Rhode Island rule (Rhode Island) · Go Syfert
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Rhode Island rule in Rhode Island

50 Rhode Island opinions name it 2 courts 1967–2021 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Rhode Island courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (34)

CaseFollowedCited
William Chhun v. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc.green
ri · 2014 · cited in 2 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2015–2019
2 sentences

2019E.g., Chhun v. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., 84 A.3d 419, 422 (R.I. 2014); Hall v. Kuzenka, 843 A.2d 474, 476 (R.I. 2004); Heal v. Heal, 762 A.2d 463, 466-67 (R.I. 2000).

2015Chhun v. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., 84 A.3d 419, 422-23 (R.I.2014) (“This Court has not yet addressed whether continued adherence to our traditional Rhode Island standard is appropriate or whether the new Federal guide of plausibility should be adopted.”).

22
Crowe Countryside Realty Associates, Co. v. Novare Engineers, Inc.green
ri · 2006 · cited in 2 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
2 sentences

2016See, e.g., Crowe, 891 A.2d at 847 (looking to the committee notes to Rule 26). -9- 26 was amended by Rhode Island again on June 15, 2006, and it is that amended version of the rule, rather than the 1995 Rhode Island rule, that is applicable to the instant case.

2015Miller v. Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Co., 88 A.3d 1157, 1161 (R.I.2014); Greensleeves, Inc. v. Smiley, 942 A.2d 284, 290 (R.I.2007); Crowe Countryside Realty Associates, Co., LLC v. Novare Engineers, Inc., 891 A.2d 838, 840 (R.I.2006).

22
State v. Kayborn Browngreen
ri · 2014 · cited in 2 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016It is true that we have stated on more than one occasion that “[wjhen * * * the Rhode Island rule is substantially similar to the federal rule, we often look to federal courts’ decisions for guidance and interpretation.” O’Connor v. Newport Hospital, 111 A.3d 317 , 323-24 n. 5 (R.I.2015); see Brown, 88 A.3d at 1110 n. 7.

2016It is true that we have stated on more than one occasion that “[wjhen * * * the Rhode Island rule is substantially similar to the federal rule, we often look to federal courts’ decisions for guidance and interpretation.” O’Connor v. Newport Hospital, 111 A.3d 317 , 323-24 n. 5 (R.I.2015); see Brown, 88 A.3d at 1110 n. 7.

22
cluster 656648green
ca1 · 1993 · cited in 2 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2006–2018
2 sentences

2018We lead with the principle that "[a] dismissal, with prejudice, constitutes a final judgment on the merits." DiPinto v. Sperling , 9 F.3d 2 , 4 (1st Cir. 1993) (reviewing the Rhode Island doctrine of res judicata ).

2018We lead with the principle that "[a] dismissal, with prejudice, constitutes a final judgment on the merits." DiPinto v. Sperling , 9 F.3d 2 , 4 (1st Cir. 1993) (reviewing the Rhode Island doctrine of res judicata ).

12
Heal v. Healgreen
ri · 2000 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019E.g., Chhun v. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., 84 A.3d 419, 422 (R.I. 2014); Hall v. Kuzenka, 843 A.2d 474, 476 (R.I. 2004); Heal v. Heal, 762 A.2d 463, 466-67 (R.I. 2000).

2019E.g., Chhun v. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., 84 A.3d 419, 422 (R.I. 2014); Hall v. Kuzenka, 843 A.2d 474, 476 (R.I. 2004); Heal v. Heal, 762 A.2d 463, 466-67 (R.I. 2000).

11
Hall v. Kuzenkagreen
ri · 2004 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019E.g., Chhun v. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., 84 A.3d 419, 422 (R.I. 2014); Hall v. Kuzenka, 843 A.2d 474, 476 (R.I. 2004); Heal v. Heal, 762 A.2d 463, 466-67 (R.I. 2000).

2019E.g., Chhun v. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., 84 A.3d 419, 422 (R.I. 2014); Hall v. Kuzenka, 843 A.2d 474, 476 (R.I. 2004); Heal v. Heal, 762 A.2d 463, 466-67 (R.I. 2000).

