 , 615 A.2d 462 (1992), the Court noted that preliminary objections raising the defense of immunity may be considered if the opposing party waives the procedural defect or if the affirmative defense is apparent on the face of the pleading because a cause of action is made against a governmental body and it is apparent that the cause of action does not fall within any of the exceptions to gover | 1 | 2 |
Silkowski v. Hackergreen2 sentences2007Previous attempts to disguise tort causes of action not falling within the exceptions to governmental immunity as assumpsit counts . . . have been rejected by this Court."); Schreck v. North Codorus Township, 126 Pa.Cmwlth. 407 , 559 A.2d 1018, 1022-23 (1989) ("This court has previously rejected attempts to circumvent the above immunity provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 8541-8564 by fashioning a cause of action in assumpsit which is in reality nothing more than a cause of action sounding in tort."), appeal dismissed, 526 Pa. 266 , 585 A.2d 464 (1991); Silkowski by Silkowski v. Hacker, 95 Pa.Cmwlth. 2007Previous attempts to disguise tort causes of action not falling within the exceptions to governmental immunity as assumpsit counts . . . have been rejected by this Court."); Schreck v. North Codorus Township, 126 Pa.Cmwlth. 407 , 559 A.2d 1018, 1022-23 (1989) ("This court has previously rejected attempts to circumvent the above immunity provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 8541-8564 by fashioning a cause of action in assumpsit which is in reality nothing more than a cause of action sounding in tort."), appeal dismissed, 526 Pa. 266 , 585 A.2d 464 (1991); Silkowski by Silkowski v. Hacker, 95 Pa.Cmwlth. | 1 | 2 |
Com., Dept. of Transp. v. Pattongreen1 sentence2026Whether the local agency could reasonably be charged with notice under the circumstances, i.e., constructive notice, “requires that the dangerous condition be apparent upon reasonable inspection.” Dep’t of Transp. v. Patton, 686 A.2d 1302, 1304 (Pa. 1997). “[E]vidence of similar accidents occurring at substantially the same place and under the same or similar circumstances may, in the sound discretion of the trial Judge, be admissible to prove constructive notice of a . . . dangerous condition.” Stormer v. Alberts Constr. | 1 | 1 |
Schreck v. North Codorus Townshipgreen2 sentences2007Previous attempts to disguise tort causes of action not falling within the exceptions to governmental immunity as assumpsit counts . . . have been rejected by this Court."); Schreck v. North Codorus Township, 126 Pa.Cmwlth. 407 , 559 A.2d 1018, 1022-23 (1989) ("This court has previously rejected attempts to circumvent the above immunity provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 8541-8564 by fashioning a cause of action in assumpsit which is in reality nothing more than a cause of action sounding in tort."), appeal dismissed, 526 Pa. 266 , 585 A.2d 464 (1991); Silkowski by Silkowski v. Hacker, 95 Pa.Cmwlth. 2007Previous attempts to disguise tort causes of action not falling within the exceptions to governmental immunity as assumpsit counts . . . have been rejected by this Court."); Schreck v. North Codorus Township, 126 Pa.Cmwlth. 407 , 559 A.2d 1018, 1022-23 (1989) ("This court has previously rejected attempts to circumvent the above immunity provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 8541-8564 by fashioning a cause of action in assumpsit which is in reality nothing more than a cause of action sounding in tort."), appeal dismissed, 526 Pa. 266 , 585 A.2d 464 (1991); Silkowski by Silkowski v. Hacker, 95 Pa.Cmwlth. | 1 | 1 |
Starr v. Venezianogreen2 sentences2004To qualify for an exception under the Tort Claims Act, a plaintiff is required to prove that (1) the damages would be recoverable under common law or statute against a person unprotected by governmental immunity, and (2) the negligent act of the Authority or its employees, which caused the injury, falls within one of the limited categories of exceptions to immunity. 3 Starr v. Venezi- *480 ano, 560 Pa. 650, 657 , 747 A.2d 867, 871 (2000). 2004To qualify for an exception under the Tort Claims Act, a plaintiff is required to prove that (1) the damages would be recoverable under common law or statute against a person unprotected by governmental immunity, and (2) the negligent act of the Authority or its employees, which caused the injury, falls within one of the limited categories of exceptions to immunity. 3 Starr v. Venezi- *480 ano, 560 Pa. 650, 657 , 747 A.2d 867, 871 (2000). | 1 | 1 |
