5 canonical passages across 5 cases, quoted by 22 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from United States v. Butler.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States v. Butler Anchor | green | “there is an obvious difference between a statute stating the conditions upon which moneys shall be expended and one effective only upon assumption of a contractual obligation to submit to a regulation which otherwise could not be enforced.” | 5 |
| 2 | Goss v. Lopez | green | “suspension is considered not only to be a necessary tool to maintain order but a valuable educational device.” | 5 |
| 3 | United States v. Lopez | green | “where states historically have been sovereign.” | 5 |
| 4 | Milliken v. Bradley | green | “no single tradition in public education is more deeply rooted than local control over the operation of schools....” | 4 |
| 5 | Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley Ex Rel. Rowley | green | “he act imposes extensive procedural requirements upon states receiving federal funds under its provisions.” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.