11
Hughes v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1866 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018Still, Goodrow alludes to the following notion to support his position that the federal court dismissal was not an adjudication on the merits: "If the first suit was dismissed for defect of pleadings, or parties, or a misconception of the form of proceeding, or the want of jurisdiction, or was disposed of on any ground which did not go to the merits of the action, the judgment rendered will prove no bar to another suit." Costello v. United States , 365 U.S. 265 , 286, 81 S.Ct. 534 , 5 L.Ed.2d 551 (1961) (quoting Hughes v. United States , 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 232, 237 , 18 L.Ed. 303 (1866) ).

2018Still, Goodrow alludes to the following notion to support his position that the federal court dismissal was not an adjudication on the merits: "If the first suit was dismissed for defect of pleadings, or parties, or a misconception of the form of proceeding, or the want of jurisdiction, or was disposed of on any ground which did not go to the merits of the action, the judgment rendered will prove no bar to another suit." Costello v. United States , 365 U.S. 265 , 286, 81 S.Ct. 534 , 5 L.Ed.2d 551 (1961) (quoting Hughes v. United States , 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 232, 237 , 18 L.Ed. 303 (1866) ).

11
Costello v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1961 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018Still, Goodrow alludes to the following notion to support his position that the federal court dismissal was not an adjudication on the merits: "If the first suit was dismissed for defect of pleadings, or parties, or a misconception of the form of proceeding, or the want of jurisdiction, or was disposed of on any ground which did not go to the merits of the action, the judgment rendered will prove no bar to another suit." Costello v. United States , 365 U.S. 265 , 286, 81 S.Ct. 534 , 5 L.Ed.2d 551 (1961) (quoting Hughes v. United States , 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 232, 237 , 18 L.Ed. 303 (1866) ).

2018Still, Goodrow alludes to the following notion to support his position that the federal court dismissal was not an adjudication on the merits: "If the first suit was dismissed for defect of pleadings, or parties, or a misconception of the form of proceeding, or the want of jurisdiction, or was disposed of on any ground which did not go to the merits of the action, the judgment rendered will prove no bar to another suit." Costello v. United States , 365 U.S. 265 , 286, 81 S.Ct. 534 , 5 L.Ed.2d 551 (1961) (quoting Hughes v. United States , 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 232, 237 , 18 L.Ed. 303 (1866) ).

11
State v. MacAskillgreen
ri · 1984 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016However, Cashman’s contention fails to take into account that Rule 4 We acknowledge that “we are not bound by reporter’s notes in applying [a] rule.” State v. Macaskill, 475 A.2d 1024, 1028 (R.I. 1984).

2016However, Cashman’s contention fails to take into account that Rule 4 We acknowledge that “we are not bound by reporter’s notes in applying [a] rule.” State v. Macaskill, 475 A.2d 1024, 1028 (R.I. 1984).

11
Greensleeves, Inc. v. Smileygreen
ri · 2007 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Miller v. Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Co., 88 A.3d 1157, 1161 (R.I.2014); Greensleeves, Inc. v. Smiley, 942 A.2d 284, 290 (R.I.2007); Crowe Countryside Realty Associates, Co., LLC v. Novare Engineers, Inc., 891 A.2d 838, 840 (R.I.2006).

2015Miller v. Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Co., 88 A.3d 1157, 1161 (R.I.2014); Greensleeves, Inc. v. Smiley, 942 A.2d 284, 290 (R.I.2007); Crowe Countryside Realty Associates, Co., LLC v. Novare Engineers, Inc., 891 A.2d 838, 840 (R.I.2006).

11
David F. Miller v. Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Companygreen
ri · 2014 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Miller v. Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Co., 88 A.3d 1157, 1161 (R.I.2014); Greensleeves, Inc. v. Smiley, 942 A.2d 284, 290 (R.I.2007); Crowe Countryside Realty Associates, Co., LLC v. Novare Engineers, Inc., 891 A.2d 838, 840 (R.I.2006).

2015Miller v. Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Co., 88 A.3d 1157, 1161 (R.I.2014); Greensleeves, Inc. v. Smiley, 942 A.2d 284, 290 (R.I.2007); Crowe Countryside Realty Associates, Co., LLC v. Novare Engineers, Inc., 891 A.2d 838, 840 (R.I.2006).