Mickle v. City of Philadelphiagreen2 sentences2001Mickle v. City of Philadelphia, 669 A.2d 520, 522-23 (Pa.Cmwlth.1996), aff'd, 550 Pa. 539 , 707 A.2d 1124 (1998). [1] The sidewalk exception to governmental immunity applies when an injury is caused by: A dangerous condition of sidewalks within the rights-of-way of streets owned by the local agency, except that the claimant to recover must establish that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was incurred and that the local agency had actual notice or could reasonably be charged with notice under the circumstances of the dangerous condition .. 2001Mickle v. City of Philadelphia, 669 A.2d 520, 522-23 (Pa.Cmwlth.1996), aff'd, 550 Pa. 539 , 707 A.2d 1124 (1998). | 1 | 1 |
| Gray v. Loguegreen | 1 | 1 |
| Bendas v. Upper Saucon Townshipgreen | 1 | 1 |
| McCloskey v. Abington School Districtgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Lyons v. City of Philadelphiagreen | 1 | 1 |
| Prescott v. Philadelphia Housing Authoritygreen | 1 | 1 |
| City of Pittsburgh v. Jodzisgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Chambers v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authoritygreen | 1 | 1 |
| Mindala v. American Motors Corp.green | 1 | 1 |
| MacIna v. McAdamsgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Musheno v. Lock Haven Universitygreen | 1 | 1 |
| Houston v. Central Bucks School Authoritygreen | 1 | 1 |
| Natt v. Labargreen | 1 | 1 |
| Rippy v. FOGELgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Gratkie v. Air Wisconsin, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Rhoads Et Ux. v. Lancaster Park. Auth.
green
2 sentences1993See Prescott v. Philadelphia Housing Authority, 124 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 124 , 555 A.2d 305 (1989); Rhoads v. Lancaster Parking Authority, 103 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 303 , 520 A.2d 122 (1987), petition for allowance of appeal denied, 515 Pa. 611 , 529 A.2d 1084 (1987); Frank v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, 96 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 221 , 506 A.2d 1015 (1986). 1993See Prescott v. Philadelphia Housing Authority, 124 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 124 , 555 A.2d 305 (1989); Rhoads v. Lancaster Parking Authority, 103 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 303 , 520 A.2d 122 (1987), petition for allowance of appeal denied, 515 Pa. 611 , 529 A.2d 1084 (1987); Frank v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, 96 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 221 , 506 A.2d 1015 (1986). | 2 | 1990–1993 |
Crowell v. City of Philadelphia
green
2 sentences1993Id. 1993Id. | 2 | 1992–1993 |
Walsh v. City of Philadelphia
green
2 sentences2017Love v. City of Phila., 518 Pa. 370 , 543 A.2d 531 (1988); Walsh v. City of Phila., 526 Pa. 227 , 585 A.2d 445 (1991); Sellers. *1195 PBE further argues that Plaintiffs must allege that the dangerous condition causing the injury must be “of the facilities of steam, water, gas or electric” and “located within rights of way.” 42 Pa. C.S. § 8542(b)(5). 2017Love v. City of Phila., 518 Pa. 370 , 543 A.2d 531 (1988); Walsh v. City of Phila., 526 Pa. 227 , 585 A.2d 445 (1991); Sellers. *1195 PBE further argues that Plaintiffs must allege that the dangerous condition causing the injury must be “of the facilities of steam, water, gas or electric” and “located within rights of way.” 42 Pa. C.S. § 8542(b)(5). | 1 | 2017–2017 |
D. Sobat and E. Sobat v. The Borough of Midland ~ Appeal of: E. Sobat
green
1 sentence2017Sobat, 141 A.3d at 624 ; Gale, 86 A.3d at 320 . | 1 | 2017–2017 |
Dorsey v. Redman
green
2 sentences2017Dorsey v. Redman, 626 Pa. 195 , 96 A.3d 332 (2014); Mascaro v. Youth Study Ctr., 514 Pa. 351 , 523 A.2d 1118 (1987). 2017Dorsey v. Redman, 626 Pa. 195 , 96 A.3d 332 (2014); Mascaro v. Youth Study Ctr., 514 Pa. 351 , 523 A.2d 1118 (1987). | 1 | 2017–2017 |
Sanchez v. Philadelphia Housing Authority
green
2 sentences2016Three years after the denial of the first summary judgment motion, a second judge granted the defendant’s second motion for summary judgment, “finding insufficient facts to bring the action within any of the exceptions to governmental immunity.” Id. 2016On appeal, in Sanchez , this court carefully scrutinized the first and second summary judgment motions and concluded that “both motions asserted entitlement to governmental im-munityt,] and the second motion presented no new factual evidence which warranted a relitigation of the immunity question.” 611 A.2d at 348-49 . | 1 | 2016–2016 |
Leone v. Commonwealth, Department of Transportation
green
1 sentence2013Leone v. Dep’t of Transp., 780 A.2d 754 (Pa.Cmwlth.2001). | 1 | 2013–2013 |
Hoy v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority
neutral
2 sentences2007Previous attempts to disguise tort causes of action not falling within the exceptions to governmental immunity as assumpsit counts ... have been rejected by this Court.”); Schreck v. North Codorus Township, 126 Pa.Cmwlth. 407 , 559 A.2d 1018, 1022-23 (1989) (“This court has previously rejected attempts to circumvent the above immunity provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 8541-8564 by fashioning a cause of action in assumpsit which is in reality nothing more than a cause of action sounding in tort.”), appeal dismissed, 526 Pa. 266 , 585 A.2d 464 (1991); Silkowski by Silkowski v. Hacker, 95 Pa.Cmwlth. 22 2007Previous attempts to disguise tort causes of action not falling within the exceptions to governmental immunity as assumpsit counts . . . have been rejected by this Court."); Schreck v. North Codorus Township, 126 Pa.Cmwlth. 407 , 559 A.2d 1018, 1022-23 (1989) ("This court has previously rejected attempts to circumvent the above immunity provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 8541-8564 by fashioning a cause of action in assumpsit which is in reality nothing more than a cause of action sounding in tort."), appeal dismissed, 526 Pa. 266 , 585 A.2d 464 (1991); Silkowski by Silkowski v. Hacker, 95 Pa.Cmwlth. | 1 | 2007–2007 |
Schreck v. North Codorus Township
neutral
2 sentences2007Previous attempts to disguise tort causes of action not falling within the exceptions to governmental immunity as assumpsit counts ... have been rejected by this Court.”); Schreck v. North Codorus Township, 126 Pa.Cmwlth. 407 , 559 A.2d 1018, 1022-23 (1989) (“This court has previously rejected attempts to circumvent the above immunity provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 8541-8564 by fashioning a cause of action in assumpsit which is in reality nothing more than a cause of action sounding in tort.”), appeal dismissed, 526 Pa. 266 , 585 A.2d 464 (1991); Silkowski by Silkowski v. Hacker, 95 Pa.Cmwlth. 22 2007Previous attempts to disguise tort causes of action not falling within the exceptions to governmental immunity as assumpsit counts . . . have been rejected by this Court."); Schreck v. North Codorus Township, 126 Pa.Cmwlth. 407 , 559 A.2d 1018, 1022-23 (1989) ("This court has previously rejected attempts to circumvent the above immunity provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 8541-8564 by fashioning a cause of action in assumpsit which is in reality nothing more than a cause of action sounding in tort."), appeal dismissed, 526 Pa. 266 , 585 A.2d 464 (1991); Silkowski by Silkowski v. Hacker, 95 Pa.Cmwlth. | 1 | 2007–2007 |
McKeesport Municipal Water Authority v. McCloskey
green
2 sentences2007Their claim against the County as an additional defendant clearly sounds in tort ....”); cf. McKeesport Municipal Water Authority v. McCloskey, 690 A.2d 766 (Pa.Cmwlth.) (permitting suit against the local agency under the Pennsylvania Uniform Commercial Code, 13 Pa. C.S. §§ 1101-9507, based on the agency’s failure to supply potable water under the terms of a contract in breach of the implied warranty of merchantability), appeal denied, 549 Pa. 708 , 700 A.2d 445 (1997). 2007Their claim against the County as an additional defendant clearly sounds in tort. . . ."); cf. McKeesport Municipal Water Authority v. McCloskey, 690 A.2d 766 (Pa.Cmwlth.) (permitting suit against the local agency under the Pennsylvania Uniform Commercial Code, 13 Pa. C.S. §§ 1101-9507, based on the agency's failure to supply potable water under the terms of a contract in breach of the implied warranty of merchantability), appeal denied, 549 Pa. 708 , 700 A.2d 445 (1997). | 1 | 2007–2007 |
Sherman v. City of Philadelphia
green
2 sentences2005This conclusion was based on Sherman plurality’s “reading of the exceptions to governmental immunity, as well as the common-law theories of liability which they represent. . . .” Id. at 103 . 2005The plurality added that “[tjhis anomaly has arisen, in part, as a result of the language employed in our construction of the exceptions to governmental immunity.” Id. | 1 | 2005–2005 |
Estate of Helsel Ex Rel. Hensel v. Complete Care Services, L.P.