11
Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twomblygreen
scotus · 2007 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014In Twombly , the Supreme Court stated that the “no set of facts” language originating in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 , 78 S.Ct. 99 , 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957) — and on which this Court's articulation of the traditional Rhode Island standard is based — “has earned its retirement.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 562, 563 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 , 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007).

2014In Twombly , the Supreme Court stated that the “no set of facts” language originating in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 , 78 S.Ct. 99 , 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957) — and on which this Court's articulation of the traditional Rhode Island standard is based — “has earned its retirement.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 562, 563 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 , 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007).

11
World-Wide Computer Resources, Inc. v. Arthur Kaufman Sales Co.green
ri · 1992 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013See World-Wide Computer Resources, Inc. v. Arthur Kaufman Sales Co., 615 A.2d 122, 124 (R.I.1992) (interpreting an identically worded predecessor to § 7-1.2-1418).

11
In Re Testagreen
ri · 1985 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013“We will do so, however, if ‘such recommendation is not well founded.’ ” Id. at 1164 (quoting In re Testa, 489 A.2d 331, 334 (R.I.1985)). *155 III Discussion To gain admittance to the Rhode Island bar, an applicant “shall be required to establish by clear and convincing evidence their moral character and fitness to the satisfaction of the Committee on Character and Fitness of the Supreme Court * * Rule 3(a).

11
Retired Adjunct Professors v. Almondgreen
ri · 1997 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011Retired Adjunct Professors , 690 A.2d at 1347 . *Page 21 On appeal, the Rhode Island Supreme Court held that a statute creates contractual rights "only when the language and the circumstances of the statute's enactment evince a clear legislative intent to create private and enforceable contract rights against the state." Id. at 1345.

2011Retired Adjunct Professors , 690 A.2d at 1347 . *Page 21 On appeal, the Rhode Island Supreme Court held that a statute creates contractual rights "only when the language and the circumstances of the statute's enactment evince a clear legislative intent to create private and enforceable contract rights against the state." Id. at 1345.

11
Fenwick v. Obermangreen
ri · 2004 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009Battery in Rhode Island The defendant next invites this Court to abandon our common-law definition of criminal battery and replace it with the Model Penal Code’s rule, 5 which requires bodily injury to support a criminal conviction for battery. 6 In Rhode Island, “[a]side from the obvious higher standard of proof required to establish criminal battery, the law recognizes no distinction between criminal and civil battery.” Fenwick v. Oberman, 847 A.2d 852, 855 (R.I.2004).

11
Proffitt v. Riccigreen
ri · 1983 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
State v. Messagreen
ri · 1991 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009“Battery refers to an act that was intended to cause, and does cause, an offensive contact with or unconsented touching of or trauma upon the body of another, thereby generally resulting in the consummation of the assault.” State v. Messa, 594 A.2d 882, 884 (R.I.1991) (quoting Proffitt v. Ricci, 463 A.2d 514, 517 (R.I.1983)).

11
Vokey v. Massachusetts Insurers Insolvency Fundgreen
mass · 1980 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
State v. Filuminiagreen
ri · 1995 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
State v. Souzagreen
ri · 1998 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
State v. Bowdengreen
ri · 1982 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Marshall v. Tomaselligreen
ri · 1977 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
State v. Bakergreen
ri · 1980 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Alterio v. Biltmore Construction Corp.green
ri · 1977 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Martin v. Lincoln Bar, Inc.green
ri · 1993 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Lucini v. Mayhewgreen
ri · 1974 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Nicholson v. Buehlergreen
ri · 1992 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Kathy St. Hilaire, Etc. v. City of Laconiagreen
ca1 · 1995 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Newport Yacht Management, Inc. v. Clarkgreen
ri · 1989 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
United States v. Owensgreen
scotus · 1988 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11
Quill Co., Inc. v. AT Cross Co.green
ri · 1984 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11
Rhode Island Ophthalmological Society v. Cannongreen
ri · 1974 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
11
Rheaume v. Rheaumegreen
ri · 1970 · cited in 1 Rhode Island opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Rhode Island. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (33)

CaseCitedYears
Corley v. United States green
scotus · 2009
2 sentences

2021Accordingly, and in view of the fact that we have available our own well-defined jurisprudence, “we consider defendant’s reliance on such federal cases as Corley v. United States, [556] U.S. [303], 129 S.Ct. 1558 , 173 L.Ed.2d 443 (2009), to be largely misplaced.” Id.