green
1 sentence2004Helsel v. Complete Care Servs., L.P., 797 A.2d 1051 (Pa.Cmwlth.2002) (a wrongful death or medical negligence action against a county facility is barred by governmental immunity); Gill v. County of Northampton, 88 Pa.Cmwlth. 327 , 488 A.2d 1214 (1985); Morris v. Montgomery County Geriatric and Rehab. | 1 | 2004–2004 |
Gill v. County of Northampton
green
2 sentences2004Helsel v. Complete Care Servs., L.P., 797 A.2d 1051 (Pa.Cmwlth.2002) (a wrongful death or medical negligence action against a county facility is barred by governmental immunity); Gill v. County of Northampton, 88 Pa.Cmwlth. 327 , 488 A.2d 1214 (1985); Morris v. Montgomery County Geriatric and Rehab. 2004Helsel v. Complete Care Servs., L.P., 797 A.2d 1051 (Pa.Cmwlth.2002) (a wrongful death or medical negligence action against a county facility is barred by governmental immunity); Gill v. County of Northampton, 88 Pa.Cmwlth. 327 , 488 A.2d 1214 (1985); Morris v. Montgomery County Geriatric and Rehab. | 1 | 2004–2004 |
Slough v. City of Philadelphia
green
1 sentence2001Slough v. City of Philadelphia, 686 A.2d 62 (Pa.Cmwlth.1996), aff'd, 5 53 Pa. 673 , 720 A.2d 485 (1998). | 1 | 2001–2001 |
Mickle v. City of Philadelphia
green
2 sentences2001Mickle v. City of Philadelphia, 669 A.2d 520, 522-23 (Pa.Cmwlth.1996), aff'd, 550 Pa. 539 , 707 A.2d 1124 (1998). [1] The sidewalk exception to governmental immunity applies when an injury is caused by: A dangerous condition of sidewalks within the rights-of-way of streets owned by the local agency, except that the claimant to recover must establish that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was incurred and that the local agency had actual notice or could reasonably be charged with notice under the circumstances of the dangerous condition .. 2001Mickle v. City of Philadelphia, 669 A.2d 520, 522-23 (Pa.Cmwlth.1996), aff'd, 550 Pa. 539 , 707 A.2d 1124 (1998). [1] The sidewalk exception to governmental immunity applies when an injury is caused by: A dangerous condition of sidewalks within the rights-of-way of streets owned by the local agency, except that the claimant to recover must establish that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was incurred and that the local agency had actual notice or could reasonably be charged with notice under the circumstances of the dangerous condition .. | 1 | 2001–2001 |
Slough v. City of Philadelphia
green
1 sentence2001Slough v. City of Philadelphia, 686 A.2d 62 (Pa.Cmwlth.1996), aff'd, 5 53 Pa. 673 , 720 A.2d 485 (1998). | 1 | 2001–2001 |
Latella v. Commonwealth
green
2 sentences2000Latella v. Com., Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 74 Pa.Cmwlth. 14 , 459 A.2d 464 (1983)(a court cannot supply an apparent omission in a statute even though it appears that the omission resulted from the legislature’s failure to foresee or contemplate a case in question). 2000Latella v. Com., Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 74 Pa.Cmwlth. 14 , 459 A.2d 464 (1983)(a court cannot supply an apparent omission in a statute even though it appears that the omission resulted from the legislature’s failure to foresee or contemplate a case in question). | 1 | 2000–2000 |
| Kennedy v. City of Philadelphia green | 1 | 1998–1998 |
| Kennedy v. City of Philadelphia neutral | 1 | 1998–1998 |
| J.R.W., Inc. v. Manchester Borough Council green | 1 | 1995–1995 |
| Santori v. Snyder green | 1 | 1995–1995 |
| Bickert v. Borough of Riverside green | 1 | 1993–1993 |
| Frank v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority green | 1 | 1993–1993 |
| Carter v. City of Philadelphia neutral | 1 | 1992–1992 |
| Whitman v. Riddell green | 1 | 1992–1992 |
| Bryson v. SOLOMON green | 1 | 1991–1991 |
| BARTELL BY UNDERHILL v. Straub green | 1 | 1991–1991 |
| Walch v. Red Hill Borough neutral | 1 | 1991–1991 |
| Zern Et Ux. v. Muldoon green | 1 | 1990–1990 |
| Mistecka v. Commonwealth green | 1 | 1988–1988 |
| Ambacher v. Penrose green | 1 | 1988–1988 |
| City of Philadelphia v. Love green | 1 | 1987–1987 |
| Casey v. Geiger green | 1 | 1987–1987 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.