2021Accordingly, and in view of the fact that we have available our own well-defined jurisprudence, “we consider defendant’s reliance on such federal cases as Corley v. United States, [556] U.S. [303], 129 S.Ct. 1558 , 173 L.Ed.2d 443 (2009), to be largely misplaced.” Id.

22010–2021
Jennifer O'Connor v. Newport Hospital green
ri · 2015
2 sentences

2016It is true that we have stated on more than one occasion that “[wjhen * * * the Rhode Island rule is substantially similar to the federal rule, we often look to federal courts’ decisions for guidance and interpretation.” O’Connor v. Newport Hospital, 111 A.3d 317 , 323-24 n. 5 (R.I.2015); see Brown, 88 A.3d at 1110 n. 7.

2016It is true that we have stated on more than one occasion that “[wjhen * * * the Rhode Island rule is substantially similar to the federal rule, we often look to federal courts’ decisions for guidance and interpretation.” O’Connor v. Newport Hospital, 111 A.3d 317 , 323-24 n. 5 (R.I.2015); see Brown, 88 A.3d at 1110 n. 7.

22016–2016
Tome v. United States green
scotus · 1995
2 sentences

1995As the United States Supreme Court held recently in Tome v. United States, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 696 , 130 L.Ed.2d 574 (1995), a prior consistent statement made by an alleged victim of sexual abuse is not admissible as nonhearsay under Rule 801(d)(1)(B) of the Federal Rules of Evidence (which is identical to the Rhode Island rule) when the prior consistent statement was made after the motive to fabricate arose.

1995As the United States Supreme Court held recently in Tome v. United States, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 696 , 130 L.Ed.2d 574 (1995), a prior consistent statement made by an alleged victim of sexual abuse is not admissible as nonhearsay under Rule 801(d)(1)(B) of the Federal Rules of Evidence (which is identical to the Rhode Island rule) when the prior consistent statement was made after the motive to fabricate arose.

21995–2000
Petition of the Rhode Island Bar Association. green
ri · 1971
2 sentences

1973ORDER Upon further consideration of and in supplement to the order entered in Petition of the Rhode Island Bar Association, 108 R.I. 947 , 279 A.2d 432 (1971), the petition for unification of the Rhode Island bar is granted, to become effective October 1, 1973, upon the express condition that no member of the association shall be suspended or removed from membership until such action has been expressly approved by the Supreme Court.

1973I. 947, 279 A.2d 432 (1971), the petition for unification of the Rhode Island bar is granted, to become effective October 1, 1973, upon the express condition that no member of the association shall be suspended or removed from membership until such action has been expressly approved by the Supreme Court.

21973–1973
Clark v. Clark green
nh · 1966
2 sentences

1969We are aided in this analysis by the well-reasoned application of the same guidelines by Chief Justice Kenison in Clark v. Clark, 107 N. H. 351, 222 A.2d 205 . 7 First, then, predictability of results is not of great importance in the present case.

1969We are aided in this analysis by the well-reasoned application of the same guidelines by Chief Justice Kenison in Clark v. Clark, 107 N. H. 351, 222 A.2d 205 . 7 First, then, predictability of results is not of great importance in the present case.

21969–1969
State v. Nardolillo green
ri · 1997
2 sentences

2021“While cases interpreting and applying federal rules may at times be enlightening as we interpret and apply our rules of criminal procedure, those federal cases are by no means binding on us as we deal with a Rhode Island rule such as Rule 5(a).” Id. at 621 n.17.

2021“While cases interpreting and applying federal rules may at times be enlightening as we interpret and apply our rules of criminal procedure, those federal cases are by no means binding on us as we deal with a Rhode Island rule such as Rule 5(a).” Id. at 621 n.17.

12021–2021
Narragansett Electric Co. v. Minardi green
ri · 2011
1 sentence

2015Instead, under Rhode Island law, the hearing justice was required to “assume all allegations [contained in the complaint] are true, resolving any doubts in [the] plaintiffs favor.” Minardi, 21 A.3d at 278 (citing Laurence, 788 A.2d at 456 ).

12015–2015
State v. Rodriguez green
ri · 2003
2 sentences

2015This change brings the Rhode Island rule into harmony with those of the vast majority of state jurisdictions and the federal courts.” Id.

2015This change brings the Rhode Island rule into harmony with those of the vast majority of state jurisdictions and the federal courts.” Id.

12015–2015
Laurence v. Sollitto green
ri · 2002
1 sentence

2015Instead, under Rhode Island law, the hearing justice was required to “assume all allegations [contained in the complaint] are true, resolving any doubts in [the] plaintiffs favor.” Minardi, 21 A.3d at 278 (citing Laurence, 788 A.2d at 456 ).

12015–2015
Conley v. Gibson red
scotus · 1957
2 sentences

2014In Twombly , the Supreme Court stated that the “no set of facts” language originating in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 , 78 S.Ct. 99 , 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957) — and on which this Court's articulation of the traditional Rhode Island standard is based — “has earned its retirement.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 562, 563 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 , 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007).

2014In Twombly , the Supreme Court stated that the “no set of facts” language originating in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 , 78 S.Ct. 99 , 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957) — and on which this Court's articulation of the traditional Rhode Island standard is based — “has earned its retirement.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 562, 563 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 , 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007).

12014–2014
In Re Application of Capace green
ri · 1972
1 sentence

2013“We will do so, however, if ‘such recommendation is not well founded.’ ” Id. at 1164 (quoting In re Testa, 489 A.2d 331, 334 (R.I.1985)). *155 III Discussion To gain admittance to the Rhode Island bar, an applicant “shall be required to establish by clear and convincing evidence their moral character and fitness to the satisfaction of the Committee on Character and Fitness of the Supreme Court * * Rule 3(a).

12013–2013
Kedy v. A.W. Chesterton Co. green
ri · 2008
1 sentence

2010Id. (distinguishing this forum non conveniens test from others in which the public-interest factors are only considered if "the private-interest factors are close or in equipoise").

12010–2010
Gem Plumbing & Heating Co., Inc. v. Rossi green
ri · 2005
1 sentence

2010We are of the opinion that the language in Rule 10(b) is clear and unambiguous; “ ‘limited liability entity' shall include a professional service corporation and a registered limited liability partnership and limited liability company organized to practice law pursuant to the laws of any state or other jurisdiction of the United States.” (Emphasis added.) In approving these rules, this Court deemed it proper for a legal entity to exist outside Rhode Island and maintain offices in this state that are staffed by attorneys who are licensed members of the Rhode Island bar. 12 *1003 Additionally, R

12010–2010
State v. Williams green
ri · 1979
12008–2008
Moniz v. State green
ri · 2007
12008–2008
State v. DiPrete green
ri · 1997
12006–2006
Cheetham v. Ferreira green
ri · 1948
12004–2004
Parrillo v. Giroux Co., Inc. green
ri · 1981
11998–1998
Bowman Dairy Co. v. United States green
scotus · 1951
11997–1997
Sharapata v. Town of Islip green
ny · 1982
11997–1997
State v. Killay green
ri · 1981
11991–1991
State v. Boswell green
ri · 1947
11991–1991
United States v. Bagley green
scotus · 1985
11988–1988
In Re Ouimette green
ri · 1975
11988–1988
State v. Palmigiano green
ri · 1973
11987–1987
State v. Arpin green
ri · 1980
11986–1986
Trustees of the Sheppard & Enoch Pratt Hospital v. Smith green
ri · 1975
11985–1985
Vondell v. Purdy neutral
me · 1976
11984–1984
State v. Fogarty green
ri · 1981
11984–1984
Brown v. CHURCH OF HOLY NAME, ETC. green
ri · 1969
11971–1971
Woodward v. Stewart green
ri · 1968
11969–1969
Whitaker v. Coleman green
ca5 · 1940
11967–1967
Toebelman v. Missouri-Kansas Pipe Line Co. green
ca3 · 1942
11967–1967

Statutes the citing opinions construe

RI § R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-1-6 (3) RI § R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-23-1 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

RI 50 (1967–2021) VT 2 (1932–1996) MA 2 (1990–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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